FERROUS METALS – STEEL

Market forms of Steel:

1. Rolled Steel Sections
2. Reinforced steel bars
3. High yeild strength deformed
4. Thermo – mechanically treated
FERROUS METALS – STEEL
ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS
• Structural steel can be rolled into various shapes and
sizes in rolling mills.
• Usually sections having larger moduli of section in
proportion to their cross-sectional areas are preferred.
• Steel sections are usually designated by their cross-
sectional shapes.
• The shapes of the rolled steel sections available today
have been developed to meet structural needs.
• I.S Hand Book No. 1 published by the Bureau of Indian
Standards provides the dimensions, weights and
geometrical properties of various sections.
FERROUS METALS – ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS

Market forms of steel- Rolled steel sections

(1) Angle sections
(2) Channel sections
(3) I- sections
(4) T- sections
(5) Round bars
(6) Square bars
(7) Corrugated sheets
(8) Expanded metal
(9) Flat bars
(10) Plates
(11) Ribbed tor steel bars
Angle sections: The angle sections ma be of equal legs or unequal legs. The
equal angle sections are available in sizes varying from 20 mm x 20 mm x 3 mm to 200
mm x 200 mm x 25 mm. The corresponding weights per meter length are respectively
9 N and 736 N,

The unequal angle sections are available in sizes varying from 30 mm x20 mm x 3 mm
to 200 mm x 150 mm x 18 mm. The corresponding weights per meter length are
respectively 11 N and 469 N.

The angle sections are extensively used in the structural steelwork especially in the
construction of steel roof trusses and filler joist floors.
 bxaxc

Angle Sections
2. Channel Sections:
• The channel sections consist of a web with equal flanges
• Channel section is designated by the height of web and width of
flange.
• These sections are available in sizes varying from
100 mm x 45 mm to 400 mm x 100 mm.
• The Bureau of Indian Standards has classified channel sections as
– ISJC - Indian Standard Junior Channel
– ISLC - Indian Standard Light Channel
– ISMC - Indian Standard Medium Channel
– ISSC - Indian Standard Special Channel

• The channel sections are widely used as the

structural members in steel - framed structures,
crane girders, beams & steel bridges 300 mm x 100 mm
(weight 331 N/m)
Channel Sections
3. I-sections :

These are popularly known as rolled steel joist or beams. It consist

of two flanges connected by a web.

It is designated by
• the over all depth
• width of flange and
• weight per meter length.

The Indian Standards Institutions

has classified the I sections into
junior beams, light beams, medium
beams, wide flange beams and
heavy beams and they are
accordingly designated as I.S.J.B. ,
I.S.L.B., I.S.M.B., I.S.W.B., I.S.H.B.,
respectively.
They are available in various sizes varying from 75mmX 50mm
to 600 mm X 210mm

Beams suitable for columns are available in H-Sections which

vary in sizes from 1450mm X 150 mm to 450 mm X 250 mm

The R.S. Joist are economical in material and they are suitable
for floor beams, lintels, columns, etc.,
RSJ are economical in material and are suitable for beams, lintels,
columns, grillage foundations etc.
• Unequal I sections with heavy weight are used as rails
I-Sections
4.T-sections
• The shape of the section is like that of letter T
• it consists of flange and web
• It is designated by overall dimensions and thickness.
• These sections are available in sizes varying from
– 20 mm x 20 mm x 3 mm to 150 mm x 150 mm x 10 mm.
• These sections are widely used as members of the steel roof
trusses and to form built-up sections.
5. Round Bars
• These are available in circular cross-sections with diameters
varying from 5 mm to 25 mm.
• They are widely used as reinforcement in concrete structures,
construction of steel grillwork, etc.
• The commonly used cross sections have diameters varying
from 5 mm to 25 mm with the corresponding weights as 1.50
N/m and 38 N/m respectively.
6. Square Bars
• These are available in square cross-section with sides varying
from 5 mm to 25 mm.
• They are widely used in the construction of steel grillwork, for
windows, gates, etc.
• Commonly used cross-sections have sides varying from 5 mm
to 25 mm with corresponding weights per meter length as 2 N
and 49N.
7. Corrugated sheets
• These are formed by passing steel sheets through grooves.
• These grooves bend and press steel sheets and corrugations are
formed on the sheets.
• These corrugated sheets are usually galvanized and they are
referred to as the galvanized iron sheets or G.I sheets.
• These sheets are widely used for roof covering.
Corrugated sheets:
These are formed by passing steel sheets
through grooves.

These grooves bend and press steel sheets

and corrugations are formed on the sheets.
These corrugated sheets are usually
galvanized and they are referred to as the
galvanized iron sheets or G.I. sheets. These
sheets are widely used for roof covering.
8. Expanded Metals
• Formed by cutting and expanding either plain sheets or ribbed
sheets of mild steel.
• A diamond mesh appearance is formed through out the area
• The manufactures sheets are thus known as diamond mesh or
rib mesh.
• Diamond mesh has sizes from 30 to 150mm across the shorter
length of the mesh and is available in length 1 to 3m and width
5m
• Expanded metal is used as roads, floors, bridges, reinforcing
concrete foundations etc. It is also used as lathing material and
for partitions
Expanded
Metals
9. Flat bars
• These are available in
– widths varying from 10 mm to 400 mm
– thickness varying from 5mm to 40 mm
• They are widely used in the construction of steel grillwork for
windows and gates.
10 Plates
• The plate sections of steel are available in different sizes with
thickness varying from 5 mm to 50 mm.

• They are used mainly for the following purposes in the

structural steelwork:

(i) to connect steel beams for extension of the length

(ii) to serve as tensional members of steel roof truss and

(iii) to form built-up sections of steel

Plates
FERROUS METALS – HOLLOW STEEL SECTIONS
A hollow structural section (HSS) is a type of
metal profile with a hollow cross section. HSS
members can be circular, square, or rectangular
sections.

1. MILD STEEL (SHS) SQUARE STEEL HOLLOW

SECTION
2. MILD STEEL (CHS) CIRCULAR STEEL HOLLOW
SECTION
3. MILD STEEL (RHS) RECTANGULAR STEEL
HOLLOW SECTION
 Types reinforcing bars

• The steel bars used in reinforced cement concrete are called

reinforcing bars or rebars. These are of two types.
1. Plane steel bars:
2. Tor steel bars:

Plane steel bars:

• Round sections, which are made up of mild steel, medium
tensile steel or high tensile steel are used in reinforced
cement concrete.
• But the present trend in India is to go for tor steel
bars.
• Plane steel bars are available from 5mm to
32 mm for reinforcing purpose.
 Ribbed-tor steel bars

• These bars are produced from the ribbed-tor steel which is a

deformed high strength steel.

• These bars have ribs or projections on their surface and they are
produced by controlled cold twisting of hot-rolled bars.

• Each bar is to be twisted individually and it is tested to confirm

the standard requirements.

• The ribbed-tor steel bars are available in sizes varying from 6

mm 50mm diameter, with the corresponding weights as 2.22
N/m and 154.10 N/m.
Ribbed-tor steel bars
• These bars are widely used as reinforcement a concrete
structures such as buildings, bridges, docks and harbor structure,
roads, irrigation works, pile foundations, pre-cast concrete works,
etc.
• Following are the advantages of the ribbed-tor steel bars
1. It is possible to bend these bars through 180 without formation
of any cracks or fractures on their outside surface.

2. It is possible to weld certain type of ribbed-tor steel bars by

electric flash, butt welding or arc welding.

3. There is overall reduction in reinforcement cost to the extent of

about 30 to 40% when these bars are used.

4. These bars are easily identified as they have got peculiar shape.
5. These bars possess better structural properties than ordinary
plain round bars. It is therefore possible to design with higher
stresses.
6. These bars possess excellent bonding properties and hence the
end hooks are not required.
7. They can be used for all major types of reinforced concrete
structures.
8. They serve as efficient and economical concrete reinforcement.
9. When these bars are used, the processes of bending, fixing and
handling are simplified to a great extent. It results into less labour
charges.
 Type of steel Yield stress

Mild steel (Plain bars) 250 Mpa

High Yield Strength Steel 415 Mpa

(Cold twisted 500 Mpa

deformed bars)
FERROUS METALS – REINFORCED STEEL BARS:
• Cement concrete is one of the most versatile and
established construction material throughout the world.
• Concrete being extremely weak in tension requires
reinforcement, which is in variably steel.
• Steel reinforcement is available in the form of bars of
specific diameters with different chemical composition,
e.g., mild steel and high tensile steel, and surface
characteristics— plain or deformed.
• Good steel should not have carbon content of more than
0.25%, sulphur content of more than 0.05% and
phosphorus content of more than 0.05%. phosphorus
content of more than 0.05%.
• Mechanical strengthening of steel is done by drawing,
stretching, twisting; the yield point of steel rises by about
30%.
FERROUS METALS – REINFORCED STEEL BARS:
The types and grades of reinforcing bars are given..
FERROUS METALS – REINFORCED STEEL BARS:

• Effectiveness of concrete reinforcement may be enhanced by

the use of low-alloy steel, or by mechanical strengthening,
or by heat treatment.
• Heat treatment increases strength and improves mechanical
properties of steel and effects 30 to 40% savings on
reinforcement.
• Steel for reinforcing bars can be classified according to its
use. The earliest steel used for construction purposes was
plain mild steel bars, designated as Fe- 250 and so.
• For impacts and suddenly applied loads mild steel
reinforcement may prove to be a better choice since high
yield steels are more brittle and may fail under such
conditions.
FERROUS METALS – HIGH YEILD STRENGTH DEFORMED
(HYSD)
• Bars have lugs, ribs, or deformations on the surface, which
inhibit longitudinal movement of the bar relative to the
surrounding concrete.

• Thus, the deformed surface ensures better bond between

reinforcement and concrete. These bars do not have a
definite yield point.
FERROUS METALS – HIGH YEILD STRENGTH DEFORMED
(HYSD)

• HYSD bars result in a considerable increase in yield, tensile

and bond strength when twisted hot or cold.
• Cold twisted deformed (CTD) bars are most suitable for
building purposes and are widely used in India.
• CTD bars with trademark TOR are called TOR-steel.
• Tor-steel is high yield strength deformed bars with high
yield and bond strength.
• These bars result in almost 40% economy.
FERROUS METALS – THERMO MECHANICALLY TREATED
(TMT)
• These bars are extra high strength reinforcing bars, which
eliminate any form of cold twisting.
• In this process, the steel bars receive a short intensive
cooling as they pass through a water cooling system after the
last rolling mill stand.
• These bars can be used for general concrete reinforcement in
buildings, bridges and various other concrete structures.
• They are highly recommended for use in high-rise buildings
because of the saving in steel due to the higher strength