2.

Compare 4 topologies of negative feedback

There are four common topologies for negative feedback systems:

1. Series negative feedback: In this topology, the feedback loop is connected in series with
the signal path. The output of the system is taken from the junction point between the
signal path and the feedback loop.
2. Shunt negative feedback: In this topology, the feedback loop is connected in parallel with
the signal path. The output of the system is taken from the signal path.
3. Series-shunt negative feedback: This topology combines the series and shunt
configurations by dividing the feedback loop into two branches. One branch is connected
in series with the signal path, while the other is connected in parallel. The output of the
system is taken from the junction point between the signal path and the series branch of
the feedback loop.
4. Shunt-series negative feedback: This topology also combines the series and shunt
configurations, but the order is reversed. The feedback loop is divided into two branches,
with the series branch connected in parallel with the signal path and the shunt branch
connected in series. The output of the system is taken from the signal path.

In general, negative feedback is used to stabilize the performance of a system by reducing its
sensitivity to external perturbations and improving its dynamic response. The choice of topology
depends on the specific design requirements of the system and the trade-offs between different
performance characteristics.

7. State and Explain Barkhausen’s Criteria for sustained Oscillation

1:-

Barkhausen's criteria for sustained oscillation state that a feedback system will
oscillate indefinitely if the following three conditions are met:

1. The loop gain (the product of all the gains around the feedback loop) must be
greater than 1. This condition ensures that the feedback signal is strong
enough to drive the oscillation.
2. The phase shift around the loop must be an integer multiple of 360°. This
condition ensures that the feedback signal is in phase with the input signal at
the start of each oscillation cycle.
3. The loop must contain at least one energy storage element, such as an
inductor or capacitor. This condition ensures that the oscillation can be
sustained indefinitely, as the energy stored in the element can be transferred
back and forth between the input and output of the system.

Barkhausen's criteria provide a useful way to analyze and design oscillator circuits,
which are widely used in many electronic systems, including radios, clocks, and
oscilloscopes.
2:-
Barkhausen's criteria for sustained oscillation is a set of necessary conditions that
must be satisfied in order for an oscillator to produce sustained, periodic oscillations.
These criteria are:

1. Amplification: The system must have a net gain greater than unity (i.e., the
output signal must be stronger than the input signal). This is necessary to
sustain oscillation, as the system must be able to amplify the small initial
perturbation that triggers the oscillation.
2. Feedback: The system must have a feedback loop that returns a portion of the
output signal back to the input. This is necessary to create the positive
feedback that drives the oscillation.
3. Phase shift: The feedback loop must introduce a phase shift of exactly 180
degrees at the oscillation frequency. This is necessary to create the positive
feedback that drives the oscillation.
4. Loop gain: The loop gain (i.e., the gain around the feedback loop) must be
greater than unity at the oscillation frequency. This is necessary to create the
positive feedback that drives the oscillation.

If all of these criteria are satisfied, the system will produce sustained oscillations at
the oscillation frequency. If any of these criteria are not satisfied, the system will not
produce sustained oscillations.

6.Explain the operation of wein bridge Oscillator and state it’s advantages, disadvantages
and application.
A Wein bridge oscillator is a type of electronic oscillator that uses a Wein bridge
circuit to generate a periodic signal. The Wein bridge circuit is an electric circuit that
consists of a bridge network of four resistors and two capacitors, arranged in a
particular configuration. The output of the Wein bridge oscillator is taken from the
midpoint of the bridge network.

The operation of the Wein bridge oscillator is based on the fact that the phase shift
introduced by the Wein bridge circuit is close to 180 degrees at the oscillation
frequency. This creates a positive feedback loop that drives the oscillation. The
frequency of oscillation can be adjusted by changing the values of the resistors and
capacitors in the bridge network.

Advantages of the Wein bridge oscillator include its simplicity, low cost, and good
stability. It is relatively easy to design and build, and does not require any special
components or advanced technology. It is also relatively immune to changes in
temperature and other environmental factors, which makes it suitable for use in a
wide range of applications.
Disadvantages of the Wein bridge oscillator include its relatively low frequency range
(typically less than 100 kHz) and its sensitivity to component tolerances. The
frequency range can be extended by using special techniques or by using a crystal
oscillator as the reference frequency, but this adds complexity and cost to the circuit.

Applications of the Wein bridge oscillator include audio and radio frequency
oscillators, signal generators, and test equipment. It is also used as a reference
frequency source in many electronic circuits and systems.

5.Explain the operation of RC phase shift Oscillator and state it’s advantages,
disadvantages and application.
An RC phase shift oscillator is an electronic oscillator that uses a combination of
resistors and capacitors to generate a periodic signal. It is based on the fact that a
combination of RC circuits can introduce a phase shift of 0, 90, 180, or 270 degrees,
depending on the values of the resistors and capacitors and the frequency of the
signal.

The operation of the RC phase shift oscillator is based on the fact that if three RC
circuits are connected in series, with each circuit introducing a phase shift of 120
degrees, the overall phase shift will be 360 degrees. This creates a positive feedback
loop that drives the oscillation. The frequency of oscillation can be adjusted by
changing the values of the resistors and capacitors in the RC circuits.

Advantages of the RC phase shift oscillator include its simplicity, low cost, and good
stability. It is relatively easy to design and build, and does not require any special
components or advanced technology. It is also relatively immune to changes in
temperature and other environmental factors, which makes it suitable for use in a
wide range of applications.

Disadvantages of the RC phase shift oscillator include its relatively low frequency
range (typically less than 100 kHz) and its sensitivity to component tolerances. The
frequency range can be extended by using special techniques or by using a crystal
oscillator as the reference frequency, but this adds complexity and cost to the circuit.

Applications of the RC phase shift oscillator include audio and radio frequency
oscillators, signal generators, and test equipment. It is also used as a reference
frequency source in many electronic circuits and systems.

4. Explain the operation of Hartley Oscillator and state it’s advantages, disadvantages and
application.
An RC phase shift oscillator is an electronic oscillator that uses a combination of
resistors and capacitors to generate a periodic signal. It is based on the fact that a
combination of RC circuits can introduce a phase shift of 0, 90, 180, or 270 degrees,
depending on the values of the resistors and capacitors and the frequency of the
signal.

The operation of the RC phase shift oscillator is based on the fact that if three RC
circuits are connected in series, with each circuit introducing a phase shift of 120
degrees, the overall phase shift will be 360 degrees. This creates a positive feedback
loop that drives the oscillation. The frequency of oscillation can be adjusted by
changing the values of the resistors and capacitors in the RC circuits.

Advantages of the RC phase shift oscillator include its simplicity, low cost, and good
stability. It is relatively easy to design and build, and does not require any special
components or advanced technology. It is also relatively immune to changes in
temperature and other environmental factors, which makes it suitable for use in a
wide range of applications.

Disadvantages of the RC phase shift oscillator include its relatively low frequency
range (typically less than 100 kHz) and its sensitivity to component tolerances. The
frequency range can be extended by using special techniques or by using a crystal
oscillator as the reference frequency, but this adds complexity and cost to the circuit.

Applications of the RC phase shift oscillator include audio and radio frequency
oscillators, signal generators, and test equipment. It is also used as a reference
frequency source in many electronic circuits and systems.

1. Explain negative feedback and draw any two negative feedback topologies with the help
of neat block diagram.
Negative feedback is a type of feedback in which a portion of the output signal of a
system is subtracted from the input signal and fed back to the system. Negative
feedback is used to stabilize the performance of a system by reducing its sensitivity
to external perturbations and improving its dynamic response. It is commonly used in
electronic circuits and systems to improve the stability, accuracy, and reliability of the
system.

There are two common topologies for negative feedback systems: series negative
feedback and shunt negative feedback.

1. Series negative feedback: In this topology, the feedback loop is connected in

series with the signal path. The output of the system is taken from the junction
point between the signal path and the feedback loop. The block diagram for a
series negative feedback system is shown below:

[Input] --> [Signal path] --> [Feedback loop] --> [Output]

 2. Shunt negative feedback: In this topology, the feedback loop is connected in
parallel with the signal path. The output of the system is taken from the signal
path. The block diagram for a shunt negative feedback system is shown below:

[Input] --> [Signal path] --> [Output] | |--> [Feedback loop] | |--> [Output]

In both of these topologies, the feedback loop subtracts a portion of the output
signal from the input signal, creating a negative feedback effect that stabilizes the
performance of the system.

3.Draw the circuit diagram of Colpitts oscillator and explain its working. Derive the
equation for frequency.