AIR CONDITIONING

BUILDING SERVICES - II

G.Sathvika 21091AA050
G.Harshith 21091AA051
A.Harini 21091AA054
J.Sharath 21091AA055
P.Sravya 21091AA066
S.Pranay 21091AA072
WHAT IS REFRIGERATION CYCLE?
The refrigeration cycle is a thermodynamic process that enables the transfer of heat
from a lower-temperature region to a higher-temperature region, resulting in cooling or
refrigeration. This cycle is commonly used in refrigerators, air conditioners, heat pumps,
and other cooling systems. It allows these devices to remove heat from a specified space
or substance, maintaining a controlled temperature.

The refrigeration cycle involves four main components:

Evaporator: This component is responsible for absorbing heat from the substance or
space that needs cooling. It is typically located inside the refrigeration system and
contains a refrigerant that is in a low-pressure, low-temperature liquid state.
Compressor: The compressor plays a crucial role in the cycle by increasing the pressure
and temperature of the refrigerant. It takes the low-pressure refrigerant vapor from the
evaporator and compresses it into a high-pressure and high-temperature gas.

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Condenser:

The condenser is located on the outside of the refrigeration

system and is responsible for releasing the heat absorbed by
the refrigerant in the evaporator. As the high-pressure, high-
temperature refrigerant flows through the condenser coils, it
dissipates heat to the surrounding environment and condenses
into a high-pressure liquid.

Expansion Valve (or Throttle Valve):

After leaving the condenser, the high-pressure liquid

refrigerant passes through the expansion valve, which reduces
its pressure and causes it to rapidly expand. As the refrigerant
expands, it cools down and transforms into a low-pressure,
low-temperature mixture of liquid and vapor, ready to enter
the evaporator and repeat the cycle.
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WHAT ARE AC EQUIPMENT?
AC (Air Conditioning) equipment refers to the various devices and systems used for
cooling and dehumidifying indoor air in residential, commercial, and industrial settings.
These equipment types are designed to create a comfortable and controlled indoor
environment, particularly during hot or humid weather. Some common AC equipment
includes:

Air Conditioners: Air conditioners are the most common AC equipment found in
homes and commercial buildings. They come in different forms, such as window units,
split systems, and central air conditioning systems.
Heat Pumps: Heat pumps are versatile AC equipment that can both cool and heat
indoor spaces. They work by transferring heat between the indoors and outdoors,
making them efficient for both cooling during hot weather and heating during colder
seasons.
Cooling Towers: Cooling towers are used in large commercial and industrial settings
to remove excess heat from processes or HVAC systems. They cool water that has been
heated by industrial processes and then reuse the cooled water in the system.
Ductless Mini-Split Systems: These systems are similar to traditional split systems,
but they do not require ductwork for air distribution. They consist of an outdoor unit
and one or more indoor air handling units, offering flexibility in zoning and installation.

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Packaged Air Conditioners:
Packaged AC units combine all components (compressor,
condenser, evaporator, etc.) into a single outdoor unit. They are
commonly used in commercial and industrial settings, often
placed on rooftops.

Chillers:
Chillers are large industrial AC equipment used to cool large
buildings, hospitals, data centers, and manufacturing facilities.
They use refrigeration cycles to cool water or other liquids, which
are then circulated through the building's air handling units to
cool the indoor space.

Evaporative Coolers (Swamp Coolers):

Evaporative coolers are more commonly used in dry climates.
They work by passing outdoor air over water-soaked pads, which
cools the air through the process of evaporation before it is
circulated indoors.

Dehumidifiers:.
While not strictly air conditioners, dehumidifiers are important AC
equipment that remove excess moisture from the air, improving
indoor air quality and comfort
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 COMPRESSOR
o The compressor is the heart of the refrigeration system. The compressor acts as the
pump that moves the refrigerant through the system. Temperature sensors start the
compressor's action. Refrigeration systems cool objects through repeated refrigeration
cycles.

o The refrigerant flows from the evaporator coil through the compressor. This flow raises
the pressure of the coolant. The vaporized refrigerant then flows to the condenser where
it transforms to liquid. As the refrigerant condenses to a liquid, it gives off heat. This
explains why the condenser is relatively hot when you touch it.

o From the condenser, the refrigerant flows to the expansion valve. There is a drop of
pressure in the expansion valve. From the expansion valve, the refrigerant flows to the
evaporator. The liquid refrigerant draws heat from the evaporator' environment. This
heat vaporizes the liquid refrigerant.

o The vaporized refrigerant flows back to the compressor where the cycle continues.

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HOW DIFFERENT COMPRESSORS WORK?
The Reciprocating Compressor:
This compressor employs back and forth piston motion to compress the vaporized
refrigerant. Another name for the reciprocating compressor is the piston compressor. This
compressor comprises a motor, a crankshaft, and some pistons.

The Rotary-Vane Compressor:

The vane splits the cylinder into suction and discharges sections. The pistons rotate to
increase and decrease the volumes of the sections. Continuous rotation achieves gas
suction, compression, and discharge.
The operation of a rotary vane compressor includes five actions. These actions are; start,
suction, compression, discharge then end. Each crankshaft rotation achieves all these five
actions. You can find rotary vane compressors in domestic refrigeration and air
conditioning units. They also feature in heat pumps.

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The Rotary-Screw Compressor:
This compressor uses helical screw rotors to compress larger
volumes of refrigerant. The compression involves the motor and
the male and female rotors. The motor rotates the male rotor
through the crankshaft. The male rotor moves the female rotor
as the rotors inter-mesh against each other. The meshing rotors
force the refrigerant through the suction port of the
compressor. The compressed refrigerant leaves via the discharge
port at a higher pressure. The screw compressor competes with
large reciprocation and small centrifugal compressors.

The Centrifugal Compressor:

Another name for the centrifugal compressor is the turbo or
radial compressor. This machine compresses the refrigerant by
kinetic energy though rotating impellers. As the impellers
rotate, they force the refrigerant through the inlet vane. The
higher the impeller speed, the higher the pressure. Centrifugal
compressors are suitable for large cooling applications. The
centrifugal compressor is a favorite among commercial and
industrial refrigeration systems. The mode of action of different
compressors makes them suitable for some applications.
Attributes like cooling capability, price, efficiency, and
reliability are key factors to consider.
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HEAT EXCHANGERS
Heat exchangers are devices that transfer heat between two
or more fluids without mixing them. In refrigeration
systems, they play a vital role in removing heat from the
inside of your fridge, keeping your food fresh and cool.
There are three main types of heat exchangers in
refrigeration systems: evaporators, condensers, and sub
coolers.
Heat Transfer Process
Heat exchangers work through a process called conduction.
When two fluids with different temperatures come into
contact, heat moves from the hotter fluid to the cooler one.
Types of Heat Exchangers in Refrigeration Based on
Construction
• Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
• Plate Heat Exchangers
• Microchannel Heat Exchangers
Types of Heat Exchangers in Refrigeration Based on
Flow Arrangement
Parallel-flow Heat Exchangers. In this setup, both fluids flow
in the same direction.
Counter-flow Heat Exchangers -the fluids flow toward each
other, resulting in effective heat transfer.
Cross-flow Heat Exchangers -These heat exchangers are the
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rebels of the bunch, with fluids flowing perpendicular .
WHAT IS A REFRIGERATOR CONDENSER?
A refrigerator condenser is one of the main operating components that make up
the cooling system on a standard refrigerator. It consists of a series of copper
tubes that overlap in a grid or coiling pattern. On most models, the condenser is
located at the back of the unit, though some may be installed on the bottom or
along one side of the unit. While its size can vary, it often covers at least half of the
area of the refrigerator wall, and some even cover the entire wall of the unit.

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EVAPORATORS
In refrigeration, an evaporator is the heat exchanger where the
refrigerant circulating inside the refrigeration circuit absorbs the
thermal energy from the environment, which is then cooled. This is how
the state of the refrigerant changes from liquid to vapor, giving it its
name. As a result, the refrigerant evaporates to absorb the temperature
or energy from environment.

Types of refrigeration evaporators –

Air – Refrigerant: these uses in direct expansion systems and in most
cold rooms. In these systems, our equipment directly cools the ambient
air.
Liquid – Refrigerant: these use when the medium to be cooled is a
liquid and are usually used in indirect systems or food refrigeration
processes.

Depending on refrigerant outlet conditions:

Flooded: this type of evaporator uses in two-stage systems with partial
or total injection and in systems with a liquid separator at the outlet. In
these evaporators, the refrigerant inside the evaporator does not
evaporate completely, and at the outlet of the evaporator there is a
two-phase mixture with very good heat transfer.
Dry: These are the most common and are found in most refrigeration
installations. In them, the refrigerant evaporates completely inside the 11
evaporator and there is often superheating of the vapor generated.
END OF PRESENTATION

THANK YOU

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