Aplikasi Metode Elemen Hingga

Modul ke:

Truss & Beam

04 Fakultas
Teknik
Haris Wahyudi, ST. M.Sc

Program Studi
Teknik Mesin
Beam and Truss Elements
• Beam and truss elements are separated in the
way they take up loads.
– Beams take up lateral loads and moments, in
contrast to trusses who take axial loads.
• Beams and truss elements are important
structural components in marine design.

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Truss?
• A truss is a network of bars that only experience
tension or compression.
• This is made possible because the bars are
connected to each other using only pin joints,
which let the bars pivot.
• The truss beam is a popular component of
bridges because of its efficient use of materials.

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• A truss can be thought of as a skeleton of
straight bars that have a particular type of
connection with each other.
• The effect of using only pin joints is that each
bar can only be in tension or compression.
• The advantage of a truss is its strength-to-
weight ratio.

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Truss Elements
• Jacket platform legs • Cranes

• Bridges

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Tutorial: Two dimensional truss

• Poisson's ratio = 0.33

• Determine the Force and Stress at element 1 and 9

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Procedures
• To analyze this problem we will go through the
following steps:
1. Preprocessor
1. Define the geometry
2. Choose element type
3. Define the material
4. Create mesh
2. Solution
1. Apply loads and define boundary conditions
2. Solve the problem
3. Postprocessing
1. Process the results

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Solve using ANSYS APDL
• Start Mechanical APDL (ANSYS)
– APDL : ANSYS Parametric Design Language
• Your model can be saved in a database by specifying your
working directory (the folder where you want your ANSYS
files to be saved) and a job name (every problem has a job
name, for example truss).
– ANSYS Utility menu: File → Change directory …
– ANSYS Utility menu: File > Change Title …
• “Bridge Truss Tutorial”
– ANSYS Utility menu: Plot > Replot

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1.1 Geometry
• A visible working plane often makes the creation of the
geometry easier. Therefore:
– ANSYS Main menu: Preprocessor → Modeling → Create →
Keypoints → In Ac ve CS
– Press Apply to create the first four keypoints.
– Continue to creat all 7 KP
– Press OK to create the last keypoint and close the dialog box.

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 1.1 Geometry
• We will now create lines between the
keypoints
– ANSYS Main menu: Preprocessor > Modeling >
Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Coord
– Press Apply to create the first five lines.
– Press OK to create the last line and close the dialog
box.
Tip:
You can check your geometry in the graphics display:
• ANSYS Utility menu: Plot → Keypoints → Keypoints
• or
• ANSYS Utility menu: Plot → Lines

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 1.2 Element type
• The element type to use is called link1 (3D finit stn
180). Add this element from the library:
– ANSYS Main menu: Preprocessor → Element type → Add/Edit/Delete →
Add…

– Define Geometric Properties

• Preprocessor menu, select Real Constants >
Add/Edit/Delete
• Choose the element type link1, OK.
– Area = 3250 (mm2)
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1.3 Material
• We assume that the material behaves linearly elastic.
• Define the material model and the material constants
– ANSYS Main menu: Preprocessor → Material Props → Material Models
– Click on Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic
– Enter 2e5 for EX (Young’s modulus) and 0.3 for PRXY (Poisson’s ratio).
– Save your database: ANSYS Toolbar: SAVE_DB

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 1.4 Mesh
• In this step we will discretize our geometry by creating an element
mesh
– ANSYS Main menu: Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All
Line
– In the size 'NDIV' field, enter the desired number of divisions per line
• For this example we want only 1 division per line, therefore, enter '1' and then
click 'OK’.
• Note that we have not yet meshed the geometry, we have simply defined the
element sizes.

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1.4. Mesh
• Meshing > Mesh > Lines and click 'Pick All' in the
'Mesh Lines’ Window

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1.4 Mesh
• Plot Numbering
– To show the line numbers, keypoint numbers, node numbers...
• Utility Menu (top of screen) select PlotCtrls > Numbering...

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2.1 Loads
• Define Analysis Type
– Solution Menu, select Analysis Type > New Analysis
– Ensure that 'Static' is selected; i.e. you are going to
do a static analysis on the truss as opposed to a
dynamic analysis, for example.
– Click 'OK'.

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 2.1 Loads
• Apply Constraints
– In mechanical structures, these constraints will typically be fixed, pinned
and roller-type connections
– In the Solution menu, select Define Loads > Apply > Structural >
Displacement > On Keypoints
– Select Keypoint 1 by clicking on it in the Graphics Window
– Click on 'OK' in the 'Apply U,ROT on KPs' window.
• This location is fixed which means that all translational and rotational degrees of
freedom (DOFs) are constrained.
• Therefore, select 'All DOF' by clicking on it and enter '0' in the Value field and click
'OK’.
• You will see some blue triangles in the graphics window indicating the
displacement constraints
– Apply for right end key point

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2.1 Loads
• As shown in the diagram, there are four downward
loads of 280kN, 210kN, 280kN, and 360kN at
keypoints 1, 3, 5, and 7 respectively.
– ANSYS Main menu: Solu on → Define Loads → Apply →
Structural → Force/Moment → on Keypoints
– Choose the y-direction and the value –280000 (the minus
sign indicates that the force is directed in the negative y-
direction)
– Apply all Loads

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2.2 Solve
• Solving the System
• The problem is now defined and ready to be
solved:
– ANSYS Main menu: Solu on → Solve → Current LS

• Save your database:

– ANSYS Toolbar: SAVE_DB

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3.1 Results
• Main Menu select General Postproc > List
Results > Reaction Solu

– Select 'All struc forc F' as shown above and click 'OK'

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 3.1 Results
• Deformation
(displacements)
– ANSYS Main menu:
General Postproc → Plot
Results → Deformed
Shape
– Select 'Def + undef
edge' and click 'OK' to
view both the
deformed and the
undeformed object.
• Observe the value of the
maximum deflection in
the upper left hand
corner (DMX=5.79065).
– One should also
observe that the
constrained degrees of
freedom appear to
have a deflection of 0
(as expected!)
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3.1 Results
• Nodal Solution (Deflection only)
– From the 'General Postproc' menu select Plot results
> Contour Plot > Nodal Solution

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3.1 Results
• Axial Stress
– For line elements (ie links, beams, spars, and pipes) you
will often need to use the Element Table to gain
access to derived data (ie stresses, strains).
– For this example we should obtain axial stress to
compare
with the hand calculations.
• The Element Table is different for each element, therefore, we
need to look at the help file for LINK1 (Type help link1 into the
Input Line).
• From Table 1.2 in the Help file, we can see that SAXL can be
obtained through the ETABLE, using the item 'LS,1'

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3.1 Results
• From the General Postprocessor menu select Element Table > Define
Table
• Click on 'Add...’

• As shown above, enter 'SAXL' in the 'Lab' box.

– This specifies the name of the item you are defining.
– Next, in the 'Item,Comp' boxes, select 'By sequence number' and 'LS,'.
Then enter 1 after LS, in the selection box
• Click on 'OK' and close the 'Element Table Data' window
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 3.1 Results
• Plot the Stresses by selecting
Element Table > Plot Elem Table
• The following window will appear.
Ensure that 'SAXL' is selected and
click 'OK'

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 • List the Stresses
– From the 'Element Table' menu, select 'List Elem Table’
– From the 'List Element Table Data' window which appears ensure 'SAXL' is
highlighted, Click 'OK'

• Note that the axial

stress in Element 1 is
82.9 MPa as predicted
analytically
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Terima Kasih
Haris Wahyudi, ST. M.Sc