Internet Programming NOTES

Chapter :

Fundamentals of Web, XHTML-1

Internet
 The internet is a huge Collection of computers Connected in a Communications network. It is a network of
networks. The innovation that allows all of these diverse devices to communicate with each other is a single
low level protocol, the Transmission control protocol / internet protocol (TCP/IP).
 All the computers connected to the internet must be uniquely identifiable.
Internet protocol addresses:
 For people internet nodes (servers/computers) are identified by names, for computers they are identified by
numeric addresses.
 The IP address of a machine connected to the internet is a unique 32 bit number.
 IP address is written as four 8 bit numbers separated by periods[dots]. For example a small organization may
be assigned 256 IP addresses, such as 191.57.126.0 to 191.57.126.255
 Very large organizations such as ISRO, or Research and Analysis Wing nay be assigned 1.6 crore IP addresses,
such as 12.0.0.0 to 12.255.255.255
 People type domain names in browser. For example www.bits.org this will be translated to ip address by
domain name server.
 The browser first get the ip address from DNS and then communicates with the actual server.

Domain Name:
 People have difficulty dealing with and remembering numbers, machines on the internet also have
textual names hence.
 These names begin with the name of the host machine followed by progressively larger enclosing
collections of machines called domains.
 Consider this sample address: movies.comedy.amazonprime.com
 Here movies is the hostname and comedy is the movies’s local domain, which is a part of amazonprime’s
domain which is a part of con domain.
 When user types domain names in browser they are converted to ip addresses using software systems
called name servers, which implement the Domain Name System(DNS).

Domain
CLIENT
SYSTEM
name
INTERNET

Domain name

IP IP
Name INTERNET Web
server server

WWW:
It is important to understand that the Internet and the web are not the same thing. The internet is a collection of
computers and other devices connected by equipment that allows them to communicate with each other. The web is
a collection of software and protocols that has been installed on most of the computers on the internet.
Internet is useful even without the world wide web.
Web Browsers
A browser is a client on the web because it initiates the communication with the server.
Web Servers
 Web servers are programs that provide documents to requesting browsers.
 Servers are slave programs: They act only when requests are made to them by browsers running on other
computers on the internet.
 The most commonly used web servers are apache, Microsoft’s Internet Information Server(IIS)
Web server operation
 Web browser initiate network communications with servers by sending them URLs.
 From URL server knows the protocol and the path of the application file.
 It also knows the program stored on the server that the client wants to execute or the file the client needs.
 It execute the program and send results or files as response to the client.
General Server Characteristics
 The file structure of a web server has two separate directories.
 The root of one of these is called the document root.
 The root of the other directory is called the server root.
 From document root the server has direct access to all web documents and serves the client.
 In server root it has server programs and support software.
Apache
 When Apache begins execution, it reads its configuration information from a file and sets its parameters
to operate accordingly.
 The site manager can modify the configuration according to their taste. But a new installation of Apache
will have default configuration.
IIS
 Although Apache can be installed on windows, it is not popular because IIS comes in built with windows.
 With IIS server behaviour is modified by the changes made through a window based management program
named the IIS snap-in, which controls both IIS and ftp.
 IIS snap-in is accessed by going to control panel, Administrative Tools and IIS Admin.
MIME; HTTP; Security; The web Programmers Toolbox, XHTML: Origin and Evolution of HTML and XHTML; Basic
Syntax; Standard XHTML Document Structure; Basic Text Markup.