Chapter 2: Calculations

Learning Objectives:

a. Able to solve problem related to factors and multiples

b. Able to find the common multiples and common factors
c. Know how to find prime numbers
d. Able to learn the time table
e. Solve the arithmetic

2.7 Prime numbers

-A prime number is a whole number that is divisible only by itself and the
number 1

- there are some prime numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19

-the number 1 is not a prime number

-all prime numbers are odd numbers except for 2

Example 4

Determine whether the following are prime numbers

a. 19 b. 51

Example 5

List all the prime numbers between 30 and 50 .

2.8 Multiples

- a multiple of a number is the product of the number itself and a whole number
which is not zero, 0.

Example

The multiples of 2

2 x 1 =2

2x2=4

2x3=6

The multiples of 2 are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,…..

Example 6

List the first five multiples of 6

Example 7

Find the divisors of 3 384 which are less than 10

2.9 Common multiples

-A number which is a multiple of two or more numbers is called the common

multiple of those numbers

STEP 1: List the multiples of each number

STEP 2: Then, choose those that are common.

Multiples of 3:

3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24

Multiples of 4:

4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28,…..

• The common multiples of 3 and 4 are 12, 24,…..

To determine whether a number is a common multiple of two or more given

numbers, use the division method

70 ÷ 5 = 14

70 ÷ 7 = 10

Thus, 70 is a common multiple of 5 and 7.

Example 8

Is 180 a common multiple of 3, 4, and 5?

Example 9

Which of the following is a common multiple of 9 and 12?

2.10 Common factors

- a number which is factor of two or more numbers is called a common factor

of those numbers

- to identify the common factors of two or more given numbers, list all the
factors of numbers before choosing the common factors.
Example:

6 is one of the factors of 12

6 is also one of the factors of 18

• 6 is a common factor of 12 and 18 (How to prove it?)

The factors of 18: The factors of 12 :

Common factors of two numbers

The factors of 18 : 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18

The factors of 42: 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42

Common factors of three numbers:

The factors of 30:

The factors of 75:

The factors of 225:

Example 10

Identify the common factors of 6, 8 and 12.

Important note:

To determine common
factor, division
method is acceptable
Lowest common multiples

- The lowest common multiple of two or more numbers is the smallest

common multiple of these numbers
- There are 2 methods found

Method 1: Listing method

List their common multiples. Then choose the smallest multiple from their
common multiples

Example:

Find the lowest common multiple of 3 and 4

Multiples of 3: 3,6,9,12,15

Multiples of 4:4,8,12,16

The LCM of 3 and 4 are 12

Method 2: Algorithm method

Divide both numbers repeatedly by prime numbers until each quotient is 1

Highest common factor

-the highest common factor of two or more numbers is the largest common
factor of those numbers

Method 1: Listing method

 List all the common factors of the given numbers and choose the largest
common factor

Example :

Determine the HCF of 12 and 28

The factors of 12: 1,2,3,4, 6,12

The factors of 28 : 1, 2, 4,7, 14, 28

The common factors of 12 and 28 are 1, 2 and 4

The highest common factor of 12 and 28 is 4

Method 2:

Divide the given numbers repeatedly by their common factors

Example :

What is the HCF of 6 and 12?

Let’s Practice!

Question 1

State the first four multiples of 15?

Question 2

Find the common multiples and lowest common multiples of 3, 7 and 9 which
are between 45 and 70?

Question 3

List all the common factors and highest common factors of 32 and 56?

Question 4

What are the lowest common multiples of 2,3 and 10? (Use method 2)

Question 5

19, x, 29, 31, y, 41, 43 is a list of prime numbers in ascending order. The
value of x + y is

A. 60 C. 26

B. 37 D. 20