UCSP Q AND A

is the systematic study of the biological, cultural, and social aspects of man
ANTROPOLOGY
It is a significant branch of knowledge because it integrates elements from the biological sciences and
humanities to fully comprehend the complex human species, including their practices and social
patterns, across diverse cultures.
ANTROPOLOGY
is the systematic study of social life, groups and society
SOCIOLOGY
It is an important academic discipline because it attempts to provide a deeper assessment of both
individual and group behavior and social phenomena by considering the influence of economic, political,
and social factors.
SOCIOLOGY
is the systematic study of politics. It focuses on the fundamental values of equality, freedom, and just ice
as well as the dynamics of conflict, resolution, and cooperation.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Considered as Father of sociology · He coined the term "sociology" but he originally used "social physics"
as a term for sociology. · Rejected religion and royalty, focusing instead on the study of society which he
named
Sociology.
- is the principle that an individual person's belief and activities should be understood by others in terms
of that individuals' own culture.
Cultural relativism
is literally the practice of writing about people.
ETHNOGRAPHY
is influenced by the definitions and meanings people develop and maintain through the
medium of language
Human behavior
The term "______" come from Latin word societas, which in turn was derived from the
noun socius ("comrade, friend, ally") used to describe a bond or interaction between
parties that are friendly or at least civil.
society
may also refer to the persistent interaction among members of a particular group and
other institutions.
society
- is the capacity of society to take resources from society and distribute them
accordingly.

- This function is carried out by the economy which includes gathering resources and
producing commodities to social redistribution.
Adaption
- A group of people who are closely related to one another (by blood, marriage or
adoption); kin; for example, a set of parents and their children; an immediate family.

- An extended family; a group of people who are related to one another by blood or
marriage.
- A (close-knit) group of people related by blood, friendship, marriage, law, or custom,
especially if they live or work together.
Family
otherwise known as the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Law
("VAWC"), defines violence against women and children as "any act or a series of acts
against a woman who is his wife, former wife or against a woman with whom the person
has or had sexual or dating relationship, or against her child, whether legitimate or
illegitimate, within or without family abode, which result in physical, sexual,
psychological harm or suffering, or economic abuse including threats of such acts,
battery, assault, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty".
Republic Act No. RA 9262
Cultural Change
Is the modification of a society through innovation,invention,discovery, or CONTACT
WITH OTHER SOCIETY
Social Change
Alteration of mechanisms within the social structure,characterized by changes in cultural
symbols,rules of behavior, social organizations, or value systems
Political Change
Refers to a subject matter that is in constant flux.
Innovation
Invention of something new an idea,a process, a practice,a device, or a tool
Discoveries
The uncovering of something that has existed before but has remained
unknown,hidden,unnoticed, or undescribed
Anthropology
SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF HUMANITY,origins of human
Anthropos
Greek word for "human being"
Logos
Suffix means "the study of"
Sociology(Joel Charon)
Systematic and scientific study of HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE.
Political science(Harold D.Lasswell)
Science of POLITICS and politics as a GOVERNMENTAL DETERMINATION of who
gets what,when and how.
Socius
Latin word for "associate or companion"
Sociological analysis
Sociology seeks to provide an analysis of human society and culture with a sociological
perspective
Sociologist
Are concerned with the task of formulating concepts,propositions and theories
Society
Complex phenomenon with a multitude of intricacies
Polis
Greek word for "city-state"
Scire
Latin word for "to know"
Beliefs
CONCEPTIONS that people accept as true about how the world operates and where
individuals fit in it.
Values
General and SHARED PERCEPTION of what is good, right, appropriate and
worthwhile...

Symbols
Any kind of physical phenomenon a word,an object... a taste w/c people assign a
meaning or value
Diffusion
The process w/c an idea,an invention, or some other culture item is borrowed from a
foreign source

LESSON 1.
Ethnicity (Background)
a person's ~~~ is their ethnic traits, classification, or association. a category of
humankind that shares a certain characteristic
Race (Background)
a socially attributed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted
traits, a group of people who have in common some invisible physical traits, such as
SKIN COLOUR, HAIR TEXTURES, AND EYE FORMATION. examples would be
ASIAN, AB-ORIGINAL, EUROPEAN, NATIVE AMERICAN
Socio-Economic Status (Background)
a way of describing their education, income, and type of job.
White collar jobs
no manual labor, professionals
Blue collar jobs
jobs that require physical labor in industry, skill-oriented
Upper Class
a great wealth of sources of income
Middle Class
has upper middle and lower middle
Lower Class
Upper Lower and Lower Lower
Gender (Backgrounds)
It refers personal traits and social positions that members of the society attach to being
female and male. Generally, women encounter prejudice and discrimination.
SOGIE BILL
is often misinterpreted by same-sex marriage, but it is once you're 18, you can identify
as your own gender. Anti discrimination not only for LGBTQIA+ but also women.
Religion (Backgrounds)
one of the society's important institutions. it is a belief system that emphasizes the
supernatural being. affects the attitude or behavior of an individual or society.
Social Behavior (Behavior)
general conduct exhibited by individuals within a society, acceptable by a person's peer
group, avoiding behavior that is characterized as unacceptable
Food Taboo
table manners (formal dinner), restriction in eating anything that could be a domestic
animal.
Political Behavior (Behavior)
individuals engagement in political like such as elections, political partisan, public
opinion, and political parties.
Political Dynasty
kind of political behavior in Philippine political society in which many family members co -
exist and work alongside each other in various government positions. ex: Marcos
Cultural Behavior (Behavior)
behavior executed by humans that is learned through socialization, the use of "po" and
"opo" showing respect in a Filipino household
Social Change (Change in Society)
refers to an alteration in the social order of a society. social change may include
changes in nature.
- social institutions, and social behavior or social relations.
Political Change (Change in Society)
highlights the magnitude and variety of the changes that occured in the world's political
system.

- it deals not only with the major processes of growth, decay, and breakdown but al so
with a careless ferment of adaptation, and adjustment or political system.
Cultural Change (Change in Society)
the term that deals with the evolution of cultural components. cultural change is the
modification of a society through innovation (fashion), invention (devices), discovery or
conflict (fake news) with other societies.
Innovation (Sources of Change)
is the social creation and institutionalization of new ideas. technological advancements
Diffusion (Sources of Change)
is the spread of innovation from one social setting to another. occurs when one group
borrows something from another group, such as norms, values, food, clothing, and
other innovation - ex: KPOP, Spanish into OPM songs, Korean Culture
Assimilation (Sources of Change)
process where some of the majority community's or dominant community's cultural
aspects are absorbed in such a manner that the home cultural aspects get lost or
mitigated. ex: English only policies on schools "Culture that dominates so everyone
embodies it, other culture gets lost or mitigated"
Acculturation (Sources of Change)
process where the cultural aspects of the majority community are adapted
Anthropology
- "anthropolos" (human, humankind), "logos" (study), study of ancient societies and their
cultural traditions
- it has four fields: Cultural, Linguistics, Archeology, and Physical Anthropology
Cultural Anthropology (Anthropology)
the study of people's communities, behaviors, beliefs, and institutions, including how
people make meaning as they live, work, and play together >>>> development of
human culture (ethnological, linguistics, social, and psychological), SABACPIE
Linguistics (Anthropology)
The study of human language in the past and present. Cuneiform (Sumerians), oldest
form of writing. Hieroglyphics, for egyptians. Oracle bone for Chinese.
Archaelogy (Anthropology)
Fossils (bones) and artifacts (things), study of ancient things, uses RADIO CARBON
DATING.
Physical Anthropology (Anthropology)
- characteristics and biological features of people.
- bioanthropology and physical anthropology are the same.
Political Science (Political Science)
politics, "polis" (state), science means to know or study > is the process of using power
in the government, branch of knowledge that deals with the systems of government that
analyses political activity and behavior.

significance of studying culture, society, and politics

Primarily, our understanding about the society, culture and politics essentially develops
our knowledge, understanding, skills, values and attitudes to achieving social and
cultural literacy.
cultural identity
refers to the identity or feeling of belonging to a group
cultural background
Essentially consists of the ethnic, religious, racial, gender, linguistic or other
socioeconomic factors and values that shape an individual's upbringing.
gender
refers to the personal traits and social roles of the male and female members of the
society
sexuality
the state of being either masculine or feminine
socio-economic status
individual's social standing and financial position in the society ;
basis of income, education, and occupation
social status
a person's standing or rank in the social ladder of stratification based on prestige,
power, popularity, etc
economic status
a person's place in the society's economic stratification based on wealth, property, and
total assets
ethnicity
a condition in which a social group belongs to a common national or cultural tradition
ethnic
related to large groups of people who have certain racial, cultural, religious, or other
traits in common
food taboo
a prohibition against consuming certain foods
standby phenomenon
a person who does not have work and who usually hangs-out on street corners
political dynasty
refers to families whose members are engaged in politics
Sociology (Sociology)
study of society and social problems. talks about people and interaction
Socil Institution
main profit: to promote social stability, for mutual benefit, harmony.
Government (Social Institutions)
promoting peace and order; enforcing laws and implementing laws.
Religion (Social Institutions)
to have beliefs, and morals for society to abide in, for religion is the root of our moral
discipline and principles.
Family (Social Institutions)
basic unit of societies, everything starts from here. where professionals and leaders
come from and receive their basic needs like love and guidan ce.
Economy (Social Institutions)
economic activity inside the society. distribution and consumption. in charge of natural
sources, our resources.
Macro (Levels of Sociology)
large scale properties, social intreaction. interactions: nation, legal system, n ation to
nation and economies
Meso (Levels of Sociology)
local health services and community factors. organizations, ethnic communities,
communities of people, ethnic groups and regions
Micro (Levels of Sociology)
small groups, dynamic, intimate, two, one to one interaction like classrooms
Education (Social Institutions)
for progress in terms of knowledge, for society to learn and function

LESSON 3. ANTHRO
Culture
• All that human beings learn to do, use, produce, know and believe as they grow to
maturity and live out thier lives in the social groups to which they belong
• Totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and
behavior
Society
The product of human interaction according to sociologists
Anthropologists
Culture is the way of living according to...
Anthropos
Greek word for "humans"
Logos
Greek word for "study of"
Anthropology
Study of humankind whose concentration is on human and cultural evolution
Culture Universal
• Pattern of similarity within the array of difference
• Certain common practices and beliefs that all societies have developed
• Material
• Non - material
2 Types of Culture
• Structural Functionalism
• Conflict Theory
• Symbolic Interactionism
• Post - modernism
Sociological Perspectives (4)
Socialization
Lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self - identity
and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society
Personaltiy
Product of socialization that comes about as a result of the interplay of various forces
• Biologcal inheritance or heredity
• Cultural inheritance
• Social groups and structures
• Past experiences
Forces that influence personality (4)
Membership
_____ in a series of group enables the individual to acquire socially standard skills for
adapting and adjusting to the various problems that will confront them in larger
communities
Gender socialization
Is the aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning
the nature of being female or male in a specific group of society
Prejudice
Negative attitude or bias
An action
Discrimination is considered as an...
Racial socialization
Aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the
nature of one's racial or ethnic status
• Desocialization
• Resocialization
• Anticipatory Socialization
• Reference Groups
Processes associated with socialization after childhood (4)
Desocialization
Process by which people give up old norms, values, attitudes and behaviors
Total institutions
Places where residents are separated from the rest of the society
Resocialization
Is the process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values, and behaviors
from the ones previously held
• Voluntary
• Involuntary
• Anticipatory
• Occupational
Types of Resocialization (4)
Anticipatory Resocialization
Is associated with adolescence, however, some people may plunge in adult
responsibilities at this time (adult roles)
Voluntary Resocialization
Occurs when we enter a new status of our own free will
Involuntary Resocialization
Occurs against a person's wishes and generally takes place within a total institution
Occupational Socialization
Occurs when people work toward their own goals of creating meaningful relationships
and seeking personal fulfillment
Late adulthood
A time when many people experience ageism, prejudice, and discrimination against
people on the basis of age
• Enculturation
• Assimilation
• Acculturation
Transmission of Culture (3)
Enculturation
Passing on or acquiring a culture
Acculturation
Adopting a culture
Assimilation
Abandoning a culture
Looking Self Glass (Cooley)
• Sense of self is developed from the perception of others
• We imagine how our personality and appearance will look to other people
• We imagine how people judge us and what we represent
• We develop a self - concept
• Preparatory Stage
• Play Stage
• Me Game Stage
Three Stages of Development (Meade)
Presentation of the Self (Goffman)
Mask represents the concept one has formed of himself which one wears in concept
consciously playing a role or the role one is to live up
Theory of Personality (Freud)
Theory that personality was a form of biological determination and that socialization was
a process characterized by an internal struggle between the biological component and
socio - cultural environment
Social Learning Theory (Bandura)
People learn from one another via observation
Language
Is an abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture
Norms
Established standards of behavior maintained by a society
Folkways
Norms governing everyday behavior
Values
Collective conceptions of what is good, desirable and proper or bad
Status
Describes the position a person occupies in a particular setting
Innovation
Process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture
Discovery
Making known or sharing existence of an aspect of reality
Invention
Existing cultural items combined into form that did not exist before
Diffusion
Process by which cultural items spread from group to group
Technology
Information about how to use material resources of the environment to satisfy human
needs and desires
Culture Lag
Period of maladjustment when nonmaterial culture struggles to adapt new material
conditions
Culture Shock
Feeling disoriented, uncertain, out of place, or fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar
culture
Subculture
Exists within a dominant culture that follow the dominant cu lture's norms and values
while still following a different set of norms and values
Counterculture
Exists within a culture with different norms and values, just like subcultures. But often
opposes the dominant culture, forming from a conflict a social group may have with the
dominant culture
Ethnocentrism
Tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represents the norm or is
superior to others
Xenocentrism
Refers to the tendency to assume that a foreign cultural element is superior compared
to his/her own culture
Cultural Relativism
Views people from the perspective of their own culture
Mechanical Solidarity
This is what holds preindustrial societies together; by sharing the same values and
tasks they become united
Organic Solidarity
Holds industrial societies together based on the impersonal social relationships that
arise with job specialization; people can no longer provide for all of their own needs &
so become dependent on others for survival
Community (Gemeinschaft)
Members know each other & relationships are close
Society (Gesellschaft)
Social relationships are based on need rather than emotion
Social Structures
Is the framework of societal institutions and social practices that make up a society and
establish limits on behavior
Status
Refers to any of the socially defined positions within a large group or society
Ascribed Status
Assigned according to things outside your control (age, gender)
Achieved Status
Role achieved through your own efforts (occupation)
Master Status
Determines your social identity (mother, police officer, grandparent)
Reciprocal Role
Define interaction with others. Cannot be fulfilled alone (husband and wife)
Deviance
Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or
group in which it occurs
Ritualism
Individual rejects goal of success but continues to go through the motions
Retreatism
Individual rejects both legitimate means and approved goals (has given up on life)
Rebellion
Individual rejects both success and the approved means for achieving it; substitutes
their own goal and means to achieve it
Hunting and Gathering Societies
• Survive by hunting animals, fishing and gathering plants
• Nomadic
• Tribal
Pastoral Socieites
• Domestication
• Able to produce a surplus of goods
Horticultural Societies
Cultivating fruits, vegetable, and plants
Agricultural Societies
Used technological advances to cultivate crops
Industrial Societies
Production of goods in mechanized factories
Post - industrial society
Society is being shaped by the human mind, aided by computer technology
Racism
is discrimination or prejudice based on one's race.
all these are components of culture.,
-Language,
-customs,
-values,
-norms,
-mores,
- rules, tools,
-technologies,
-products,
-institutions
Ethnocentrism
discrimination or prejudice based on one's culture.
Culture
it serves as a "tool kit" that provides us with the equipment necessary to deal with the
common problems of everyday life (Swidler 1986; Brinkerhoff et al 1995).
Environment
condition is one of the evident reason as inhabitants must adapt in order to survive.
Genocide
is the elimination of a group of people from the same race, ethnic group, religion or
nation.
It is an extreme action against people from other ethnicity or race.
Isolation
as one society cut its interaction from other society, this follows a creation of a set of
norms and values distinct from the previous culture.
Ethnic cleansing
is the harassment, rape, or forced migration of an ethnic group to vanish them from a
certain area or territory.
Technology
Technology when tools has become available to one culture, it likely affects not only the
norms and values but also its economic and social interactions and relationships.
Cultural variation
it is differences take many forms within and among societies. One of which is religion
Dominant Cultural Themes
new ideas and inventions introduced to a society are usually accepted only when they fit
into the existing culture or represent changes that can be absorbed without too greatly
distorting the prevailing patterns.
Religion
can be defined as a set of practices and behaviors that relate to a group of people's
belief in a God or a group of gods.
Significant Reasons for Cultural Variations
-Environment
-Isolation
-Technology
-Domimant Culture theme
Variety of Religion
Christianity
Islam
Hinduism
Taoism
Buddhism
Social Differences
refer to the dissimilarities among the individuals that is based on their social
characteristics and qualities.
Exceptionality
a quality or a characteristic of a person that makes him or her different from an
established norm in a society
Social Change
may not only be regarded as a process but also as a means, an end or even as a social
movement, a condition inv
Exceptional People
who differ from societal and community standard of normalcy
with learning or behavioral problems and with physical and sensory disabilities
Law for disabled People
Republic Act 7277 or the Magna Carta for People with Disabilities (PWDs) in 1991,
Political Identity
is almost always associated with a group affiliation and describes the ways in which
being a member of a particular group might express specific political opinion and
attitudes.
Gender
refers to social, cultural and psychological characteristics or traits
Nation
it is a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, language,
and economic life inhabiting a particular country or territory
Sex
refers to biological characteristics;
makes a person male or female, while gender makes a person masculine or feminine.
Nationality
person's instinctive membership to a specific nation or country
Gender roles
refer to attitudes and behaviors that the society expects a person to exhibit based on
his/her sex.
jus soli
can be acquired by an individual from the country where he/she was born
jus sanguinis
can be acquired by an individual through his/her parents
Pre-colonial Philippine Society
this is the period when males and females enjoy the same rights and privileges. There
are different social functions that are assigned to different members of the society.
babaylan (Visayan) or catalonan (Tagalog)
a shaman or priestess who performs various religious and social functions. The
babaylan can either be a man or a woman, but the role is often given to women.
Citezenship
a person's legal and political status in a city or state, which means that an individual has
been registered with the government in some country

An individual becomes a citizen of a country only when he is accepted into that

country's political framework through legal terms.
Spaniard Colonial Period
during this time the introduction of Catholicism, the babaylan lost their role in the
religious life of the Indios. This role was taken over by Catholic priests.
Philippine nationality law
is based on the principles of jus sanguinis or "right of blood."
Administrative Naturalization Law of 2000 (R.A. 9139)
it provides a trail for administrative naturalization for those who qualify.
Japanese Colonial Period
men and women were able to maintain their status in society during this period, women
were usually kept inside their houses to protect them from abusive
American Colonial Period
During this period women became more open. They were allowed to study and work in
whatever field they want. They also became "liberated,"
Statelessness
People who does not have a nationality of any country are considered as
Gender Roles in the Philippine Society During Colonial Period?
Spaniard
American
Japanese
Culture
Knowledge
Beliefs
Arts
Morals
Laws
Customs
Significance of Culture
Adaptation & integration
Patterns of acceptable social behavior
Conveys and Facilitates Meaning
Production of man-made things
Human satisfaction
Philippine society
today is more open to allowing both men and women to perform different tasks, not
based solely on gender, but on an individual's capabilities and strengths.
Social behavior and phenomena
are broad and complicated sociological concepts. These involve every event between at
least two individuals and include all knowledge and experiences a person acquires in
the entirety of his lifetime.
Baranggay
Prior to the coming of the Spaniards, the community is called?
Social phenomena
are the individual, external, and social constructions that influence a person's life and
development.
datu or raha
The baranggay is headed by a
Dominant Cultural Themes
new ideas and inventions introduced to a society are usually accepted only when they fit
into the existing culture or represent changes that can be absorbed without too greatly
distorting the prevailing patterns.
political behavior
of a person or a group may be influenced by their political views, ideology, and levels of
political participation. An obvious example of an act of political behavior is the act of
voting.
Political phenomena
are not only limited to public office as this also include how institutions like school, a
church, or companies are ran and go
Maharlika (Leaders and Royals)
first social class
composed of the leaders (datu) and their families
also called the group of the maginoo, raha, or gat
Timawa (Freemen)
second or "middle"
This social class
composed of all freemen living in the barangay
consists of workers, warriors, merchants, and others who are not under debt bondage
have their own property like their own houses and a piece of land to cultivate
cultural behavior
is that event when certain individuals behave a certain way merely because other
persons do as well.
Alipin (Slaves)
third class
serve another person or family as payment for debt
became an alipin when their family lose in a war with another family
are not bound to their master for life
can go back to their previous status as soon as they pay off their debts, or if they marry
a maharlika, who will then pay for their debt
Cultural phenomena
happen when something or someone gains widespread popularity. However, it is
noteworthy that it is not the subject that is the cultural phenomena but rather a process
of becoming famous.
two kinds of alipin
-aliping saguiguilid
- aliping namamahay
Social change
is the transformation of social institutions over time.
Cultural change
on the other hand, is the transformation of culture or the way people live.
Aliping Namamahay
has their own property, like a house or a piece of land
often from the timawa class and became alipin because of debt or as punishment for a
wrongdoing
can go back to being part of the timawa class once they pay off their debt
transnational family
is where one parent, or in some cases both parents, lives and works in another country
while the children remain in their country of origin.
Aliping saguiguilid
does not have the right to own any property
often came from a family of alipin or are captives in war
can also be sold or exchanged for goods or other alipin
Socioeconomic Classes during the Pre-Colonial Period
Datu or Raja
maharlika
Timawa
alipin
Political change
happens when the rulers of a country lose power or when the type of governance in the
country changes.
During the Spanish Colonial period, the people were divided based on their ancestry.
peninsulares
insulares
mestizo
indio
Local public services
are provided by the government to people living within its jurisdiction, either directly
(through the public sector) or by financing provision of services.
Peninsulares
Spaniards
They were in the Philippines who were born in Spain
came from "peninsula," meaning "came directly from the Spanish peninsula"
Diffusion
is the process through which the cultural traits of one society are borrowed, transmitted,
and adopted by another one and considered as its own.
Insulares
Spaniards
who were of Spanish descent but were born in the Philippines
came from "insular," meaning "from the islands"
Anthropology
is the study of humans and their society in the past and present
Mestizo
those of mixed ancestry
usually children of Spanish and Chinese couples or of Spanish and Indio couples
have both economic and political power, coming from their mixed heritage
Political science
is a social science discipline that deals with systems of government, and the
Indio
consists of the natives
the lowest class in the society
were stripped of their rights and freedom and were forced to bow down to the Spanish
colonizers
Sociology
is the study of human social relationships and institutions
In the 19th century, the so-called "middle class" emerged
principalia
ilustrado
Edward B. Tylor
he defined culture as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, art, belief, law,
morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of
society."
Principalia
consists of native leaders in the government and their families
are often educated and served as a gobernadorcillo (town mayor) or cabeza de
barangay(barangay leader)
Significance of culture
-
Adaptation & integration
-
Patterns of acceptable social behavior
-Conveys and Facilitates Meaning
-Production of man-made things
-Human satisfaction
Ilustrados
the children of the principalia who usually studied in Europe
most of the popular artists and scholars at that time, including Jose Rizal
political behavior
of a person or a group may be influenced by their political views, ideology, and levels of
political participation.
Social stratification
or the division of society based on occupation and income, wealth or power
Political phenomena
are not only limited to public office as this also include how institutions like school, a
church, or companies are ran and governed.
bandwagon effect
Also known as _______________ a cultural behavior is that event when certain
individuals behave a certain way merely because other persons do as well.
Modern Socioeconomic Classes
High Income classes
Middle Income classes
Low Income classes
High-income Class
people earning an average of P200,000 a month, or approximately P2.4 million a year
the "rich" class and accounts for merely one percent of the country's total population
Cultural phenomena
happen when something or someone gains widespread popularity.
Society
group of people interacting with each other
Middle-income Class
people earning an average of P36,000 per month
Low-income Class
people earning less than P10,000 a month
consists of laborers and minimum wage earners
Types of culture
material (tangible things) and
non-material elements (intangible things)
social mobility
the movement of people or families within or between different levels in the society
the opportunity to transfer from a lower socioeconomic class to a higher one
possible through education, or in some cases, through marriage
Sociology
is the study of human institutions and their relationships
The National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB)
they divided the population in the modern socioeconomic classes
Anthropology
is the study of people throughout the world, their evolutionary history, how they behave,
adapt to different environments, communicate, and socialize with one another
Local public services
are provided by the government to people living within its jurisdiction, either directly
(through the public sector) or by financing provision of services
Ethnicity
refers to a group of people, also called ethnic group, who have a common or shared
culture, language, history, religion, and tradition.
Race
refers to a group of people who share the same physical attributes, such as skin color,
height, and facial features.
Political change
happens when the rulers of a country lose power or when the type of governance in the
country changes.
...
...
Human beings are classified into three major races
Caucasoid
Mongoloid
Negroid
Races are classified by
-color of the skin,
-the shape of the face,
-texture of the hair,
-shape of the eyes
-other prominent physical features.
eight major ethnolinguistic group
Ilokano
Bikolano
Kapampangan
Ilonggo
Pangasinense
Cebuano
Tagalog
Waray-waray.
Society
A group of people sharing a common culture within a defined territorial boundaries.
Culture
A composite or multifarious area that comprise beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws,
norms, artefacts, symbols, knowledge and everything that a person learns and shares
as a member of society.
Material Culture
Tangible things used by man in his everyday life.
Social norms
Patterns of repetitive behavior which become habitual and conventional part of living.
beliefs
5. The set of ethical standards and moral obligations as dictates of reason that
distinguishes human acts as right or wrong or good from bad.
values
Anything held to be relatively worthy, important, desirable, or valuable.
Technology
. Practical application of knowledge in converting raw materials in to finished products.
Cultural variation
Differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world.
Ethnocentrism
Perception that arises from the fact that cultures differ and each culture defines reality
differently.
Cultural Relativism
The attempt to judge behavior according to its cultural context.