THERMODYNAMICS I Grading

(ESE 201) 1-a 1-b 1-c 1-d Σ

QUIZ 1 20 25 30 25 100
TAKE HOME
Instructor ID # Name-Surname Due Date
Başar Çağlar 280209041 Özge ALKAN 04 Nov 2022 17:30

Students are supposed to work individually for the take home quiz. Quizzes of the students, who makes any attempt
to copy any knowledge and materials from his/her friends or from the literature without giving reference will not be
evaluated. Please follow ethic rules and show your efforts to be sure that you successfully finalized this assignment.

QUESTION

Find a scientist who made contribution to the development of thermodynamic field (e.g. identification of different
energy forms, energy conversion) and investigate one of his/her experiment/or observation considering following
aspects:

a) What is the research question(s) that he/she would like to answer?

b) What kinds of tools, materials, techniques did he/she use to answer this question? Please include a figure (you may
take from the literature, or you can draw by yourself) in your answer, give explanations by using this figure.
c) What kinds of results were obtained? Why are these results important for the field of thermodynamic?
d) Mention the life story of the related scientist. Keep it short (max 2 paragraph).

You may choose one following scientist, or you can find scientist from the literature by yourself.

- Willem's Gravesand
- Antoine Lavosier
- Benjamin Thompson
- Micheal Faraday
- Charles Augustin de Coulomb
- Christian Oersted
- James Prescott Joule
- James Dewar
- William Hampson
- Thomas Newcomen
- James Watt
- Richard Trevithick
- Nikolaus Otto
- Zenobe Theophile Gramme
- Charles Parsons
- James Clerk Maxwell
- Heinrich Hertz
- Enrico Fermi
- Joseph Priestly
- Clause Bernard

IMPORTANT NOTES
- The answer sheet should be max 3 pages.
- Use Calibri font with a font size of 11.
- Don't forget to include your reference lists. You can use any reference style for your reference list. Citation should
be inserted into the text next to the related information. Bibliography should be listed at the end of the document.
- Prior to the technical evaluation of the lecturer, all reports will be investigated in terms of plagiarism via the
Turnitin software. In the software, similarities in the text content with less than 2% will be excluded. According to the
originality score provided by the software, the "similarity index" should be less than 5% in total. This means that any
type of copy&paste-ing from an existing literature source is strictly prohibited.
- Use this sheet for your answer. The answer sheet in any other format will not be accepted.
Nikolaus Otto

A) In reality, Otto recognized he could develop the gas engine in the 1860s when he learned that Etienne
Lenoir's (1822–1900) innovation was the first functional internal combustion engine. Lenoir's design
was notable for its loud noise, enormous fuel consumption, and heat production. Otto eventually
recognized that the machine would have a lot more uses if it could operate on liquid fuel because it
wouldn't need to be linked to a gas outlet.

B) The Otto cycle describes what happens to a mass of gas under different conditions of pressure,
temperature, volume, and adding and removing heat. The PV diagram below shows in crystal-clear
detail how the volume of the gas decreases (compressed) as the pressure increases as the piston
operates on the air-fuel mixture. Similarly, after combustion, heat from the variety acts on the piston,
forcing it to expand (expansion process), which causes the vehicle to move.
The four internally reversible processes that make up the four-stroke Otto cycle are as follows:

1. Isentropic compression (compression stroke): The gas (fuel-air mixture) is compressed from 1 to 2
as the piston advances from the bottom center to the top center. The gas is affected by the
environment; it is compressed, and its internal energy (temperature) increases. Entropy, by contrast,
does not change. The volume change determines the compression ratio (V1 / V2).
2. Isochoric compression (ignition phase): Although the piston is at rest at the upper center during this
phase, which occurs between stages 2 and 3, heat is delivered to the air at a constant volume. This
procedure simulates the rapid combustion that occurs when the fuel-air combination is ignited and
pumped into the combustion chamber. The ratio (P3/P2) is called the "explosion rate" when the
pressure increases.
3. Isentropic expansion (power stroke): As the piston moves from top to bottom, the gas expands
isentropically from 3rd to 4th. The gas exerts a force on the surrounding area and expends its internal
energy in proportion to the work it does. Once again, entropy is unaffected. Although called the
isentropic expansion ratio, the volume ratio (V4/V3) corresponds to the compression ratio of the Otto
cycle.
4. Isochoric decompression (exhaust stroke): At this stage, the cycle is completed with a constant
volume process in which air is heated and expelled when the piston is at its lower point. At this point,
the working gas pressure drops abruptly from point 4 to point 1. At point 4, the exhaust valve opens.
The exhaust stroke immediately follows this decompression. When the piston advances from the lower
dead center (1st point) to the upper point (0th point), the gaseous mixture is discharged into the
atmosphere while the exhaust is open, and the process is repeated.
C) The air standard efficiency in the ideal Otto cycle is 56.5%, whereas the Carnot engine efficiency is 98%.
What, though, is the cause of this efficiency reduction? Conduction causes heat energy from each
cylinder to be wasted because the cylinders are not entirely sealed off from the engine block. Due to
the heat being expelled from the engine at a temperature that is not as low as the ambient
temperature, the engine is less effective than a Carnot engine. The Otto cycle has several advantages,
including good dependability, cheap cost of the engine (gasoline engine), low cost of the working
medium (gasoline), and a remarkable power-to-weight ratio. Low compression ratio and lower
efficiency than the Diesel cycle are two drawbacks of the Otto cycle, which is not recommended for
heavy-duty diesel engines. It requires an extra spark plug for the air-fuel mixture's combustion, which
raises the price of the product. An outline in order for an engine to operate according to the Otto cycle,
the piston must make four strokes: induction, compression, ignition, and exhaust. The fuel and air
mixture are compressed before ignition by an electrical spark or another mechanism.

D) On June 10th, 1832, Nikolaus Otto was born in Germany. When Otto was a child, his father was. When
he was 16 years old, his educational career came to an end in 1948. He made an effort to support
himself by working as a grocer. Later, he was employed in Frankfurt as a clerk. He then worked in
marketing. Later, he relocated to Cologne. He wed Otto Anna Gossi, and the two of them legally had
seven kids. Gustav Otto, his son, grew up to work as an airplane constructor. Before it could be used,
Otto sold his engine. In 1926, Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler merged their companies. Over 50,000
engines were created in the 17 years after its debut. A brief summary of Otto's life includes the
following: In 1862, the first four-stroke engine trials were conducted; in 1864, the world's first engine
factory was established. NA Otto Cie • 1869: The company moved and changed its name to "Langen,
Otto and Roosen" • 1872: The company moved to more extensive facilities and changed its name to
Deutz Gasmotoren Fabrik • 1876: The Otto engine, a four-stroke engine, is developed • 1882:
Atmospheric engine production is halted after 2649 units are built. Nicolaus Otto created the electric
ignition in 1884, while Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz produced the first cars with liquid-fueled engines
in 1885.

Otto honours awards for his engines.

 1864 naturally aspirated engine won the Gold Medal at the 1867 World Exhibition in Paris.
 In 1882 Otto received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Würzburg.
 His house was turned into a museum promoted by the local government.
 In 1936, Professor Nagël, president of the Union of German Engineers, stated that DIN Standard
1940 "Ottomotor" applies to all engines that suck, compress and ignite the fuel mixture with a
special device, "explosive engine", "explosive engine", "gasoline engine" and decided to change the
terms "ignition engine".
REFERENCES

1. ^Dugald Clerk, "Gas and Oil Engines", Longman Green & Co, 1897, pp.17-18.
2. ^New Scientist (Vol 95 No 1322 bas.). 9 Eylül 1982. s. 714.
3. ^Johnson, Da'vel (17 Şubat 2014). 24 Eylül 2016
4. ^Lay, M. G. (24 Ekim 1992). Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813526911 – Internet Archive
5. Otto, N. August. "Nikolaus August Otto." Encyclopædia Britannica (2012).
6. Ibrahim Dincer, Murat E. Demir, in Comprehensive Energy Systems, 2018
7. https://whatsinsight.org/the-otto-cycle-a-simple-overview/
8. Otto Cycle - Otto Engine | Definition | nuclear-power.com
9. What Is Otto Cycle? What Are The Processes In Otto Cycle - Engineering Insider
10. Nicolaus Otto - Wikiwand