Unit 04

SUBJECT CODE : 19ARS307J
SUBJECT NAME : BUILDING SERVICES –II (Electrical and Mechanical)
SEMESTER : III YEAR: V
REGULATION : 2019
COURSE : B.Arch
SPECIALISATION: General
COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

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Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor and environmental
comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality.
HVAC system design is a sub discipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles
of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer.
Air conditioning is the process of removing heat and controlling the humidity of the air within a
building to achieve a more comfortable interior environment.

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SRM SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN – TN 26

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 VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE
The vapor-compression cycle is a process used to extract heat from a room that underlies
most refrigeration and air conditioning techniques.
It consists of four separate stages:
• Vaporization
• Compression
• Condensation and
• Expansion.
 HOW DOES VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE WORK?
Air conditioners also employ a vapor-

compression cycle to cool the ambient air
temperature in a room. Basically, vapor-
compression refrigeration employs a heat
engine run backwards, so heat energy is taken
from a cold reservoir and deposited into a hot
reservoir.

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WHY COMPRESSORS AND CONDENSER ARE USED IN REFRIGERATION?

The Refrigeration Cycle - The compressor compresses the refrigerant. The compressor receives
low pressure gas from the evaporator and converts it to high pressure gas. The condenser is a heat
exchanger that uses a colder fluid, typically ambient air, to cool the refrigerant.
• Freon is the gas used in air conditioning units, but it has also been used in upright and chest
freezers.
• There are a large number of commercial and industrial appliances that use Freon in both food
transportation and cold storage warehouses.
• Even dehumidifiers use R-22.
WHICH TYPE OF COMPRESSOR IS GOOD FOR REFRIGERATOR?

The compressor is the main component that decides the cooling efficiency and energy rating of
a refrigerator. Most domestic refrigerators use a reciprocating compressor or a rotary compressor.
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF COMPRESSORS ON AIR CONDITIONERS?

An air conditioner works by transforming a refrigerant compound from a gas to a liquid and back
again in a continuous cycle. Air conditioners consist of four basic mechanical parts: a compressor,
condenser, expansion valve and evaporator.
.
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COMPRESSOR'S FUNCTION
The compressor is the heart of the cooling cycle. The cycle begins when the compressor draws in cool,
low-pressure refrigerant gas from the indoors. The motor-driven compressor’s sole function is to
"squeeze" the refrigerant, raising its temperature and pressure so that it exits the compressor as a hot,
high-pressure gas
HEAT TRANSFER
The compressor pushes the hot gas to the finned condenser coil in the outdoor side of the air conditioner
where fans blow cool outside air over the coil and through the fins, extracting the heat from the
refrigerant and transferring it to the outside air.
TURNS LIQUID
When enough heat has been extracted from the refrigerant, it condenses into a warm liquid that passes
under high pressure to an expansion valve that turns the refrigerant into a cool, low-pressure liquid. The
refrigerant goes from the expansion valve to the finned evaporator coil located in the indoor or room side
of the air conditioner unit.
ABSORBS HEAT
When the refrigerant enters the evaporator coil where the pressure is much lower, it is chemically
compelled to evaporate into a gas. This process requires heat, which comes from the room's warm air
being blown over the evaporator coil by another fan. As room heat is transferred to the evaporating
refrigerant, the room's air grows cooler. The refrigerant, now back to a cool, low-pressure gas, is drawn
back into the compressor to continue the cycle.
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 AN AIR CONDITIONER HAS 5 MAIN PARTS:

• Refrigerant.
• Compressor.
• Condenser Coil.
• Expansion Valve.
• Evaporator Coil.
1. Refrigerant
• Refrigerant (also known as coolant or by its brand name Freon®) is a special fluid that is vital to
cooling and freezing technology.
• It operates on a closed loop and carries heat from the inside of your building to the outside.
• Refrigerant changes its states from liquid to vapor at convenient temperatures for the refrigeration
cycle.
• Refrigerant moves through an air conditioner’s cooling tubes and copper coils, connecting the
inside unit to the outside unit.
• It absorbs heat from your indoor air, changing states from gas to liquid. After absorbing heat from
the inside air, the refrigerant travels to the outdoor unit where the heat is pushed outdoors.
• Once the refrigerant has dispersed its heat outdoors, it changes back to its gaseous state and
travels back indoors.
• After the refrigerant gets cold again, an indoor fan blows air over the cold coils and then circulates
cold air through the home. This cycle repeats every time your air conditioner is on.
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2. Compressor
• The job of the compressor is to pressurize the refrigerant, thus raising its temperature.
• It heats up the refrigerant in order to get its temperature higher than the outdoor temperature.
• Since heat naturally flows from a hotter to colder bodies, in order to dispense heat outdoors, the
refrigerant must be hotter than the air outdoors.
• This is why we need the compressor to increase its pressure and thus its temperature.
3. Condenser Coil
• The condenser coil is in the outdoor air conditioning unit.
• It receives the high pressure, high temperature refrigerant from the compressor.
• The condenser coils are designed to facilitate heat transfer to the outdoor air.
• The refrigerant releases heat energy with the aid of the condenser fan, which blows air over the
coils.
• As the heat leaves the refrigerant to the outside environment, it turns back into a liquid where it
then flows to the expansion valve, which depressurizes the refrigerant and cools it down.
• It can be air-cooled or water-cooled.

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4. Expansion Valve
• When the refrigerant leaves the condenser in its liquid state, it has dispersed heat, but it is still too
hot to enter the evaporator coils.
• Before the refrigerant passes to the evaporator coils, it must be cooled down.
• This is where the expansion valve (also known as a metering device) comes in, normally a
thermostatic expansion valve.
• Again using the principles behind the combined gas law, which states that when pressure decreases
so does its temperature, the expansion valve depressurizes the refrigerant and cools it down.
• An expansion valve removes pressure from liquid refrigerant allowing for the refrigerant to change
from a liquid to a vapor/gas in the evaporator.
• It also controls the amount of refrigerant/voltage flow entering the evaporator.
• It regulates the flow of refrigerant to evaporator.

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5. Evaporator Coil
• Evaporator coils are very important to an air conditioner. It’s where the air conditioner actually
picks up the heat from inside your home.
• The copper tubes receive the depressurized, liquid refrigerant from the expansion valve.
• When your indoor air blows over the cold coils, the heat from inside the home gets absorbed. This
is because of the 2nd law of thermodynamics which states that heat flows naturally from hot to
cold.
• Just like the condenser coils need the help of the condenser fan to facilitate heat transfer, the
evaporator coils rely on the indoor air handler’s fan to blow air over the coils.
• As the refrigerant absorbs heat from the indoor air, it starts to evaporate to form a vapor.
• In an air conditioning and refrigeration system, The refrigerant absorbs the latent heat in an
evaporator?

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How the Refrigeration Cycle Works

• The return vents, located inside your home, suck in hot air from inside the room.
• The refrigerant picks up heat as air flows over the evaporator coils, which are very cold.
• Once the refrigerant absorbs a certain amount of heat from the indoor air, it then discharges it
to the compressor, which pressurizes and heats up the refrigerant.
• After passing through the compressor, it flows through the condenser coils.
• A big, often loud condenser fan helps to push air over the condenser coils to facilitate heat
transfer outdoors.
• Refrigerant then cycles back over an expansion valve, depressurizing it and cooling it down. It
then performs the same heat absorption process over and over again.

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• The refrigerant which is highly toxic and

flammable is Ammonia.
• Freon group of refrigerants are non-toxic and

non-inflammable.
• The advantages of a programmable thermostat

are flexibility, low energy cost and ability to alter
temperature.
• The function of a variable frequency drive in an

air conditioner is to Adjust AC motor speed.

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10 FACTORS TO CONSIDER FOR INSTALLATION OF AC SYSTEMS
1. Cost
2. Quality
3. Size
4. Efficient Ductwork
5. Energy Consumption
6. Air Quality
7. Durability
8. Installation
9. Maintenance
10. Additional Equipment

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 4 TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM :

1. Window Air Conditioner
• This type of unit is designed to cool a single room.

• In this air conditioner all the components, namely the compressor, condenser, expansion
valve or coil, evaporator and cooling coil are enclosed in a single box.
• This unit sits in the window. Because of this, it is not the most aesthetically pleasing
option available.
• But if looking to cool a single room, it is the most cost-effective option around.
• Cost – 1 ton – Rs24,000
• Cost – 1.5 ton – Rs25,000 to Rs.34,000

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2. Split Air Conditioner
• This unit is comprised of two parts: the outdoor, which houses the compressor,
condenser and expansion valve; and the indoor, which is comprised of the evaporator
coil and cooling fan.
• The split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms.

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3. Packaged Air Conditioner:
• This type of unit is perfect for cooling multiple rooms or a large space in your home or office.
• There are two possible arrangements with the package unit.
• In the first one, all the components, namely the compressor, condenser (which can be air cooled or
water cooled), expansion valve and evaporator are housed in a single box. The cooled air is thrown
by the high capacity blower, and it flows through the ducts laid through various rooms.
• In the second arrangement, the compressor and condenser are housed in one casing. The
compressed gas passes through individual units, comprised of the expansion valve and cooling coil,
located in various rooms.
Type of condenser used in unit and

packaged-type air-conditioners is
Air-cooled Condenser.

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4. Central Air Conditioning System
• This unit is used primarily to cool big buildings, houses, offices, entire hotels, factories, etc.
• The central air conditioning system is comprised of a huge compressor that has the capacity to
produce hundreds of tons of air conditioning.

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CASSETTE AC DUCTED AC

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WALL MOUNTED
1.0 ton(3 Star) – Rs. 23,000 to 28,000
CEILING SUSPENDED 1.5 ton (3 star – 5 Star) – Rs. 32,000 to 45,000

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 VARIOUS AC BRANDS
• Daikin
• Hitachi
• Voltas
• Carrier
• Blue Star
• LG
• Samsung
• Whirlpool
• Panasonic
• Videocon
• Haier

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An All-Water HVAC
system that uses water
as the heat transfer
medium in heating and
cooling system is called
as Hydronic System.

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 SYSTEM TYPES • A type of duct that supplies

conditioned air from AHU or
The Central system category could be further broken down FCU is Supply Pipe.
into the following:
• The way by which the AC ducts
• Central systems with CAV air-handling units . can be concealed is by use of
• Central systems with VAV air-handling units . tray ceilings or suspended
• Central systems with fan-coil units (All- Water systems). ceiling or false beams.
 CAV SYSTEMS (Constant Air Volume)
• Fresh Air Duct is also known as
Outdoor Air Ducts. It supplies
fresh air to the AHU and is used
for ventilating building spaces.
• A distribution component that

is mounted on walls or ceiling is
Air Outlets.
• A type of duct that removes air

from conditioned spaces and
return the air to the AHU or
FCU is called Return Air Duct.
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 VAV SYSTEMS (Variable Air Volume)
• VAV system Controls both airflow

and temperature of air.

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 CENTRALISED AIR CONDITIONING
• Central Chilled Water System - An air-conditioning system that consists of a central chiller to cool
water.
• Central air conditioning systems serve multiple spaces from one base location. These typically use
chilled water as a cooling medium and use extensive ductwork for air distribution .
• Centralized systems are defined as those in which the cooling (chilled water) is generated in a
chiller at one base location and distributed to air-handling units or fan-coil units located through
out the building spaces. The air is cooled with secondary media. • A distribution
component that conveys
and transfers air in the
HVAC system is the
Duct.
• AHU parts include

Supply duct, Fan
compartment and
Vibration Isolator.
• Sub systems of centralized AC
- Chilled water plant.
- Condenser water system (heat rejection system)
- Air-delivery system.
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 CHILLER WATER SYSTEM
• The chilled water system supplies chilled water for the cooling needs of all the building’s air-
handling units (AHUs) .
• The system includes a chilled water pump which circulates the chilled water through the
chiller’s evaporator section and through the cooling coils of the AHUs.
• Cooling Tower is the

component of the Central
Chilled Water System that
expels heat from a chilled
water system when water is
cooled by directly or indirectly
contacting the atmosphere.
• AHU is the component of the

Central Chilled Water System
that is pre-assembled or site-
built equipment containing
coils (cooling or heating),
filters, dampers, and fans that
is used to condition and
COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor circulate air. 29
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 CONDENSER WATER SYSTEM
• Refrigeration system must also reject heat that it removes.

• The two options for heat rejection
- Air cooled
- Water cooled
• Air cooled unit absorbs heat from the indoor space and rejects it to the ambient air.
• Parts – Condenser, Compressor, Propeller Fan and controls.
• These are the most systems used in residential and light commercial applications.
• Water cooled units absorb the heat from the indoor space and rejects that heat to water
which in turn may either reject heat via fluid coolers or cooling towers or dry air coolers.
 AIR DELIVERY SYSTEM
• Air is drawn into building’s HVAC system through the air intake by air handling unit.
• Supply air is filtered to remove particulate matter, heated or cooled and then circulated
throughout the building via air distribution system, which typically a system of supply ducts
and registers.

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Thermal transmittance, also
known as U-value, is the rate of
transfer of heat through a
structure (which can be a single
material or a composite), divided
by the difference in temperature
across that structure. The units of
measurement are W/m²K. The
better-insulated a structure is,
the lower the U-value will be.

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SOLAR HEAT GAIN COEFFICIENT
The SHGC is the fraction of incident solar radiation
admitted through a window, both directly
transmitted and absorbed and subsequently
released inward.
SHGC is expressed as a number between 0 and 1.
The lower a window's solar heat gain coefficient,
the less solar heat it transmits.
SHGC and U-factor can be reduced in the glass

portion of a window in a number of ways:
Low-emissivity (low-e) coatings reduce the
ultraviolet and infrared light that passes through the
glass, limiting heat gain while preserving visible light
transmission.

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THERMAL COMFORT
• Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal
environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55).
• The task of the designer is to create the best possible indoor climate or even the environment for
the users as they judge the quality of design based on physical and emotional point of view.
• Factors affecting thermal comfort:

- Air
- Temperature
- Humidity
- Radiation
- Air
- Movement
BODY THERMAL BALANCE

• Heat is continuously produced in the body. Most biochemical processes involved in tissue building,
energy conversion and muscular work are exotherm.
• Only 20% of the heat produced in the body is utilized and surplus heat must be dissipated.
• Thermoregulation is the process that allows the human body to maintain its core internal
temperature.
• A healthy, safe temperature has a very narrow window – between 98.6°F (37°C) and 100°F (37.8°C).
(Skin temp. is 31 to 34 deg.)
• The human body releases heat to the environment by evaporation, radiation, convection and to a
lesser extent by conduction. COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor
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SUBJECTIVE VARIABLES
Thermal comfort depends upon four climatic variables, but preferences can vary among
individuals.
• Clothing: A person wearing a suit will require a temperature about 9 deg. lower than
a naked body.
• Acclimatization: A person adjusts to a new set of climatic conditions in about 30 days.
(A person in London might be comfortable at 18 deg., but will be comfortable in India
at 25 after spending a month.
• Age and sex: Women have higher metabolic rates and their preference is 1 deg.
Higher than men.
• Body Shape: A corpulent person with same weight as a thin person dissipates more
heat due to larger surface area.
• Fat: Excellent insulator.
• State of health.
• Food and drink.
• Skin colour: Dark skin has melanin which prevents higher UV penetration than lighter
skin.

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INDICES OF THERMAL COMFORT
• Measurement of thermal comfort levels are complex and many indices have been
proposed over the years.
• A single scale which combines the effects of various thermal comfort factors (such as air
temperature, humidity, air movement and radiation) is called a THERMAL INDEX or
• COMFORT SCALE.
• The designer has to handle four such factors to understand the effect of climatic
conditions on the body’s heat dissipation process.
• The factors:
- Air Temperature.
- Humidity
- Air movement
- Radiation

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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
Psychrometric chart is one of the chart that is commonly used in solving HVAC
problems. Psychrometric chart is graphical representation of the physical and
thermodynamic properties of air. . The properties of air such as wet bulb temperature,
dry bulb temperature, dew point temperature, relative humidity, humidity ratio, specific
enthalphy and specific volume are shown on this chart.
It is used to determine how these properties vary as the amount of moisture in the air
changes.
How we use psychrometric charts for the designing in air conditioning system?
Psychrometrics can be used to predict changes in the environment when the amount of
heat and/or moisture in the air changes.
Use of psychrometric analysis is also important to determine the volume flow rates of
air to be pushed into the ducting system and the sizing of the major system
components.

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PSYCHROMETRY
• Psychrometry is the science dealing with the physical laws of air – water vapour mixtures.
• When designing an air conditioning system, the temperature and moisture content of the air to be
conditioned, and the same properties of the air needed to produce the desired air conditioning effect.
• So Psychrometry is the study of MOIST AIR or mixture of dry air and water vapour.
PROPERTIES OF
PSYCHROMETRY
• Dry-bulb Temperature
• Wet Bulb Temperature
• Relative Humidity
• Absolute Humidity or
Humidity Ratio
• Dew Point Temperature
• Specific Volume
• Enthalpy

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1. DRY –BULB TEMPERATURE
• The dry-bulb temperature is the temperature
indicated by a thermometer exposed to the air in
a place sheltered from direct solar radiation.
• The term dry-bulb is customarily added to
temperature to distinguish it from wet-bulb and
dew point temperature.
2. WET BULB TEMPERATURE

• Wet bulb temperature is the temperature
recorded by thermometer when the bulb is
enveloped by cotton wick saturated with water.
• The accuracy of a simple wet-bulb thermometer
depends on how fast air passes over the bulb
and how well the thermometer is shielded from
the radiant temperature of its surroundings

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3. RELATIVE HUMIDITY
Relative Humidity = Amount of moisture that a given amount of air is holding
Amount of moisture that a given amount of air can hold
4. HUMIDITY RATIO
• Actual weight of water in an air – water vapour
mixture.
• Amount of moisture per unit of dry air.
• Can be defined as, W=m/G.

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5. DEW POINT
• The temperature at which moisture starts to condense out of the air is known as DEW POINT.
• Dew point is also known as saturation temperature.
• Dew point temperature is determined by moving from a state point horizontally to the left along
lines of constant humidity ratio until the upper, curved, saturation temperature boundary is
reached.
• Condensation occurs at
the Dew Point
Temperature

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6. SPECIFIC VOLUME
It is the volume per gram of dry air m3/g
7. ENTHALPY
It is the amount of heat present per gram of air J/g.

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• Vertical lines are dry-bulb temperature.
• Horizontal lines are humidity ratio (right axis) or dew point temp (left axis).
• Slanted lines are wet-bulb temp and enthalpy.
• Specific volume are the “other” slanted lines

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HOW TO CALCULATE SENSIBLE HEAT (BTUH & CFM)
Sensible Heat Equation
Sensible Heat is a change in temperature (DB) with no change in moisture

content.
BTUH = CFM X1.08 X (EAT –LAT) BTUH -British Thermal Units per Hour.
CFM - Cubic Feet per Minute.
CFM = BTUH X1.08 X (EAT –LAT)
EAT – Indoor Design Temperature (DB)

LAT – Supply Air Design Temperature
Generally 12000BTU = 1 TON

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THERE ARE 4 CONTRIBUTORS TO SENSIBLE HEAT

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SENSIBLE HEAT FROM PEOPLE
SENSIBLE HEAT FROM LIGHT

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SENSIBLE HEAT FROM PLUG LOADS
SOLAR LOADS

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CONDUCTANCE
Q = U x A x TD
U- Factor is the reciprocal of the R-Value.

A – Area of the building component.
TD – Temperature difference of the outside and the inside temperature.
RADIATION
Q = A x SC x SCL
A - Glass area
SC – Glass shading coefficient.
SCL – Solar Cooling load factor.

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CALCULATE SOLAR THROUGH GLASS
Assuming 200 Sq.ft wall with 30% of glass area.

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CALCULATE CONDUCTANCE THROUGH WALLS

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CALCULATION OF TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT LOAD

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TOTAL SENSIBLE LOAD
DETERMINE CFM
CFM = BTUH X1.08 X (EAT –LAT) CFM = 15,490/1.08 X (75-55)

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SUBJECT CODE : 19ARS307J

SUBJECT NAME : BUILDING SERVICES –II (Electrical and Mechanical)

SEMESTER : III YEAR: V

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

 VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE

 HOW DOES VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE WORK?

Air conditioners also employ a vapor-

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

WHY COMPRESSORS AND CONDENSER ARE USED IN REFRIGERATION?

WHICH TYPE OF COMPRESSOR IS GOOD FOR REFRIGERATOR?

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF COMPRESSORS ON AIR CONDITIONERS?

 AN AIR CONDITIONER HAS 5 MAIN PARTS:

• It can be air-cooled or water-cooled.

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

• It regulates the flow of refrigerant to evaporator.

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

How the Refrigeration Cycle Works

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

• The refrigerant which is highly toxic and

• Freon group of refrigerants are non-toxic and

• The advantages of a programmable thermostat

• The function of a variable frequency drive in an

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

10 FACTORS TO CONSIDER FOR INSTALLATION OF AC SYSTEMS

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

 4 TYPES OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM :

• This type of unit is designed to cool a single room.

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

2. Split Air Conditioner

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

3. Packaged Air Conditioner:

Type of condenser used in unit and

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

4. Central Air Conditioning System

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

 SYSTEM TYPES • A type of duct that supplies

• A distribution component that

• A type of duct that removes air

 VAV SYSTEMS (Variable Air Volume)

• VAV system Controls both airflow

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

 CENTRALISED AIR CONDITIONING

• AHU parts include

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

 CHILLER WATER SYSTEM

• Cooling Tower is the

• AHU is the component of the

 CONDENSER WATER SYSTEM

• Refrigeration system must also reject heat that it removes.

 AIR DELIVERY SYSTEM

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor

COMPILED BY: Syedali Fathima, Asst.Professor