DIFFERENT TYPES OF WELDING

MIG Welding
MIG welding is one of the easier types of welding for beginners to learn. MIG welding is two different
types of welding. The first uses bare wire and the second flux core.

Bare wire MIG welding can be used to join thin pieces of metal together. Flux core MIG welding can
be used outdoors because it does not require a flow meter or gas supply. MIG welding is usually the
welding of choice for DIY enthusiasts and hobby welders who don’t have the money to spend on
expensive equipment.

Stick Welding
Stick welding, also known as Arc welding, is doing it the old fashioned way. Stick welding is a bit
harder to master than MIG welding, but you can pick up a stick welding equipment for very little if
you want to have a go at home. Stick welding uses a stick electrode welding rod.

TIG Welding
TIG welding is extremely versatile, but it is also one of the more difficult welding techniques to learn
and Lincoln Electric TIG welders are skilled individuals.

Two hands are needed for TIG welding. One hand feeds the rod whilst the other holds a TIG torch.
This torch creates the heat and arc, which are used to weld most conventional metals, including
aluminum, steel, nickel alloys, copper alloys, cobalt and titanium.

TIG welders can be used to weld steel, stainless steel, chromoly, aluminum, nickel alloys, magnesium,
copper, brass, bronze, and even gold. TIG is a useful welding process for bike frames, lawn mowers,
door handles, fenders, and more.

Plasma Arc Welding

Plasma arc welding is a precision technique and is commonly used in aerospace applications where
metal thickness is 0.015 of an inch. One example of such an application would be on an engine blade
or an air seal. Plasma arc welding is very similar in technique to TIG welding, but the electrode is
recessed and the ionizing gases inside the arc are used to create heat.

The normal combination of gases is argon for the plasma gas, with argon plus 2 to 5% hydrogen for
the shielding gas. Helium can be used for plasma gas but because it is hotter this reduces the current
rating of the nozzle.

Electron Beam and Laser Welding

Electron beam and laser welding are extremely precise, high energy welding techniques. Electron
beams and lasers can be focused and aimed with the exceptional accuracy required to weld the
smallest of implantable medical devices, and yet also deliver the tremendous amounts of power
required to weld large spacecraft parts. Electron beam and laser welding are versatile, powerful,
automatable processes. Both can create beautiful welds from a metallurgic and an aesthetic
perspective. Both can be cost-effective.

Gas Welding
Gas welding is rarely used anymore and has been largely superseded by TIG welding. Gas welding kits
require oxygen and acetylene and are very portable. They are still sometimes used to weld bits of car
exhaust back together.
There is currently a huge shortage of skilled welders in the US and the rest of the world, so for young
people who do decide to take up a career as a welding technician, the job prospects are good.

Size and types of Steel bars used in construction.

Steel is important construction material in various construction of building, dams, Bridge, reservoir,
aqueduct, low rise building and high rise building and for other commercial and industrial use. It will
provide enough strength to structure. It is embedded in concrete fiber to resist the structure load.

Steel bar provided in slab beam and column for house construction. Slab and beam is flexural
member of concrete structure and column is compressive member. Reinforcing steel bars are used to
help concrete withstand tension forces.

Size and types of Steel bars/tmt bars used in construction.

There are various types of Steel bar used in construction are hot rolled deformed bars, cold rolled
deformed bars, mild steel bar (Fe250), twisted steel bars and welded steel bars. HYSD (High yield
strength deformed bar) like Fe 415, Fe500, Fe550 and Fe600 steel bars are used in construction,
which provide greater ductility and flexibility and higher strength to concrete and load bearing
structure.

In India, there are different size/diameter of Steel bars/tmt bars used in construction are 6mm, 8mm,
10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 32mm, 40mm, 45mm, 50mm and so, higher dai/size of steel
bar like 60mm, 75mm, 90mm, 100mm are customise according to requirement by various Steel
Company and are available for sale.

Size of steel bars used in construction.

Size of Steel bars used in construction are 6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm, 32mm,
40mm, 45mm, 50mm, 60mm and so, and higher dia/size of steel bar like 75mm, 90mm, 100mm are
also customise according to requirement by various steel company.

Size/ diameter of Steel bars used in building construction.

Size of Steel bars used in building construction are 6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm and
25mm. 6mm & 8mm size/diameter of steel bars are used for stirrup formation, 8mm to 12mm
size/diameter of steel bars/tmt bars are used in slab and 12mm to 25mm size/diameter of steel
bars/tmt bars are used for beam and column.

Diameter/size of Steel bars used in slab.

Diameter/size of Steel bars used in slab are required according to design structure, one way slab, two
way slab and Flat slab. However, in general, steel bars size/diameter of 8mm, 10mm and 12mm are
used in slab.

Steel bar size for column and beam

Diameter/ size of Steel bar required for column and beam are based on according to design
structure, load acting on it, span between two support. However, in general, steel bars size/diameter
of 12mm to 25mm are required for beam and column. Sometimes for raft foundation 32mm size/
diameter of Steel bar can be also provided.

Size/diameter of steel bars used in stirrup formation

6mm, 8mm and 10mm steel bars used in formation of stirrup, which are provided in beam and
column to hold the primary reinforcement in right place and encounter the tension and compression
forces and preventing from buckling and cracking of structure.
Size/diameter of Steel bar used in Hydraulic structure
Diameter of Steel bar used in Hydraulic structure like Bridge, Dam, Reservoir, adequet and other high
rise building Industrial and commercial building, their actual size is decided according to design
structure. However, in general, steel bars size/diameter of 32mm to 50mm are used in formation of
Hydraulic structure like Bridge, Dam, Reservoir, adequet, etc, and also their higher dia/size are
customised according to requirement.

Types of Steel bar used in construction

There are 5 types of Steel bar used in construction are hot rolled deformed bars, cold rolled
deformed bars, mild steel bar, twisted steel bars and welded steel bars. Ribs present on steel bars
provide superior bonding, it is known as thermo-mechanically treated or TMT bar which provide
superior tensile strength in concrete.

It is important to know that Thermo mechanically Treated bars (TMT Bars) are widely accepted
worldwide for its high tensile strength. TMT Bars not only provide strength it is flexible enough as
well. That is why it gives maximum protection during any natural disaster such as earthquake, flood
etc. TMT Bars consists of less amount of carbon that is why it is less fatigue and highly corrosion
resistant as well.

1) Hot rolled deformed bars: - it is deformed at high temperature have high yield strength that’s why
it is known as HYSD ( high yield strength deformed bar), it made by process called thermo
mechanically treated or tmt bar. It’s provided superior tensile strength in concrete and ribs present
on steel bar/ TMT bar provide superior bending in concrete. Fe415, Fe500, Fe550, Fe600 are HYSD
bar. It has higher compressive strength of 64000 psi.

2) Cold Rolled Steel Bars: - cold rolled Steel bar made at room temperature, and it is looking like hot
rolled Steel bar have poor strength due to this today it is absolute from market and do not use for
heavy loaded load bearing structure. Although these are used for some construction that does not
need much tolerance and their tensile strength is about 60,000 psi.

3) Mild Steel Bars: - this is mild steel bar, have no ribs, it has plain surface and in round shape. It is
used in RCC for beam and slab. It does not Bond well with concrete, it is used in a small project with
budget constraint. It has also poor tensile strength only about 40000 psi.

4) Twisted Steel Bars: - Twisted Steel Bars are also known as Prestressing tendons. These are
comprised of different wires almost 7 wires spun together into a strand. Twisted Steel Bar carries
high tensile strength upto 270000 psi. These are mainly used on braces of scaffolds for prestressing
Reinforced Cement Concrete. Its high tensile strength makes it conceivable.

5) Welded Steel Wire: - Welded Steel Wires consist of weld mesh. It produces medium tensile
strength. These are used for partitions, fencing etc. It’s available in different diameters and the
strength is higher than mild steel bar, which is why it is widely accepted for particular segments in
construction for better efficiency.

Types of Steel bar used in building construction.

As per IS Standards Fe 500d grade of TMT Bar/steel bar has the perfect combination of strength &
flexibility. That is why it is most recommended for construction purpose.

There are 5 types of Steel bars/tmt bars used in building construction are hot rolled deformed bars,
cold rolled deformed bars, mild steel bar, twisted steel bars and welded steel bars. Ribs present on
steel bars provide superior bonding, it is known as thermo-mechanically treated or TMT bar which
provide superior tensile strength in concrete.

STEEL BEAM BASICS: USES, TYPES, & READING SIZES

EXPLAINED
What is a steel beam?
A steel beam is a structural shape that’s widely used across many industries and projects. Their
profile is shaped like a capital I (or an H if you turn it on its side). Steel beams are very strong but
often also very heavy, which is why they can also be cut in half along their length to create tee beams
(in the shape of a capital T).

What are they used for?

At their most basic, steel beams are for supporting heavy loads due to their immense strength. More
specifically, they’re often used in construction and civil engineering structures such as supports for
bridges or the primary frames of buildings. As we’ll discuss, they have excellent strength and weight-
bearing characteristics for things like supporting floors and roofs, which makes them ideal choices for
most construction and infrastructure projects.

Parts of a steel beam

While a beam’s strength partially comes from the strength of steel, is also is a result of their shape. A
steel beam is made up of two basic parts, both of which can vary in dimensions for different
applications.

Flanges: When looking at the profile of a steel beam, it looks like an I. The (typically shorter)
horizontal pieces on the top and bottom are called the flanges. Their edges can be parallel or tapered
depending on the type of beam.
Purpose: Flanges act to resist the bending moment or forces experienced by the beam.
Web: The web of a beam is the (typically longer) vertical piece that connects the two flanges in the
center. The radius of the corner where each flange meets the web can also vary depending on the
beam.
Purpose: The web resists shear forces that could cause collapses or breaking.
Steel beam types
Within the “beam” category, there are a couple of common types (or letters) you’ll likely run across.
The most common of these are I, H, and W:

H beams vs. I beams

Relatively similar in height-to-width ratio, I-beams and H-beams are both shaped like their letter
designation. The primary differentiator between these two product types is that while H-beam
flanges are parallel and flat, I-beam flanges are tapered and get thinner further from the web.

W beams vs. I beams

Now when we compare I-beams to another beam variation, W-beams (also known as wide flange
beams), we see a more obvious shift simply from the name. As you might have guessed, W-beams
have flanges that are wider than your standard I-beam, and this is the main difference between the
two. Because of this, W-beams can often hold more weight and resist higher forces than I or H-
beams.
How to read steel beam sizes
When reading beam sizes, they often are written like “W 27 x 178#” or “S 24 x 121#”. This might
seem confusing if you’ve never tried to purchase or work with steel beams before, but it’s very
straightforward once you understand the format.

The letter indicates the general shape or type of beam, in this case, W means it’s a W-(or wide
flange) beam whereas S is for an S-(or Standard American) beam. The number that follows the letter
is called the section number and is the “height” of the I. The second number is the pounds per lineal
foot, or how much each foot of the beam weighs. Sometimes, there will be a third number that
represents the length of the beam (in feet).

Using these examples, the wide flange beam is 27 inches tall and weighs 178 pounds per foot of
beam. If that beam is 40 feet long, we can multiply the weight per foot by the length to estimate that
the total weight would be 7,120 pounds. The S-beam is 24 inches tall and weighs 121 pounds per
foot, leading to a 4,840 total weight if the beam is 40 feet long.

REFERENCES:
Kadezabek, S. (2023, June 13). Steel Beam Basics | Uses, Types, & Sizes | Service Steel. Service Steel
Warehouse. https://www.servicesteel.org/resources/steel-beam-basics
Sir, B. (2022). Size and types of Steel bars used in construction. Civil Sir. https://civilsir.com/size-and-
types-of-steel-bars-used-in-construction/
Different types of welding and what they are used for. (2023, June 13). The Manufacturer.
https://www.themanufacturer.com/articles/different-types-of-welding-and-what-they-are-used-for/