Well Testing

Well Testing Design & Analysis
From Theory to Practice
Msc. Luis Del Castillo R./Eng. Miguel Quispe S.

Well Test Analysis
Part of the reservoir management process for :
Well Performance
Reservoir Characterization

Well Test Analysis

Well Performance

Nodal Analysis

Nodal Analysis

Early Times

Early Times


 The Purpose of reservoir characterization is to define a reservoir

model that honors both static and dynamic knowledge about
reservoir.
 Well testing belongs to the dynamic part of the reservoir

characterization process. The contribution of the well testing to that
process is well testing interpretation model.

 “One of the greatest problems that face the reservoir engineer is
that of characterizing the physical nature of the subsurface
reservoir from which the hydrocarbons are produced”
Deep water -Lateral facies

variations
1 2

WTA - Milestones

WTA – Outstanding Names

Some Technological Changes …

Amerada Gauge

Some important Concepts

Diffusivity Equation
2
1 3
𝜕𝑝
𝜕𝑝 𝑘 1 𝜕(𝑟 𝜕𝑟
)
=
𝜕𝑡 ∅𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 𝜕𝑟
First order with respect to time (t) 1

Second order with respect to position (r) 2
Hydraulic Diffusivity (η) 3
So what do you need to solve this PDE ?

Answer : 3 conditions; 2 regarding position & 1 regarding time.

Pressure/Time History at constant Rate

Transient State
“The transient state is period of time in which the

boundaries have no effect on wellbore pressure and
well behaves as draining from infinite reservoir”

Infinite Cylindrical Reservoir
With Line – Source Well
∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑤 2 ∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑒 2
3.79 x 105 < t < 948
𝑘 𝑘
re
re >> rw
re
rw
Q = Constant
rw
line
source
Q = No flow = 0
Pseudo Steady State Regimen
“In a well producing in a constant Rate PSS regimen is

the time period in which the reservoir limits defines the
pressure behavior in the wellbore”
“Under this regimen the well abandons the infinite

reservoir behavior and the pressure drops uniformly
throughout the reservoir ”

Pseudo Steady State – Solution
∅𝜇𝐶𝑡 𝑟𝑒 2
t > 948
𝑘
re
re >> rw
re
rw
rw
line
source

Theory Revision Regimes

Pressure/Time History at constant Rate

Time Regions

Derivative Analysis
What is the volume of the reservoir that
has been investigated during the test?
The radius of investigation
ri = k* t
948 f m ct
t* : maximum duration of the test
The properties determined from well test analysis

represent the averages in the radius of investigation.

26
Superposition Principle
Superposition in Space

27
Superposition Principle
Superposition in Time

28
Components of The Well Test
Interpretation Model
Near Wellbore Reservoir Boundaries

Effects Behavior Effects

Well Test Interpretation Model




Different Data Sees Different Scales

So is everything ok ?
What about assumptions ?
• Reservoir uniform , homogeneous and isotropic with uniform
thickness. Real World
𝑘𝑥= 𝑘𝑦= 𝑘𝑧
Ideal World
Are you kidding me ?






Well Test Interpretation Process

Analysis Techniques

1.- Straight Line Methods
Near Wellbore Effects
 Wellbore Storage Effects ∆p vs ∆t
1
 High Conductivity Fracture ∆p vs ∆t Τ2
1
 Low Conductivity Fracture ∆p vs ∆t Τ4
−1
 Limited Entry ∆p vs ∆t Τ2
Reservoir Behavior ∆p vs ∆t
 Homogeneous Behavior 1 line
 Double Porosity Behavior 2 parallel lines
Boundary Effects
 Sealing Fault ∆p vs ∆t ( double slope )
1
 Channel ∆p vs ∆t Τ2
 Two Perpendicular Faults ∆p vs ∆t ( quadruple slope )
 Closed Reservoir ∆p vs ∆t ( drawdown only )

ET – Wellbore Storage

ET – High CF

ET – Low CF

Middle Times

Middle Times

Middle Times

LT – Sealing Fault

LT - Channel

LT – Intersecting Boundaries

LT – Closed Reservoir

What is p* ?

Which is the right slope ?

Influence of Production Time

Influence of Production Time

SLM - Summary

SLM - Summary
Advantages
 Quick , simple and easy to do
Limitations
 Not straightforward identification of correct slope
 A correct slope depends on production time
 Flow regime might exist even if straight line does not ( 2 – porosity )
 No straight line , no analysis
 No validation ( expect with multi flow periods )

2.- Log – Log Pressure Analysis

 Wellbore Storage Effects
 High Conductivity Fracture
 Low Conductivity Fracture
Reservoir Behavior
 Homogeneous Behavior
 Double Porosity Behavior
 Boundary Effects
 Constant Pressure
 Closed Reservoir

Model Identification



Log – Log Analysis - Summary

3.- Type Curve Analysis














Agarwal Equivalent Time



Pressure TC Analysis - Summary
Advantages
 Better identification than with straight lines
 Validation with straight lines
Limitations
 Lack of resolution at late times
 Shape function of production time
 Not applicable to short tests
 Published type curves valid for drawdown only

4.-Pressure Derivative Analysis

 Wellbore Storage Effects
 High Conductivity Fracture Boundary Effects
 Low Conductivity Fracture  Single Fault
 Limited Entry  Leaky Fault
 Horizontal Well  Channel
Reservoir Behavior  Wedge
 Homogeneous Behavior  Open or Closed Rectangle
 Double Porosity Behavior  Constant Pressure
 Double Permeability
 Composite Behavior
 Layered Reservoirs

Methodology of Transient Flow Analysis
Calculating Pressure Derivatives

Bourdet et. al. algorithm (1984, SPE 12777 )
 p   p 
Pressure change, p
L 2   x2    x1
dp  x 1  x  2
i p2 =
1 p1x2 dx x1  x2
x1
For smoother derivatives,
x1 , x2  L
Logarithm of time, log t
Normally, L  0.2









ET – High CF

ET – Low CF

ET – Spherical Flow

Middle Times

Middle Times

Middle Times

Late Times

Late Times

Summary – PDA

Rules of Thumb

Rules of Thumb

Rules of Thumb

Rules of Thumb

Rules of Thumb

Rules of Thumb

Rules of Thumb

Rules of Thumb

Rules of Thumb

Rules of Thumb

Rules of Thumb

Rules of Thumb

Rules of Thumb

Rules of Thumb

Rules of Thumb

Rules of Thumb

PDA - Summary
Advantages
 Powerful Identification
Limitations
 Requires a computer
 Affected by data quality and derivation algorithm
 Affected by production history

Well Testing Analysis
It consists of :
 Identification
 Verification





Well Testing Process

Numerical Well Test Analysis

 The Purpose of reservoir characterization is to define a reservoir

model that honors both static and dynamic knowledge about
reservoir.
 Well testing belongs to the dynamic part of the reservoir

characterization process. The contribution of the well testing to that
process is well testing interpretation model.



Verification of The Reservoir Model





From Theory to Practice : Example # 1

Double Porosity Behavior



Storativity Ratio
(Ø𝑉𝐶𝑡 )𝑓 “The fraction of fluids stored in the
ω = (Ø𝑉𝐶 ) fissured system”
𝑡 𝑓 +(Ø𝑉𝐶𝑡 )𝑚
Interporosity Flow Parameter
𝑘𝑚 “The ability of matrix blocks to flow

λ = α𝑟𝑤2 into the fissured system”
𝑘𝑓




Transition
Zone
1st Radial
2sd Radial




Influence of ω

Influence of λ

Restricted Interporosity Flow

Unrestricted Interporosity Flow




Sealing Fault

Single Sealing Fault





Complex Sandstones Bodies

Levels of Reservoir Heterogeneity

Two Porosity - Channel Behavior

Well Testing Design

Well Testing Design : Objectives
Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir

Evaluation Description Managment
• Flow Capacity • Reservoir Anisotropy • Design For Future
• Productivity • Heterogeneity Monitoring
• Reservoir Pressure • Drainage Geometry • Extended Well Test
• Fluid Sampling (PVT) • Boundary Conditions • For Field Development

Well Testing Design

Opportunities in Well Testing

Common Well Testing Problems
Lack of Well Testing Design
Design, Operation & Analysis for Different Eng.
Using the same WT program for all Reservoirs
Mis – Operate a Well Test
Misunderstanding of Well Test Concept
Misuse or Wrong Data interpretation
Other Factors affecting WT response & results

Reservoir Questions …

Well Questions …

Fluid Questions …

10 Checks During Analysis

Interesting A. Gringarten’s Excerpt !

Well Testing

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Well Testing Design & Analysis

From Theory to Practice

Msc. Luis Del Castillo R./Eng. Miguel Quispe S.

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

 The Purpose of reservoir characterization is to define a reservoir

 Well testing belongs to the dynamic part of the reservoir

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Deep water -Lateral facies

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

First order with respect to time (t) 1

Hydraulic Diffusivity (η) 3

So what do you need to solve this PDE ?

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

“The transient state is period of time in which the

Well Testing Design & Analysis

“In a well producing in a constant Rate PSS regimen is

“Under this regimen the well abandons the infinite

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

The radius of investigation

t* : maximum duration of the test

The properties determined from well test analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Near Wellbore Reservoir Boundaries

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Near Wellbore Reservoir Boundaries

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Are you kidding me ?

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Near Wellbore Reservoir Boundaries

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis

Well Testing Design & Analysis