Chapter 1: Hydrology and Hydrologic waterpower, river navigation,

Cycle etc.
3. Ground water development
Hydrology vs. Hydraulics
for which a knowledge of the
Hydrology hydrogeology of the area, i.e.,
of the formation soil, recharge
- science, which deals with the
facilities like streams and
occurrence, distribution, and
reservoirs, rainfall pattern,
disposal of water on the planet
climate, cropping pattern, etc.
earth; it is the science which
are required.
deals with the various phases of
4. Maximum intensity of storm
the hydrologic cycle.
and its frequency for the design
- Keywords: natural processes
of a drainage project in the
Hydraulics area.

- branch of engineering that

applies fluid mechanics
Hydrologic Data
principles to problems dealing
with the collection, storage, 1. Climatological data
control, transport, regulation,
2. Hydrometeorological data like
measurement, and use of
temperature, wind velocity, humidity,
water.
etc.
- Keywords: man-made
processes 3. Precipitation records
4. Stream-flow records
Scope of Hydrology 5. Seasonal fluctuation of ground
water table or piezometric heads
1. Maximum probable flood that
may occur at a given site and 6. Evaporation data
its frequency; this is required for
7. Cropping pattern, crops and their
the safe design of drains and
consumptive use
culverts, dams and reservoirs,
channels and other flood 8. Water quality data of surface
control structures. streams and ground water
2. Water yield from a basin—its
9. Geomorphologic studies of the
occurrence, quantity and
basin, like area, shape and slope of
frequency, etc; this is necessary
the basin, mean and median
for the design of dams,
elevation, mean temperature (as well
municipal water supply,
as highest and lowest temperature
recorded) and other physiographic
characteristics of the basin; stream three terms generally are used
density and drainage density; tanks interchangeably.
and reservoirs
10. Hydrometeorological
characteristics of basin:
A. a.a.r., long term
precipitation, space average
over the basin using isohyets
and several other methods
(Rainbird, 1968)
B. Depth-area-duration (DAD)
curves for critical storms
(station equipped with self-
recording rain gauges).

Hydrologic Cycle
- Hydrologic cycle is the water
transfer cycle, which occurs
continuously in nature.
Swale: bent contour lines that point
Important Phases
uphill
1. Evaporation
Ridge: bent contour lines that point
2. Evapo-transpiration or
downhill
Transpiration
3. Condensation Saddle: transition between two ridges
4. Precipitation and two swales.
5. Runoff
6. Infiltration
7. Groundwater Flow

Watershed/Drainage Basin
For every stream, a well-defined area
of land intercepts the rainfall and
transports it to the stream. The area of
land is called the catchment area,
watershed, or drainage basin. These

Watershed Delineation
Steps
1. Identify peak points or those with
the highest elevations (usually closed
shapes on a contour map
2. Following the rules on the next slide,
connect each peak.
3. Locate the draining point.
4. Find the watershed area using
squares. Trace the watershed on a
graphing paper then count all the
squares located within the watershed
boundaries.
Rules
1. Draw the divide perpendicular to
contour lines (when the contour lines
represent a slope).
2. Draw the divide along a ridge and
across a saddle.
3. Never draw the divide along or
across a swale.
4. Draw the divide between and
parallel to two contour lines of the
same elevation.
5. When in doubt about your line, test
it by imagining a drop of rain landing
near the line; then trace the runoff
path taken by the drop. If the drop ✓ Province of Laguna
flows toward the point of analysis, it 9. Tiwi Watershed
landed inside the basin. (When water ✓ 17,654 has.
runs downhill, it travels perpendicular ✓ Province of Albay
to the contour lines.)
Mindanao
1. Lake Lanao-Agus Watershed
Philippine Watersheds ✓ 46,080 has.
✓ Provinces of Lanao del
11 Watershed Reservations Under
Norte and Lanao del Sur
NPC Management supporting Power
2. Pulangi Watershed
Generation
✓ 52,576 has.
Luzon: ✓ Province of Bukidnon
1. Upper Agno Watershed Legend:
✓ 86,675 has.
Green – 7 under EO. 224, s. 1987
✓ Province of Benguet
2. San Roque Watershed Cyan – 4 under MOA with DENR/NIA
✓ 9,558 has.
✓ Provinces of Pangasinan
and Benguet Areas Vested to NPC: 485,199 has
3. Makiling-Banahaw Watershed
Total Open Areas for Rehabilitation:
✓ 165,959 has.
85,292.46 has
✓ Provinces of Laguna,
Batangas and Quezon
4. Buhi-Barit Watershed
• The La Mesa Reservoir releases
✓ 18,371 has.
10 times more water than it
✓ Province of Camarines
receives from its own
Sur
catchment area.
5. Magat Watershed
o Most of its inflows come
✓ 4,806 has.
from Angat Reservoir
✓ Province of Ifugao
• The La Mesa Watershed is the
6. Pantabangan Watershed
last rainforest of its size in NCR,
✓ 14,783 has.
as majority of the metro has an
✓ Province of Nueva Ecija
urban land cover.
7. Angat Watershed
• The Manila Subbasin which is
✓ 57,995 has.
around 346 sq. km is part of the
✓ Provinces of Bulacan
Pasig-Marikina-Laguna de Bay
and Rizal
Basin.
8. Caliraya Watershed
✓ 10,741 has.
 o It connects the whole
basin to Manila Bay
through the Pasig River.
• Pasig River changes flow
direction depending on the
time of the year.
o It flows towards Manila
Bay during the wet
season and reverses to
Laguna de Bay during
the dry season.
• Brackish water resulting from
the mix of fresh and saltwater is
favorable to fishermen and
aquaculture operators who
grow bangus and other
brackish water species in the
lake.
• Pasig River is the only stream
through which Laguna de Bay
drains to Manila Bay (only
drainage outlet). The 25 -km
long stream (inclusive of
Napindan Channel) serves as
Laguna de Bay
the main conveyance channel
not only of water but also of
contaminants and other
materials from the drainage
basin to Manila Bay, and
between the two water bodies.
• Pasig River is connected to the
Marikina River, which has the
largest drainage area in the
Pasig-Marikina-Laguna de Bay
Basin.
• Pasig River is situated at the
downstream end of Marikina
River, which has the largest
drainage area (around 534.8
sq. km) in the whole Pasig-
Marikina-Laguna de Bay
complex. The Marikina River
Basin receives an average
annual rainfall of
approximately 2,750 mm.
• About 55 % of the Pasig -
Marikina - Laguna de Bay Basin
is within Laguna. Rizal and NCR
also constitute a significant
part of the basin forming
around 23 % and 11 % of it
respectively. Other areas also
found within the basin lie in the
provinces of Batangas, Cavite,
Quezon, and Bulacan. The
Pasig -Marikina -Laguna de Bay
basin is the 2nd largest major
subbasin within the Manila Bay
Watershed Area.
• The Pasig-Marikina-Laguna de
Bay Basin is mostly composed
of the provinces of Laguna,
Rizal and Metro Manila.
• To mitigate flooding
downstream, which includes a
portion of the highly urbanized
Metro Manila, flood waters are
diverted to Laguna de Bay
through the Rosario Weir (flood
gate) and the Manggahan
Floodway (diversion channel) .
In addition, to regulate the
storage of flood waters in
Laguna de Bay, the Napindan
Hydraulic Control Structure
(NHCS) was constructed to
control the exchanges
between Pasig River and
 Napindan Channel. Learn
more about these hydraulic
structures and the flood control
system in the next slides.
[Project e -SMART, 2020 ]
Cavite River Basin
• The Cavite River Basin has the
longest coastline along Manila
Bay. Along its coast is also a
unique feature called the
Cavite Spit. The basin has long
and narrow subbasins and its
river system has a radial
drainage pattern.
Chapter 1B. Climate Change
Weather vs. Climate
Weather
• refers to atmospheric
conditions that occur locally
over short periods of time—
from minutes to hours or days.
Familiar examples include rain,
snow, clouds, winds, floods or
thunderstorms.
Climate
• refers to the long-term regional
or even global average of
temperature, humidity and
rainfall patterns over seasons,
years or decades.
Ozone Depletion
Ozone Layer
• thin part of the Earth's atmosphere
that absorbs almost all of the sun's
harmful ultraviolet light.
• Part of the stratosphere
• Made of ozone which is a molecule
with three oxygen atoms
Ozone Depletion
• Thinning of ozone layer due to
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which
are everywhere, mostly in refrigerants
and plastic products since they are
inexpensive, they don't catch fire
easily, and they don't usually poison
living things.
Greenhouse Gases
• Gases that trap heat in the
atmosphere
1. Carbon dioxide (CO2):
• From burning fossil fuels (coal,
natural gas, and oil), solid
waste, trees and other
biological materials, and also
as a result of certain chemical
reactions (e.g., manufacture of
cement).
• removed from the
atmosphere (or "sequestered")
when it is absorbed by plants as
part of the biological carbon
cycle.
 2. Methane (CH4 ):
OVERVIEW OF GREENHOUSE
• From the production and
transport of coal, natural gas, GAS EMISSIONS IN 2018
Fluorinated
and oil. Nitrous Gases, 3%
• from livestock and other Oxide, 7%
agricultural practices and by Methane,
the decay of organic waste in 10%
municipal solid waste landfills.
3. Nitrous oxide (N2O):
• From agricultural and
industrial activities, combustion
of fossil fuels and solid waste, as
well as during treatment of
wastewater.
4. Fluorinated gases:
• Hydrofluorocarbons,
perfluorocarbons, sulfur
hexafluoride, and nitrogen
Carbon
trifluoride Dioxide, 80%
• because they are potent
greenhouse gases, they are
sometimes referred to as High
Global Warming Potential
gases ("High GWP gases").

El Nino Phenomenon • Term means “Little Boy,” or “Christ

Child” in Spanish
• Caused by the warming of sea
surface temperature in the Pacific
and can affect air and sea currents.
La Nina Phenomenon
• Results in reduced rainfall that led to
• characterized by unusually cold
dry spells, droughts, and stronger
ocean temperature in the Equatorial
typhoons.
Pacific which causes increased
• lasts for more or less 18 months in the numbers of tropical storms in the
Philippines Pacific Ocean.
• trade winds weaken. Warm water is • brings plenty of rain, with
pushed back east, toward the west accompanying hazards
coast of the Americas.
• Term means “Little Girl”
Global Effect of Climate Change
Global warming
• long-term heating of Earth’s climate
system observed since the pre-
industrial period (between 1850 and
1900) due to human activities,
primarily fossil fuel burning, which
increases heat-trapping greenhouse
gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere.
• measured as the average increase
in Earth’s global surface temperature.
Climate Change
• refers to both human- and naturally
produced warming and the effects it
has on our planet. It is the long-term
change in the average weather
patterns that have come to define
Earth’s local, regional, and global
climates.
Effect of Climate Change
1. Global Warming
2. Lengthened Frost-free and
Growing season
3. Changes in precipitation patterns
4. Extreme cyclone events
5. Extreme drought and heat waves
6. Iceberg melting
7. Rise in sea level
Mitigation of on Effect of Climate
Change
MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION
Mitigation
• reducing climate change through
reducing the flow of heat-trapping
greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere, either by reducing
sources of these gases (for example,
the burning of fossil fuels for
electricity, heat or transport) or
enhancing the “sinks” that
accumulate and store these gases
(such as the oceans, forests and soil).
• Goal: to avoid significant human
interference with the climate system,
and “stabilize greenhouse gas levels
in a timeframe sufficient to allow
ecosystems to adapt naturally to
climate change, ensure that food
production is not threatened and to
enable economic development to
proceed in a sustainable manner”
Adaptation
• adapting to life in a changing
climate – involves adjusting to actual
or expected future climate.
• Goal: to reduce our vulnerability to
the harmful effects of climate
change (like sea-level
encroachment, more intense
extreme weather events or food
insecurity).
• It also encompasses making the
most of any potential beneficial
opportunities associated with climate
change (for example, longer growing
seasons or increased yields in some
regions).
Holistic approaches: Chapter 1C. Weather Basics
(Meteorology)
1. Global cooperation
Earth-Sun relationship
2. Enhanced government climate
and environmental policies Solar Radiation
3. Changed energy sources, from • electromagnetic radiation
non-renewables to renewables (not emitted by the sun
abrupt but gradual shift)
Solar Constant
• rate at which solar radiation
How can you lessen the effects of reaches the upper limits of earth
climate change: atmosphere on a surface normal
to the incident radiation and at
1. Speak up. “Climate change is real”
earth’s mean distance from the
2. Power your home with renewable sun
energy
• Common value = 1,374 W/m2
3. Invest in energy-efficient
appliances
4. Reduce water waste
5. Reduce waste
6. Buy better bulbs
7. Pull the plugs (in short lessen energy
consumption)
8. Drive fuel-efficient vehicles
9. Shrink your carbon imprints and
profiles
 • Solar radiation = “short” (Tropic of Capricorn) from the
wavelengths (range 0.1 to 4.0 earth’s equator
μm)
• Terrestrial radiation = “long”
wavelengths (4.0 to 50 μm)
Albedo
•
• percent of the incoming solar
radiation that is reflected from
a surface

Sun-Earth Geometry
• affects the solar radiation
received at any location and
time
• APHELION - when the sun is
farthest from the earth (occurs
about July 4)
• PERIHELION - when the sun is
nearest from the earth (occurs
about January 3)
Equinox
• when the sun passes directly
over the equator or when the
sun’s apparent path and plane
of the earth’s equator
coincide.
In Northern Hemisphere
Vernal Equinox: on or about
March 21
Solstice Autumnal Equinox: on or about
September 22
• when the sun’s apparent path
is displaced farthest north
(Tropic of Cancer) or south
 Seasons
• occur because the tilt of the Humidity
Earth’s axis keeps a constant as
• amount of water vapor in the
the Earth revolves around the
air.
Sun.
1. Summer in Northern Relative humidity
Hemisphere
• measures the amount of water
2. Winter in Southern
in the air in relation to the
Hemisphere
maximum amount of water
vapor (moisture). The higher
the temperature, the more
Atmospheric parameters
water vapor the air can hold.
Pressure
Local Atmospheric Circulation
• GENERAL RULE: Weather
• From High Pressure Area to Low
becomes stormy when air
Pressure Area
pressure falls and becomes fair
when air pressure rises

Barometer
• instrument used to measure
pressure

Temperature
Sea Breeze (day)
• amount of heat energy possessed
by an object
• degree of hotness or coldness of an
object
• Units
• °C (Celsius) - Metric/SI Land breeze (night)
• °F (Fahrenheit) - English
• K (Kelvin)
Hadley Circulation
• Air would rise near the equator
and travel in the upper
atmosphere toward the poles,
then cool, descend into the
lower atmosphere, and return
toward the equator.
Coriolis effect
• produces the changes in wind
direction and velocity towards
the equator
• The rotation of the earth from
west to east changes the
circulation pattern. As a ring of
air about the earth's axis moves
toward the poles, its radius
decreases. In order to maintain
angular momentum, the
velocity of air increases with
respect to the land surface,
thus producing a westerly air
flow. The converse is true for a
ring of air moving toward the
equator—it forms an easterly
air flow.
General Atmospheric Circulation
Tropical Cell
• heated air ascends at the
equator, proceeds toward the
poles at upper levels, loses
heat and descends toward the
ground at latitude 30°. Near
the ground, it branches, one
branch moving toward the
equator and the other toward
the pole
Middle Cell
• driven frictionally by the other
two; its surface air flows toward
the pole, producing prevailing
westerly air flow in the mid-
latitudes
Polar Cell
• air rises at 60° and flows toward
the poles at upper levels, then
cools and flows back to 60°
near the earth's surface
Global-scale air circulation
Due to:
• Latitudinal difference in solar
heating of the earth’s surface
• Inclination of the earth’s axis of
rotation
• Mechanics of the atmosphere fluid
flow
• Coriolis effect
Climatic Controls
1. Topography and location
2. Trade winds
3. Fronts
4. Intertropical convergence zone
(ITCZ)
5. Monsoon winds
6. Tropical cyclones
7. Easterly waves
 Composition of total rainfall in the Tropical Cyclones
Philippines

ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence

Zone)
• a belt of low pressure which
circles the Earth generally near
the equator where the trade
• Eye – area where the wind and
winds of the Northern and
rain are the lightest, usually
Southern Hemispheres come
from 10-100 km across
together. It is characterized by
• Eye wall – area of heaviest rain
convective activity which
and strongest wind speeds
generates often vigorous
thunderstorms over large
areas.
Tropical Cyclone vs. Hurricane vs.
Typhoons
Cyclone - difference on where the storm
originates in the world.
• general term for a weather
system in which winds rotate • North Atlantic Ocean, central North
inwardly to an area of low Pacific Ocean, and eastern North
atmospheric pressure. For large Pacific Ocean = “Hurricane”
weather systems, the
• Northwest Pacific Ocean =
circulation pattern is in a
“Typhoon”
counterclockwise direction in
the Northern Hemisphere and • South Pacific and Indian Ocean =
a clockwise direction in the “Tropical Cyclone”
Southern Hemisphere.
Front Easterly Waves
• transition zone between two • a westward-moving, wavelike
different air masses at the disturbance of low
Earth's surface. Each air mass atmospheric pressure
has unique temperature and embedded in tropical easterly
humidity characteristics. Often winds.
there is turbulence at a front, • affects the country from April to
which is the borderline where May
two different air masses come
together. The turbulence can
cause clouds and storms. Chapter 2 – Precipitation
• Types:
Precipitation
o Cold Front
o Warm Front • That part of atmospheric
o Occluded Front moisture that falls on the earth
o Stationary Front surface

“Habagat” or Southwest Monsoon Formation of precipitation

• Summer Monsoon Sublimation nuclei
• Hot and Moist wind from Indian
• Water droplets in clouds are
Ocean which may strengthen
formed by nucleation of vapor
tropical cyclone
on aerosols, then go through
• Brings rain over the western
many condensation-
seaboard
evaporation cycles as they
• May to September
circulate in the cloud, until they
aggregate into large enough
drops to fall through the cloud
“Amihan” or Northeast Monsoon
base.
• Winter monsoon
Cloud seeding
• Dry and cold wind from Siberia
which • a process of artificially
• may weaken tropical cyclones nucleating clouds to induce
• Brings rain over the eastern precipitation.
seaboard • Silver iodide is a common
• October to March nucleating agent and is spread
from aircraft in which a silver
iodide solution is evaporated
 with a propane flame to Spatial Distribution of rainfall
produce particles.
1. Measurement of rainfall
COALESCENCE Formula:
𝑽𝟏 = 𝑽𝟐
• fusion or coalescence of water 𝟐
𝜋𝑑𝟏 𝜋𝑑𝟐 𝟐
droplets as a result of their 𝒍 = 𝒍
𝟒 𝟏 𝟒 𝟐
coming in contact through the 𝒍𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝒍𝟐
action on them of air
movement and gravitational 2. Estimation of Areal
pull. precipitation
ICE CRYSTAL PROCESS • Arithmetic Average
o the simplest method of
• Ice crystals and water droplets determining areal
are known to co-exist in the average rainfall which
atmosphere at sub-freezing involves averaging the
temperatures. rainfall depths recorded
• This difference in pressure at a number of gages.
serves as the driving force for o This method is
condensation of moisture over satisfactory if the gages
the crystals. are uniformly distributed
over the area and the
individual gage
Types of precipitation measurements do not
1. Convective precipitation vary greatly about the
mean.
• air is drawn upwards by • Thiessen Method
convective action, such as in o Assumes that at any
the center of a thunderstorm point in the watershed
cell the rainfall is the same as
2. Frontal precipitation that at the nearest gage
so the depth recorded
• where warm air is lifted over at a given gage is
cooler air by frontal passage applied out to a
3. Orographic precipitation distance halfway to the
next station in any
• which an air mass rises to pass direction.
over a mountain range o The relative weights for
4. Cyclonic precipitation each gage are
determined from the
corresponding areas of
 application in a Thiessen • Administration (PAGASA)
polygon network, the weather stations and facilities
boundaries of the (more or
polygons being formed • less 500 in total)
by the perpendicular • PAGASA Automated Weather
bisectors of the lines Stations (AWS)
joining adjacent gages. • National Irrigation
o More accurate than Administration
Thiessen but inflexible • Bureau of Forest Development
such as when there are and the
missing data from one of • Bureau of Plant Industry
the gages. • State colleges and Universities
• Isohyetal Method • Private entities
o Composed of isohyets • More or less 100 stations have
which are lines of equal at least 30 years of rainfall
rainfall magnitude record
o Most accurate and more • More or less 200 stations have
flexible than Thiessen at least 10 years of rainfall
method record
o Harder to construct for
complex storms with 4. Rainfall Adjustments
dense network of gages A. Estimation of Missing Rainfall
o Once the isohyetal map Data
is constructed, the area o Complete measured
Aj between each pair of precipitation data are
isohyets within the important to many
watershed, is measured problems in hydrologic
and multiplied by the analysis and design but
average Rj of the rainfall there are missing values
depths of the two o The causes of missing
boundary isohyets to rainfall data are:
compute the areal ▪ The failure of the
average precipitation observer to make
the necessary visit
3. The gaging network in the to the gage may
Philippines result in missing
• Philippine Atmospheric, data.
Geophysical and Astronomical ▪ Vandalism of
Services recording gages is
another problem
 that results in B. Adjustment of Rainfall due
incomplete data to Changes in Locations
records • A consistent record is
▪ Instrument failure one where the
because of characteristics of the
mechanical or record have not
electrical changed with time
malfunctioning • An inconsistent record
can result in may result from any one
missing data. of a number of events
• Lack of consistence may
Station-average method:
be due to:
• preferrable for relatively flat 1.Unreported shifting the
areas rain gauge (by as much
• uses n gages from a region to as 8 km aerially & 3m in
estimate the missing point elevation)
rainfall, P, at another gage 2.Significant
• When to use: when the total construction work might
annual catch at any of the n have changed the
gages differ from the annual surrounding
catch at the point of interest by 3.Change of
less than 10% observational
• Formula: procedure
𝚺𝐏
𝐏𝐱,𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐡𝐥𝐲 = Double-mass-curve analysis
𝐧
• the method that is used to
check for an inconsistency in a
Normal-ratio method: gaged record.
• preferable where there are • A double-mass curve is a graph
large elevation differences of the cumulative catch at the
• When to use: at least one of the rain gage of interest versus the
gages’ total annual catch cumulative catch of one or
differ from the annual catch at more gages in the regions that
the point of interest by more have been subjected to similar
than 10% hydro meteorological
• Formula: occurrences and are known to
be consistent
𝐍𝐱 𝐏𝟏 𝐏𝟐 𝐏𝐦
𝐏𝐱 = [ + …+ ] o If a double- mass curve
𝐦 𝐍𝟏 𝐍𝟐 𝐍𝐦 has a constant slope, the
record is consistent.
 o If a double –mass curve
has not a constant slope,
the record is not
consistent and need to
be adjusted.
• Steps in adjusting rainfall data
inconsistencies
o The doubtful station, say
A, is marked and the
group of stations
surrounding it are
identified.
o Determine the
cumulative rainfall of the
station A
o Get the sum the data of
the neighboring stations
and determine the
cumulative
o Plot the sum cumulative
rainfall of stations with
cumulative station A to
determine the double
mass curve
o If there is a changing
slope in the double-mass
curve, adjust it correct
the data of station A by
the adjustment factor
Temporal Distribution of Rainfall
Hyetograph
• graph showing the depth or
intensity of rainfall with respect
to time
• useful in determining the
maximum intensities of rainfall
during a particular storm as is
required in land drainage and
design of culverts.
Analysis of Rainfall data
Characteristics of a rainstorm
• Intensity (mm/hr)
• Duration (min, hours, days)
• areal extent (m2, ha): area
over which it is distributed
• Frequency: once in 5, 10, 15,
20, 25, 50 or 100 years
Basic terms in Statistical Hydrology
• Time period of interest (N)
• Probability of occurrence (P)
• Recurrence interval or return
period (T)
o Average number of
years during which a
storm of given
magnitude (maximum
depth or intensity) may
be expected to occur
once, i.e., may be
equaled or exceeded.
𝟏
𝐏=
𝐓
Probability of exceedance
• probability that a T-year storm
may occur in any series of N
years.
1
𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 1 − (1 − )𝑁
𝑇
Probability of non-exceedance
• probability that a T-year storm
may NOT occur in any series of
N years
1
𝑃𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = (1 − )𝑁
𝑇
Intensity vs. Duration vs. Frequency Hydrologic process
[IDF Curve]
• any hydrologic phenomenon
• An IDF curve enables the which undergoes continuous
hydrologists to develop changes with time.
hydrologic systems that • Categories:
consider worst-case scenarios o Deterministic
of rainfall intensity and o Probabilistic
duration during a given o Stochastic
interval of time
Deterministic Process
• For instance, in urban
watersheds, flooding may • a deterministic process is one in
occur such that large volumes which a definite law of
of water may not be handled certainty exists
by the storm water system • this means, the output is
appropriate values of predictable for a given input
precipitation intensities and • it is one where the chance
frequencies should be element is ignored as in the
considered in the design of the case of flood routing
hydrologic systems • Commonly used for man-
• It is often used by entering with made canals/channels
the duration and frequency to
Probabilistic Process
find the intensity.
• It is used to find the frequency • is one governed by chance
for a measured storm event. phenomena, that is, there are
The predicted frequency is so many causes at work that
determined by finding the the influence of one cannot be
intersection of the lines readily identified
defined by the measured • Time-series independent
intensity and the storm
Stochastic Process
duration.
• means that the sequence of
occurrence of events or the
Hydrologic Frequency Analysis time series is considered in its
analysis
• Refers to the probabilistic
• Time-series dependent
analysis of hydrologic
processes
Objective of HFA • Gumbel distribution
• to relate the magnitude of
events to their frequency of
occurrence through
probability distribution, that is, a
frequency curve
• Rainfall-Intensity-Duration-
Frequency (RIDF curve)

Steps in Frequency Analysis

• Selection of Data
• Determination of Statistical
Parameters
• Fitting of Data
• Testing the Significance of
Results
Limitations of Analysis
• Independence
o a hydrologic event is not
influenced by another
event
• Homogeneity
o events under the same
type of conditions or
statistical properties are
not changing
o representative of long
term of records for the
region under analysis
Probability Density Functions
• Normal density function
• Log-normal function with two
parameters
• Gamma density function with
two parameters
• Kappa density functions