Topic: Review of Factors, Multiples, Primes and Composites.

Factors:
A factor is a number that divides evenly into another number without leaving a remainder.
For example, the factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3, and 6 because they can all be multiplied together to equal 6.
Factors can be found by dividing the number by all possible factors starting from 1 and going up to the
number itself.
Multiples:
A multiple is a number that can be divided by another number without leaving a remainder.
For example, the multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, and so on because they can all be divided by 3 without leaving
a remainder.
Multiples can be found by multiplying the number by all possible whole numbers starting from 1.
Primes:
A prime number is a number greater than 1 that has no factors other than 1 and itself.
For example, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, and 13 are all prime numbers because they cannot be divided evenly by any other
number besides 1 and themselves.
Prime numbers are important in number theory and are used in encryption algorithms.
Composites:
A composite number is a number that has factors other than 1 and itself.
For example, 4, 6, 8, 9, and 10 are all composite numbers because they can be divided evenly by numbers
other than 1 and themselves.
Composite numbers can be broken down into their factors to find all the numbers that can divide evenly into
them.

Exercise 1: Factors
1. Find all the factors of the number 12
2. Find all the factors of the number 20
3. Find all the factors of the number 18

Exercise 2: Multiples
1. List the first 5 multiples of 5
2. List the first 6 multiples of 8
3. List the first 7 multiiples of 3.

Exercise 3: Primes and Composites

1. Identify whether the following numbers are prime or composite: 7, 12, 17, 15, 23
2. Identify whether the following numbers are prime or composites: 4, 11, 20, 29, 14
3. Identify whether the following numbers are prime or composite: 31, 8, 19, 10, 27

Lesson 2 – Prime Factors

 Prime factors are the prime numbers that, when multiplied together, result in a certain number.
 Finding the prime factors of a number involves breaking down the number into its prime factors.
 To find the prime factors of a number, start by dividing the number by the smallest prime number (2). If
the number is divisible by 2, divide it until it is no longer divisible by 2. Then move on to the next prime
number (3) and continue this process until the number is fully broken down into its prime factors.

 For example, to find the prime factors of 24:

- Divide 24 by 2 to get 12
- Divide 12 by 2 to get 6
 - Divide 6 by 2 to get 3
- 3 is a prime number, so the prime factors of 24 are 2, 2, 2, and 3.

 Prime factorization is involves writing numbers as the product of its prime factors. For example, the
prime factorization of 24 is 2 x 2 x 2 x 3.
 Prime factorization is important in many mathematical concepts, such as finding the greatest common
factor, least common multiple, and simplifying fractions.
 Understanding prime factors and prime factorization can help in solving various math problems and
understanding the relationships between numbers.
Exercise 1: Find the prime factors
1. Find the prime factors of the number 42, 56 and 90

Exercise 2: Prime Factorization

1. Write the prime factorization of the number 36, 72 and 120.

Exercise 3: Applications of Prime Factors

1. Find the greatest common factor (GCF) of 24 and 36 using prime factorization.
2. Find the least common multiple (LCM) of 18 and 24 using prime factorization.
3. Simplify the fraction 48/60 using prime factorization.

TOPIC: HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR

 The Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two or more numbers is the largest number that divides each of
the numbers evenly.
 The HCF is also known as the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) in some contexts.
 To find the HCF of two or more numbers, you can use different methods such as prime factorization,
listing the factors, or using the Euclidean algorithm.
 One common method to find the HCF is by using prime factorization. Find the prime factors of each
number and then identify the common prime factors. The product of these common prime factors gives
the HCF
 For example, to find the HCF of 24 and 36:
 Prime factors of 24: 2 x 2 x 2 x 3
 Prime factors of 36: 2 x 2 x 3 x 3
 The common prime factors are 2 x 2 x 3 = 12, so the HCF of 24 and 36 is 12.
 The HCF is useful in simplifying fractions, finding the equivalent fractions, and solving various
mathematical problems.

Exercise 1: Find the Highest Common Factor (HCF)

1. Find the HCF of 18 and 27, 48 and 60, and 72 and 96.

Exercise 2: Prime factorization method

1. Find the HCF of 36 and 48, 84 and 126, 150 and 200 using prime factorization.

Exercise 3: Word problems

1. A farmer has 24 cows and 36 sheep. What is the largest number of animals he can divide his herd into
equal groups without any animals left over?
2. A teacher distributes 48 pencils and 60 erasers equally among her students. What is the largest
number of students she can have without any items left over?
3. A factory produces 72 cars and 96 motorcycles. What is the largest number of vehicles they can load
onto a truck without any empty spaces?
Topic: Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)
 The Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of two or more numbers is the smallest number that is a multiple
of each of the numbers.
 The LCM is also known as the Least Common Multiple.
 To find the LCM of two or more numbers, you can use different methods such as listing the multiples,
prime factorization, or using the properties of LCM.
 One common method to find the LCM is by using prime factorization. Find the prime factors of each
number and then identify the highest power of each prime factor. The product of these highest powers
gives the LCM.
 For example, to find the LCM of 12 and 15:
 Prime factors of 12: 2 x 2 x 3
 Prime factors of 15: 3 x 5
 The highest power of 2 is 2, the highest power of 3 is 1, and the highest power of 5 is 1. So, LCM = 2 x
2 x 3 x 5 = 60.
 The LCM of two numbers is always equal to the product of the numbers divided by their HCF.
 If the LCM of two numbers is equal to their product, it means the numbers are co-prime (have no
common factors other than 1).
 Understanding the concept of the Lowest Common Multiple is important in various mathematical
applications and can help in simplifying calculations and solving problems efficiently.

It is easier to list the multiples the multiples of each number and then identify the lowest common multiple.

Exercise Problems on Lowest Common Multiple (LCM):

1. Find the LCM of 12 and 18
2. Find the LCM of 20 and 30
3. Find the LCM of 24, 36, and 48.
4. Find he LCM of 15, 25, and 35.
5. A baker wants to package cookies into boxes with 18 cookies in each box and cakes into boxes with
24 cakes in each box. What is the least number of cookies and cakes the baker needs to package if he
wants to have the same number of cookies and cakes in each box?
6. A gardener wants to plant flowers in rows with 12 flowers in each row and trees in rows with 18 trees
in each row. What is the least number of flowers and trees he needs to plant if he wants to have the
same number of flowers and trees in each row?

TOPIC: PRIMES AND COMPOSITES

 Prime numbers are number greater than 1 that have only two factors: 1 and the number itself. For
example, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 are prime numbers.
 Composite numbers are numbers greater than 1 that have more than two factors. In other words,
composite numbers are divisible by numbers other than 1 and itself. For example, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 are
composite numbers.
 The number 1 is not considered a prime number because it only has one factor (itself).
 Every composite number can be expressed as a product of prime numbers. This is known as the
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic.
 The number 2 is the only even prime number. All other even numbers are composite because they are
divisible by 2.
 To determine if a number if prime or composite, you can test divisibility by checking if it has factors
other than 1 and itself. If it has factors, it is composite; if it has only two factors, it is prime.
 Prime numbers play a crucial role in number theory, cryptography, and various mathematical
algorithms.
 Finding prime numbers is important in generating secure encryption keys for secure communication.
 The Sieve of Eratosthenesis is a popular method to find prime numbers up to a certain limit. It involves
systematically eliminating composite numbers from a list of numbers.
 Understanding prime and composite numbers helps in factorization, simplifying fractions, and solving
problems related to factors and multiples. Understanding the distinction between prime and composite
numbers is fundamental in number theory and has many practical applications in mathematics and
computer science.

Exercise Problems on Primes and Composites:

1. Determine whether the following numbers are prime or composite: a) 29 b) 14, c) 31, d) 20
2. Write the prime factorization of the following composite numbers: a) 36, b) 48, c) 90, d) 75
3. Determine the least common multiple (LCM) of the following pairs of numbers and identify if they
are prime or composite: a) 18 and 15, b) 20 and 25 c) 31 and 42 d) 12 and 17
4. Find the next prime number after the following numbers: a) 37 b) 50 c) 67 d) 91
5. Determine whether the number 1, 437 is prime or composite, and if composite, factorize it into prime
factors.

Topic: Exponents (Squares and Cubes)

 An exponent represents how many times a number is multiplied by itself. For example, 23 means 2
multiplied by itself three times, resulting in 2 x 2 x 2 = 8.
 Squares are numbers raised to the power of 2. For example, 42 = 4 x 4 = 16. The result of squaring a
number is called the square of that number.
 Cubes are numbers raised to the power of 3. For example, 3^3 = 3 x 3 x 3 = 27. The result of cubing a
number is called the cube of that number.
 Exponents can also be negative, indicating the reciprocal of the base raised to that power. For example,
2 ^-1 = ½ and 3^-2 = 1/9.
 Exponential notation can be used to represent large numbers easily. For instance, 10^6 represents a
million (1,000,000).
 Exponents follow certain rules, such as the product rule (a^m x a^n = a^(m*n)).
 Expressions with exponents can be simplified using these rules and understanding the properties of
exponents.
 Exponents have application in various fields, including mathematics, physics, and engineering, to
represent repeated multiplication and calculate large quantities efficiently.
 Understanding exponents is essential for solving problems involving exponential growth, compound
interest, scientific notation, and many other mathematical concepts. Exploring the properties and
applications of exponents, including squares, cubes and higher powers, is crucial for developing a strong
foundation in mathematics. Practice applying exponent rules and simplifying expressions to enhance
your skills in this area.

Exercise Problems on Exponents (Squares and Cubes):

1. Compute the following: a) 5^2 =? b) 3^3 = ? c) 7^2 = ? d) 4 ^3 = ?
2. Simplify the following expressions: a) (2^4) x (2^2) = ? b) 5^3 / 5^2 = ? c) (6^2)^3 = ? d) 3^4 x 3^2
=?
3. Evaluate the following: a) 9^2 = ? b) 2^5) = ? c) 10^3 = ? d) 8^2 = ?
4. Solve the following problems involving squares and cubes: a) Find the square root of 144. b)
Determine the cube of 5 multiplied by the square of 2. c) Calculate the square of (10^2). d) What is
the cube root of 64?
5. Apply exponent rules to simplify the following expressions: a) 4^2 x 4^3 = ? b) (3^4)^2 = ? c)
5^6/5^3 = ? d) 2^7 x 2^5 =?