Histo Final

Histo Final_2020
[1-82]
Wanna 5??
see.why_724 피,땀,눈물 by
SeewhY_724 Lee, Chang Yong (C.Y)
#1. Unicellular glands (small intestine, PAS) 토픽 #28 / #29/ #30 에 더 자세히 나와있음
** PAS stains goblet cells with red color
© Unicellular Gland : Overview

1. Unicellular Gland
(1) consist of unicellular gland cells → called goblet cells (secrete mucin)
(2) secrete mucous
(3) found in mucosa of intestine & stomach
① mucosa: = tunica mucosa (mucous membrane)
A. membrane that lines the surface of internal organs.
B. consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells overlying a layer of loose
connective tissue
C. composed of 3 layers
(A) lamina epithelialis mucosae
(B) lamina propria mucosae
lamina muscularis mucosae
2. Small intestine
3. Organ of gastrointestinal tract
① where most of end absorption of nutrients and minerals happens.
(2) Location
① lies b/w stomach and large intestine
② Receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct to aid in digestion
(3) Composed of
① Duodenum
② Jejunum (해당 Slide 임!!)
③ Ileum
© Unicellular Gland: Small intestine (Jejunum)

1. Function of small intestine
(1) Molecular breakdown of food
(2) Absorption of small molecule
2. Surface enlargement of small intestine

(1) Kerkring’s folds / valves (~ 1 cm)
① Formed by the relatively short longitudinal molecular layer of the tunica muscularis
A. In its core there is tela submucosa
(2) intestinal villi (~ 1 mm)
(3) microvilli (~ 1 μm)
3. Histological structure of small intestine’s wall

(1) tunica mucosa (mucous membrane)
① lamina epithelialis mucosae
② > lamina propria mucosae
③ > lamina muscularis mucosae
(2) tela submucosa
(3) tunica muscularis

① > lamina circularis
② > lamina longitudinalis
(4) tela subserosa
(5) tunica serosa (serous membrane)

① lamina propria serosae
② lamina epithelialis serosae
• in the retroperitoneal duodenum , the serosa is replaced with adventia (!)
4. Comparative Histology of Segments of small intestine

(1) Duodenum
① Common:
A. Has Intestinal Villi
B. Has Intestinal Glands within lamina propria
C. Has lamina muscularis mucosae
② Difference:
A. Has duodenal glands attached to lamina muscularis mucosa
(2) Jejunum
① Common:
B. Has Intestinal Glands within lamina propria
② Difference:
A. 다른 두개에 비해 아무것도 없음
(3) Ileum
① Common:
B. Has Intestinal Glands
② Difference:
A. Has folliculi lymphatici aggregate (Peyer’s patches) in the middle of lamina
propria
5. Stomach, Small & Large intestines 의 차이점들

(1) Stomach
① Within the Lamina propria,
A. Gatric pit & gastric gland situated
(2) Small Intestines

① Within Lamina propria,
A. Intestinal glands
② Above surface of Lamina propria,
A. Intestinal villi
(3) Large intestine

① Within lamina propria,
A. Intestinal gland 밖에 없음
# 2. Elastic cartilage (orcein)
사전지식 (C-T & Cartillage)
© Connective Tissue 에 대하여 © Elastic Cartilage

1. Connective Tissue 는.. 1. Elastic Cartilage: flexible cartilage
(1) Connects, holds, and supports other body tissues (1) Staining method
(2) extracellular material gives connective tissue its strength ① Orcein: elastic fibers & membrane
• Parts of connective tissue ② Hematoxylin: nucleus
① Cells
② Extracellular Matrix (2) Connective tissue types
① Elastic cartilage
2. Specialized connective tissue ② Dense irregular connective tissue
(1) Supporting tissue (Skeletal C-T)
① Cartilage (3) Fibers
A. hyaline cartilage ① Elastic fiber
B. elastic cartilage ② Collagen fiber 은 있지만 Orcein stain 으로는 못봄
C. fibrocartilage
② bone (4) Cells
A. woven / primary / immature bone ① Fix cells
B. lamellar / secondary / mature bone A. Chondroblast
B. Chondrocyte
© Cartilage 에 대하여… (A) Produce cartilage
1. Cartilage consists of C. Fibrocyte
(1) Chondrocytes
① Make cartillage 2. Layers of Elastic Cartilage
(2) Extensive Extracellular Matrix composed of fibers and ground substance • 3 개있음
(3) No Blood vessels → gain nutrients by diffusion o Fibrous Rich C-T
o Perichondrium
2. 3 types of Cartilage : 각각 다른 matrix composition 이 있음 o Elastic Cartilage
(1) Hyaline cartilage
(1) Fibrous rich Connective Tissue
① Character
A. HE staining used
(2) Perichondrium
(A) Stains Basic dye → Nucleus 보기위함
① Dense irregular C-T surrounds cartilage
(B) Stains collagen fibers in interstitial matrix
A. Independent from a joint
② Composed of mainly
② Component
A. Collagen fiber
A. outer layer / stratum fibrosum
③ Location
(A) dense membrane of connective tissue that contains
A. articular surfaces of movable joints
a. fibroblast cells that produce type 1 collagen
B. walls of larger respiratory passages (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi)
B. inner layer / stratum chondroblasticum
C. ventral ends of ribs
(A) Thin layer composed of Chondroblast
D. epiphyseal plates of bones
a. It will form chondrocytes in endochondral ossification
③ Contain vessels
(2) Elastic cartilage
A. Ex. Muscular type artery with internal elastic membrane
① Character
A. Orcein staining used
(3) Elastic Cartilage
(A) To stain elastic fibers in red (Collagen fiber 은 못함)
① Composed of elastic fibers → 이게 matrix 형성
② Composed of mainly
A. Matrix composed of
A. Elastic fiber
(A) Glycosaminoglycans
③ Location
(B) Proteoglycans
A. Auricle of the ear (C) Glycoproteins
B. Epiglottis B. Matrix combined with
C. Walls of the external auditory canals (A) Elastic lamellae
D. Auditory tubes (B) Type II collagen
E. Cuneiform cartilage in larynx
3. 알아야 할것들
(3) Fibrocartilage
(1) Chondron
① Character
A. HE staining used
(2) Chondrocytes
(A) Stains Basic dye → Nucleus 보기위함
(B) Stains collagen fibers in interstitial matrix (3) capsular matrix
B. Lack in Perichondrium
C. Rare Chondrocytes (4) territorial matrix
② Location
A. intervertebral disks (5) interterritorial matrix
B. articular meniscs ① b/w chondron
C. articular disc
D. articular lip (6) perichondrium
3. General Features of Cartilage (7) elastic fibers

(1) Composed of
① Perichondrium
A. outer layer / stratum fibrosum
(A) dense membrane of connective tissue that contains
a. fibroblast cells that produce type 1 collagen
B. inner layer / stratum chondroblasticum
(A) Thin layer composed of Chondroblast
a. It will form chondrocytes in endochondral ossification
② Microscopic structure
A. Chondron (Basic histological unit)
(A) composed of
a. Lacunae (space)
I. 여기 안에 Chondrocytes 에 있음
(I) Hyaline 은 2-4 chondrocytes in one Chondron
(II) Elastic: 2 이상
(III) Fibrous: only 1
II. roundish shape
III. spherical nucleus
b. Territorial matrix
B. Interterritorial matrix
#3. Bone (ground cross section)
© Bone: Overveiw
1. Bone: General Feature
(1) Mineralized Connective Tissue
(2) Cells in bone tissue:
① Osteoprogenitor cell
A. Derived from mesenchymal cell
B. Stem cells located in bone
C. Participate in bone repair and growth
D. Reside in bone marrow
② Osteoblast (bone forming cell)
A. Deposit Matrix of collagen
B. Secrete osteoid protein (composed of type 1 collagen)
C. Become osteocyte
③ Osteocyte
A. Cells in matured bone
(A) Occupies in lacuna which contains
a. Calcified matrix of bone
④ Osteoclast
A. Phagocytes: ingest foreign matter
B. have lots of lysosome
C. cause reduction of bone material
D. large and have multiple nuclei
(3) Ionic Component

① Calcium
② Magnesium
③ Phosphate ions
• → 3 개가 Combined into hard Mineral
2. Anatomical Structure
(1) Compact bone (Cortical Bone)
(2) Spongy bone (cancellous bone
① Comprised of Bony trabeculae
A. It encloses marrow & blood vessels
② Makes bone lighter
(3) Medullary cavity (marrow space)
3. Microscopic structure & Layers (순서대로 있음!!)

(1) Periosteum (슬라이드에서는 안보임, fiber 로 되어잇어서 stain 이 안됨)
① Outer layer of bone
② Fibro collagenous layer
(2) Outer circumferential lamellae

① Travel parallel to outer edge of bone
② Covers compact bone
(3) Compact bone (Cortical Bone) layer

① Composed of
A. Osteon (Harversian system)
(A) Basic histological unit
(B) Has layers of concentrical lamellae (special laminae 라고도 함)
(C) Has Harversian canal
a. Nerve & vessel pass through
b. The canal is surrounded by concentric lamellae matrix
I. b/w concentric lamellae, osteocytes are located in spaces (lacunae)
(I) each Lacunae (space) has branched channel called → Canaliculi
i. processes of Osteocytes (줄기처럼 뼛쳐나감)
ii. provide passage ways for nutrition for Harversian canal
B. Volkmann’s canal
(A) Transmit blood vessels to Harversian canal
C. Interstitial lamellae
(A) It is space occupied b/w osteon Osteon
(4) Inner circumferential lamellae
(5) Endosteum (슬라이드에서 안보임)

① Covers inside of bones
② Surrounds medullary cavity
(6) Spongy bone

① Comprised of Bony trabeculae
A. It encloses marrow & blood vessels
4. Classification of Bone_ Extra

(1) By Shape
① Long bone
A. Developed by Replication of hyalin cartilage plate
B. Structure
(A) Inner part: spongy bone
(B) Outer part: compact bone
C. Ex: Humerus & Femur
② Short bone
A. Composed of Spongy bone & compact bone
(A) Surrounded by compact bone
B. Ex: Carpal & Tarsal Bone
③ Flat bone
A. Composed of Spongy bone & Compact bone
(A) Surrounded by 2 layers of Compact bone
B. Have articular surface covered by Fibro cartilage
④ Irregular Bone
A. Mostly spongy bone
(A) Surrounded by Thin & Compact bone
B. Mixed shape
C. Ex: skull & coccyx
⑤ Sesamoid Bone
A. Developed in certain tendon
(A) Reduce friction
(B) Protect excessive wear
B. Ex: pisiform in wrist & Patella in Knee
(2) By Development History

① Endochondral Ossification
A. Development by replacement of
(A) Hyaline Cartilage
B. Most of bone are formed in this manner
② Intramembranous Ossification
A. Development by Mesenchymal Connective tissue
B. Tissue membranes with Bony tissue
C. Ex: Flat Bone
#4. Endochondral ossification (HE)
© Endochondral Ossification
1. Process of bone formation
(1) 2 type
① Primary Angiogenic Ossification
A. Occurs only In special situation: → after extraction of tooth
(A) Osteoblast are deposited directly from blood vessel (without any previous
connective tissue)
② Secondary ossification
A. There are 2 types of bone ossification
(A) Intramembranous ossification
a. Development by Mesenchymal Connective Tissue
I. Replacement of sheet-like connective tissue membranes with bony
tissue
b. Ex: Skull & irregular bones (flat bones)
(B) Endochondral ossification (여기에 집중할거임)

a. Development by Replacement of Hyaline Cartilage
b. Most of bone are formed in this way
(2) 3 cell types involved in development

① Osteoblast
A. Bone-forming cell
② Osteocytes
A. Mature bone cell
③ Osteoclast
A. Break down & reabsorb bone
2. Endochondral ossification
(1) 2 locations of bony development
① Primary ossification center
A. Bony development occurring in diaphysis
(A) Filled with red bone marrow
② Secondary ossification center
A. Bony development occurring in epiphysis (distal articular ends)
(A) As bone continue to elongate and increase in diameter
• 두개의 ossification center→ cartilage is replaced 됨
o But, cartilage 가 보존되는 곳이 있음: epiphyseal growth plate
(2) Occurs in 5 zones

① Resting Zone
A. chondrocytes are present in hyaline cartilage
② Proliferative Zone
A. chondrocytes divide & arrange parallely
③ Hypertrophic Zone
A. swollen chondrocytes & the glycogen in their cytoplasm are present
④ Calcification Zone
A. chondrocytes die & ECM calcifies here
⑤ Ossification Zone
A. lack of the chondrocytes
B. bone tissue presented
(3) What is found

① Connective tissue
A. Hyaline cartilage
B. Primer bone tissue
C. Reticular connective tissue
D. Dense irregular Connective tissue
② Connective tissue fibers

A. Collagen fibers
(A) Strength & flexibility
B. Reticular fibers
(A) Join C-T to adjacent tissue
(B) CANNOT be identified by HE staining
③ Coccnetive tissue cells

A. Fibrocyte
(A) Inactive mesenchymal cell
a. “Mother cell” of most types of connective tissue proper
B. Chondroblast, chondrocyte, chondroclast
(A) produce and maintain cartilaginous matrix, which consists mainly of collagen
and proteoglycans
C. Osteoblast, Osteocyte, Osteoclast, osteoprogenitor cell
(A) Bone forming cells
D. Leukocytes
(A) White blood cell = central part of immune system
#5. Smooth muscle (HE)
© Muscle: Overview
• Muscle Intro
(1) Responsible for all body movement
(2) Contains filament containing protein
① Acting
② Myosin
1. Smooth Muscle
(1) Characteristic
① Lack in striation
A. Because NO myofibrils arranged in strict patterns
(A) Rather, irregular arrangement
② Composed of Muscle cells (myocyte)
A. Have single nucleus
(A) Elongated shape / spindle shape (tapered at both ends)
a. agglomerate of fusiform cells (가운데가 굵고 끝이 가늘다)
B. each muscle cell (fiber) group in branching bundles
(A) do not run parallel, but consist in irregular arrangement system
a. 이로써 더 강항게 contract
③ Found in walls of Visceral organs
④ Involuntary movement
A. Ex: contraction of arteries
B. Weak & Slow contraction
(2) Innervated by autonomic nervous system

① Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
A. through neuromuscular junction
② 또한, Neurotransmitter & Hormone 으로도 regulation 가능
A. Neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
B. Hormone: oxytocin
C. Basic hitological unit
D. Cells are spindle shape
❖ Neuromuscular junctions & Neurotransmitter controlling contractile rhythms may
be on the surrounding epimysium (C-T) rather than directly on muscle cells.
#6. Skeletal muscle (cross sect., HE) #7. Skeletal muscle (longit. sect., HE)
© Skeletal Muscle
1. Skeletal Muscle
(1) Characteristic
① Striated Muscle
(A) has myofibrils
a. composed of myofilaments
I. organized in many sarcomere
(I) give striped shape
(II) actin & myosin are arranged in sarcomere
(III) contractile unit
① Composed of Muscle fibers (myofiber)
B. is referred as cylindrical muscle cell
(A) which is basic histological & functional unit
(B) can increase in SIZE NOT Number
(C) Multiple Nuclei in single muscle fiber
a. By Fusion of mono nucleic
b. Fibers are large & elongated
② Attached to bones by tendons
③ Voluntary movements
A. Quick contraction
(2) Cell
① Multinucleated:
A. oval shape
B. located at periphery of cell
② Satellite cells
A. Are precursors to skeletal muscle cells
(3) Structure:
• 3 types of connective tissue sheath wraps muscle fibers
① Epimysium
A. Surround Entire bundles
(A) Layer of C-T composed of type 1 collagen
a. Dense connective tissue
B. Contains neurovascular supply to muscle
② Perimysium
A. Surround each bundle
(A) Layer of C-T composed of type 1 & 3 collagen
(B) Bundle =Fascicle: functional units of Skeletal muscle tissue
B. Contain larger blood vessels and nerve fibers
③ Endomysium
A. Surround individual fiber
(A) Made up of layer of reticular fibers
B. Only small nerve and capillaries found
(4) Innervation
① innervated by single motor axon
② Muscle action begins at motor end plate (neuromusclular junction) through
synapse
A. motor axon terminal releases neurotransmitter (acetylcholine)
(A) Acetylcholine binds to motor end plate membrane → cause depolarization →
flexion
#8. Cardiac muscle (HE) #9. Cardiac muscle (iron-HE)
Iron-HE: used to demonstrate fine cytological details like cross-striation of skeletal muscle fibers,
intercalated discs of the cardiac muscle tissue, mitochondria, centrioles, tonofibrils at the level of light microscopy.
Eosin : stain collagen fiber (Subcutaneous C-T, Bone tissue, Tendons)
Silver impregnation / PAS: stain reticular fiber (lymphoid organs, haemopoietic tissue)
Orcein / Resorcin-fuchsin: stain elastic fiber (Auricle, Elastic types of arteries, Ligamentum flava)
© Cardiac Muscle
1. Cardiac Muscle
(1) Characteristic
① Striated Muscle
(A) has myofibrils
a. composed of myofilaments
I. organized in many sarcomere
(I) give striped shape
(II) actin & myosin are arranged in sarcomere
(III) contractile unit
② Involuntary movement
(2) Composed of
① Network of Cardiac Muscle Cells/Fibers (cardiomyocyte)
② Basic Histological unit
A. single (central) nucleus
B. Connected by intercalated discs (Eberth’s line) (Gap junction → make dark
transverse line)
(A) enable the rapid transmission of electrical impulses through the network
② Syncytium (Multinucleated)
A. Basic functional unit
B. act in a coordinated contraction of the myocardium
③ Elongated & branched cell
A. Each cell: 1~2 centrally located nuclei
B. Oval shaped cell
④ Purkinje fibers
A. Specialized cardiac muscle cell
(A) Conduct electrical signals to heart contraction
(3) Layers of Heart

① Epicardium
A. Outer layer
(A) Simple squamous epithelium + connective tissue (fibro elastic)
② Myocardium
A. Middle layer / Muscle layer
③ Endocardium
A. Inner layer
(A) Simple squamous epithelium + connective tissue
(4) Innervation
① Autonomic nervous system (no motor end plate)
A. Both sympathetic & parasympathetic nerve
(A) Sympathetic
a. Innervate nodes & myocardium
b. releases norepinephrine
I. Increase heart rate & force of contraction
(B) Parasympathetic (Vagus nerve [CN 10])
a. Innervate SA & AV node (acetyl choline)
b. releases acetylcholine
I. Decrease heart rate
#10. Blood smear (MGG)
May-Grunwald-Giemsa staining stain: Used for used for differential counting of blood cells
Mixture of Methyline Blue + Eosin + Azures
© Blood Smear
❖ Blood Smear can detect blood cells 4. Lymphocytes
(1) Composed (1) Function
① Blood cells + Plasma ① 2 types
B cells T cells
(2) Blood Cell types: (hormonal or antibody mediated immunity) (cell mediated immunity)
① Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
20 % of lymphocytes 80% of lymphocytes
② Platelets (thrombocytes) From Bone marrow From Tymus
③ White blood cells (leukocytes) Defend against: Defend against:
(3) All cell types are formed in red bone marrow bacteria & Virus pathogens including virus, protists,
fungi that entered in cell
1. Erythrocytes Recognize Recognize
(1) Characteristic antigens on surface of bacteria & viral antigens on the outside of
① No nuclei & No organelles in mature cell virus infected cells
A. immature form 은 → reticulocyte Shorter life span Longer life span
(2) Function: Have Lack
surface antigen surface antigen
① Oxygen transport via hemoglobin
Produce Secrete
(3) Shape antibodies that are used to lymphokines
① Biconcave (Donut shape) invading bacteria, virus, toxin
2types: 3 types
(4) Size
(1) Plasma cell (1) Helper T Cells
① 7.5 micrometer
(2) Memory cell (2) Cytotoxic T cells
(5) Normal Range: (3) Suppressor T cells
① 4.5-5.5 millions/microliter
(2) Ratio of leukocytes
2. Thrombocytes (platelets) ① ~28% of leukocytes
(1) Characteristic (3) Size (different size in different developmental stage)
① No cell nucleus ① Small lymphocytes
② it is disk-shaped cytop lasm fragments (megakaryocyte) circulate blood A. 5-7 μm
(2) Function: ② Large lymphocytes
① haemostasis (blood coagulation) A. 18 μm
(3) has Granules (small particle) (4) Shape of nucleus
① coagulation factors ① Spherical shape with thin cytoplasmic ring
② histamine (5) Cytoplasmic lymphocyte
(4) Size ① slightly basophilic (readily stained with basic dyes)
① 2-3 micrometer in diameter ② fine azurophilic granules
(5) Normal Rage:

5. Monocyte (Largest leukocyte)
① 150.000-300.000 per microliter
(1) Function:
① Macrophage
3. Leukocyte
A. Remove dead or damaged tissue
✓ Function
① Perform their function mainly in connective tissue (2) Ratio of leukocytes
① 4-8% of leukocyte
✓ 3 Groups (밑에 자세히 설명)
① Granulocytes (3) Size (Larges of white blood cells)
A. neutrophil: ① 15-20 μm
B. eosinophil: (4) Shape of Nucleus
C. basophil: ① Bean-shaped
② Lymphocytes
(5) Cytoplasmic of monocyte
③ Monocytes
① basophilic (readily stained with basic dyes)
✓ Normal range: ② fine azurophilic granules
① 6,000-10,000 per microliter
(1) Neutrophile Granulocytes

① Characteristic
A. most common type
B. most effective phagocyte cell
C. highly lobulated nucleus with narrow chromatin bridges
D. 8-10 hour in circulation connective tissue
② Function:
A. Destroy damaged tissue & Bacteria
(A) Phagocyte
a. By engulf and digest debris and invading microorganisms
③ Ratio of Leukocytes
A. 60-70% of leukocytes
④ Size:
A. 12-14 micrometer in diameter
⑤ Shape of Nucleus:
A. Immature Cell:
(A) S or J shape
B. Matured Cell:
(A) Segmented (heterochromatic)
⑥ Cytoplasmic granules contain
A. Azurophilic granules: round shape, contain hydrolytic enzymes,
myeloperoxidase,
B. Specific granules: alkaline phosphatase, collagenase, phospholipase, lysozyme.
(2) Eosinophil granulocyte

① Function:
A. Inflammatory response
(A) Defense against parasites(antiparasitic) and allergy (cytotoxic) → allergic
reaction
② Ratio of leukocytes
A. 2-4 % of leukocytes
③ Size:
A. 14-16 μm
④ Shape of nucleus:
A. 2 lobes (Bilobuleted)
(A) (sometimes trilobulated)
⑤ Cytoplasmic granules contain
A. Acidophilic granules:
(A) MBP (major basic protein)
(B) ECP (eosinophil cationic protein)
(C) EPO (eosinophil peroxidase)
(D) EDN (eosinophil-derived neurotoxin)
B. Azurophilic granules:
(A) lysosomes
(3) Basophil granulocyte

① Function
A. Inflammatory response + Allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)
(A) 혈청·단백질 주사 등에 대한 과민증
(B) by having igE receptors
a. Immunoglobulin E produced during allergy
I. It is antibody produced by the immune system
② Ratio of leukocytes
A. 0.5% of leukocytes
③ Size
A. 13-15 μm
④ Shape of nucleus
A. Irregular shape (can be U/J shaped) BUT, not visible
(A) because of the Basophil granules which contains, histamine, heparan-
sulphate and Slowreacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)
⑤ Cytoplasmic granules (relatively large in size)
A. Specific granules: basophil- covers the nucleus, histamine, SRS-A, heparin-
sulphate/ metachromasia
B. Azurophilic granule: lysosomes
#11. Bone marrow (HE)
© Red bone marrow (HE) © 학교 Identification

1. 2 Function 1. Red Bone Marrow
(1) Produce 2. Endochondral ossification (ossification zones):
① Erythrocytes (1) bony spicules (in sponge bone are) [trabeculae 라고도함]
② Leukocytes ① are laid down in the formation of new bone matrix.
③ Thrombocytes 3. Skeletal muscle
❖ It is place where Hematopoiesis occur
(A) Process Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to other blood cells
(2) Store
① Fat
2. 2 types
(1) Red marrow (High vascular)
① Haematopoietically active (피를 생성해야하니까)
② Until 5th year, red marrow 는 all skeletal structure 에 있음
A. 시간이 지나면서 → restricted to
(A) central flat bones
a. cranial bone, clavicle, sternum, ribs, scapula, vertebra, pelvis
(B) proximal ends of long bones
a. Humerus & Femur
(2) Yellow marrow (Fat rich)
① High amount of adipocyte & mesenchymal stem cell
A. 나이에 따라, reticular cell 이 swollen 되면서 increase lipid uptake 함
② Mainly supportive connective tissue
A. This provide supporting structure for neurovascular structure that travel
cavitation
③ Very few dormant hematopoietic clusters
A. Can be reactivated when the erythrocyte is needed
4. Megakaryocyte
3. Bone type 5. Sinus
(1) Includes in Flat bone type 임
① vertebra, ribs, sternum, skull, pelvis 등이 있음
4. Consist
(1) Cells
① haemopoietic stem cell
A. stem cell produce blood cells
B. 0.02-0.05 % of cells in marrow
C. Division
(A) Stem cell
a. Potential to differentiate into multiple types of cells
b. Capable of unlimited self replication (self renewal)
(B) Progenitor cell
a. Lesser ability to self-renew (glial progenitor cell →neuron)
② Macrophage
A. In Stroma area ( ② 번항목에 기재)
B. It facilitates hematopoiesis by phagocytosing cellular debris
③ Adipocyte
④ Reticular cell (fibroblast-like cell)
A. produce type III collagen which forms reticulin
6. White (yellow) adipose tissue
(A) support Hematopoietic & adipocyte cells in marrow
7. Brown fat tissue
⑤ Megakaryocytes
8. Periosteum
A. Large bone marrow cell with a lobular shaped nucleus
9. Perichondrium
(A) responsible for the production of blood thrombocytes (platelets)
(2) Stroma: part of tissue with structural or connective role
① reticular loose connective tissue (reticulum cells 이 생성)
A. 이쪽에 hematopoietic island 가 있음
(A) Clusters of hematopoietic cell
B. 또한 macrophage 가 있음
(3) Sinuse: (**Sinusoid: endothelium-lined passages for blood in the tissue of an organ)
① Location
A. situated at a central part of a roundabout circulation
(A) such that nutrient arteries leave nutrient canal
② Thin endothelium
③ Very thin lamina basalis
A. discontinuous basement membrane
5. Blood supply (안해도될 듯)

(1) Nutrient artery (1 개) → supply bony cortex
(2) Nutrient veins (2 개)
▷ Travel through nutrient canals → enter bone marrow (아래 엑스트라임)
➢ each artery travels along the long axis of the bone in opposite directions.
➢ The vessels are twisted in their course around the central longitudinal vein and
venous marrow channels
6. Innervation (안해도될 듯)
(1) Sensory & autonomic innervation
(2) The nutrient canals + epiphyseal & metaphyseal foramina
① carry unmyelinated & myelinated nerve fibers to the bone;
A. 그리고, by extension, → to the marrow. (아래 안해도됨)
B. Some of these fibres serve as supply
(A) vasa nervosa
a. innervating the smooth muscle layer of the blood vessels
(B) haematopoietic tissue of the marrow.
# 12. Aorta (resorcin-fuchsin)
** Resorcin-fuchsin: stains elastic fibers more vividly
© Aorta
1. Aorta
(1) Has 3 main layers
① Tunica intima
A. Endothelial Layer with Basal Lamina
(A) Most internal layer, made up from endothelial cells (@ Basal Lamina)
B. Subendothelial Layer
(A) Loose connective tissue with some smooth muscle cells + collagen + Elastic
fibers
② Tunica media
A. Made up from 30-70 concentrically arranged
(A) elastic laminae
(B) smooth muscle cells
(C) some Circular Elastic Fibers, collagen fibers and fibrocytes (above 3 are
Not developed in Veins)
B. (In Muscular Artery-> 2 additional layers)
(A) Internal Elastic Lamina
a. Found b/w tunica intima and tunica media
(B) External Elastic Lamina
a. Found b/w tunica media and tunica adventitia
(C) + Fenestrated Elastic Lamina
a. Passage for Nutrients
③ Tunica Adventitia / externa
A. Outer layer
B. Poorly developed
C. Composed of
(A) Longitudinal Collagen Fibers
(B) Elastic fibers (Thin)
(C) Fibrocytes
(D) Vasa Vasorum
(E) Vascular Nerves (Peripheral Nerve) (above 5 are well developed in Veins)
#13. Artery and vein (HE)
Artery & Vein (HE)= 핑크
Artery & Vein (Orcein) = 빨강:
Orcein Staining may be used in histology procedures for the visualization of
 Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg),
 Elastic fibers
 Copper associated proteins.
 HBsAg appears as irregular shaped aggregates in the cytoplasmic region of the cells
#1 © Artery
#2© Veins
1. Artery 1. Veins
(1) Has 3 main layers (1) 3 layers
(2) Tunica intima ① Tunica Intima
① Endothelial Layer with Basal Lamina A. Endothelial Layer with Basal Lamina
A. Most internal layer, made up from endothelial cells (@ Basal Lamina) B. Subendothelial Layer
② Subendothelial Layer (A) At the border of the media-> incresing number of Elastic fibers
A. Loose connective tissue with some smooth muscle cells + collagen + Elastic ② Tunica Media
fibers A. Thin layer
(3) Tunica media B. Small amount of Saparsely located smooth muscle cells
① Made up from 30-70 concentrically arranged C. Collagen Fibers and Fibrocytes
A. elastic laminae ③ Tunica Adventitia
B. smooth muscle cells A. The widest layer of the veins
C. some Circular Elastic Fibers, collagen fibers and fibrocytes (above 3 are Not B. Rich in longutudinal collagen fiber bundles and elastic fibers
developed in Veins) C. In some large veins -> longitudinal smooth muscle cells
② (In Muscular Artery-> 2 additional layers) D. Found Vasa Vasorum
A. Internal Elastic Lamina (Not in vein)
(A) Found b/w tunica intima and tunica media (2) 특징
(B) Control size of sinus -> Blood Pressure ① Thinner Wall & Wider Lumen than Arteries
B. External Elastic Lamina ② Relatively Less Elastic component & Smooth Muscle ceslls
(A) Found b/w tunica media and tunica adventitia ③ More Connective Tissue Fibers
C. + Fenestrated Elastic Lamina ④ Tunica media is Poorly Developed
(A) Passage for Nutrients ⑤ Medium Sized veins: Venous Valves (Duplicatures of the Intima)
(4) Tunica Adventitia / externa ⑥ According to the presence of Internal Elastic Lamina we can define it as
① Outer layer Artery
② Poorly developed A. Internal elastic lamina control size of sinus -> blood pressure
③ Composed of (3) Types of Veins
A. Longitudinal Collagen Fibers ① Venules (less than 50 um diameter
B. Elastic fibers (Thin) ② Small and medium sized veins (1-9nm diameter)
C. Fibrocytes ③ Large veins (less than 1 cm diameter)
D. Vasa Vasorum
E. Vascular Nerves (Peripheral Nerve) (above 5 are well developed in Veins)
#14. Lymph node (HE)
#1 © Lymph Flow
1. Introduction
(1) 400-450 bean shaped organs
① Found along lymphatic vessels
② Located at vulnerable points of entry of pathogens
A. Cervical / axillary / inguinal / intraabdominal area / perihilar
(2) Covered by Capsule of dense connective tissue
(3) It is Secondary lymphoid organs
① Primary 는 1) red bone marrow & 2) Thymus Gland
(4) Important immune regulation & fat absorption
#2 © Composition of the lymph node
1. Composition of the lymph node

• Lymph node Capsule
① Collagenous capsule
• Trabeculae
② Branches of trabeculae stops at Medulla
(1) Cortex:
(2) Interfollicular region
① Outer Cortex
① Contains matured number of T cells
A. has lymphoid follicles or nodules
(A) Primary Lymphoid Follicle (No Germinal Center): (3) Paracortex (Inner Cortex)
a. Dormant lymphocytes throughout ① Contain mostly T- Cells
b. Absorb less histological stains then Secondary lymphoid follicle A. CD4+ & CD8+
I. Because fewer cell ② Absence of lymphoid Follicle / Venule
② Secondary Lymphoid Follicle (containing Germinal Centers) ③ Possess High Endothelial Venule
A. Follicular B cells proliferate into antibody secreting plasma cells A. Represent the entry point of circulating peripheral B-cells and T-cells into the lymph
B. Macrophages, together with Dendritic cells node
(A) Dendritic cell involved in initiation of immune response B. Made up of cuboidal endothelium
C. T- Cells (4) Medulla (deepest layer) -> subdivided in to
③ Germinal Center ① medullary cords
A. Dark zone A. Contain Reticular Fibers with many
(A) Contain Centro blasts (A) Plasma Cells
(B) Highly mitotic which can produce mutated antibodies (B) Macrophage
(C) Source cells for the light zone (C) T cells
B. Light Zone (D) B cells
(A) Contain centrocytes a. These cells are arranged in cord-like projections extending centrally from the
a. Interact with follicular dendritic cells para cortex
C. Mantle Zone ② medullary sinus
(A) Contain B cells A. Terminal continuations of the peripherally located cortical sinuses
(B) Follicular dendritic cells B. Culminate at the Hilum of the lymph node to form Efferent lymphatic vessels
(C) Occasionally helper T lymphocytes and macro phages C. Contain many Macrophages
(D) Mantle Zone has 2 ways D. Filled with plasma cells which are actively secret antibody
a. Cells matures into antibody secreting plasma cells and remain in the lymph
node
b. Transform into Memory B cells -> reenter the systemic circulation
#3 © Lymph Flow
1. Lymph flow
(1) Lymph flows into lymph nodes through afferent collecting lymphatic vessels →
(2) Afferent vessels deliver lymph to Subscapular sinus →
(3) Trabecular sinus →
(4) Lymph continues into Medullary sinus at the core of lymph node →
① This region contains B cells & Plasma cell
(5) Efferent lymphatic vessel leave the lymph node at Hilum
① These vessel collet lymph from medullary sinus & carry it toward the venous circulation
② Contains lots of T-lymphocytes & B-lymphocytes, - plasma cells and antibody
여기서부터!
!
#15. Thymus (HE)
© Thymus
1. Thymus
(1) Intro
① it is an encapsulated Primary Lymphoid organ
(2) Characteristic
① Has Connective Tissue Capsule that penetrates into parenchyma dividing into
Lobules
② NO Lymph Follicle
3
(3) Function
① plays an important function both in the immune system & endocrine system
A. for T lymphocytes maturation and differentiation
(A) T cells begin as hematopoietic precursors from the bone-marrow, and
migrate to the thymus, as thymocytes
(4) Lobules
① Each lobule has 3 regions
A. Subcapsular cortical (가장위에)
(A) Arranged as a continuous squamous sheath that follows the visceral contours
of the capsule
B. Cortex (Dark Zone)
(A) Area of T cell selection & Maturation
(B) 3 subtypes of epithelial cells
a. Squamous thymic epithelial reticular cells
I. are important in the formation of the thymus blood barrier along with
pericytes and vascular epithelium
b. Stellate thymic epithelial cells
I. form the cytoreticulum.
c. Other squamous thymic epithelial cells
I. form the corticomedullary barrier.
C. Medulla (Central Light zone)
(A) Area of T cell storage (Has more T lymphocytes in Darker zone)
(B) 3 subtypes of epithelial cells
a. squamous thymic cell
b. stellate thymic cells
c. Hassall’s Corpuscles
I. Secrete Cytokines that control activity of Local dendritic cell
II. formed from eosinophilic type VI epithelial reticular cells arranged
concentrically
(5) 나머지 정보는 이걸 보자

#16. Spleen (HE)
#1 © Spleen: Introduction
1. Introduction to Spleen
(1) Def:
① Non-Vital lymphoid organ
② Intraperitoneal organ
A. hilum of the spleen 파트만 peritoneum free
(2) Location
① located in posterior to stomach & inferior to the left hemidiaphragm (at level of 9-10th rib)
A. spleen inferiorly sits on left colic flexure
(3) Character
① is largest lymphoid organ
② is largest filter of blood in human body
③ it is NOT a vital organ and people can live without it.
(4) Function
① filtering blood,
② maintaining immune response balance and recycling iron.
③ reservoir for additional blood in situations of acute or chronic blood loss (such as bleeding
or anemia),
④ alternative site for hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells and platelets) outside of bone
marrow.
#2 © Spleen: Histology
#3 © Spleen: Blood Flow
2. Histological Feature 3. Spleen Blood Flow

➢ Covered by 1. Blood from the splenic artery enters the spleen through hilum →
① layer of visceral peritoneum
2. Artery divides into smaller branches called trabecular arteries that enter the splenic
(1) Splenic capsule
parenchyma
① Consist
3. Arteries branch(trabecular arteries) throughout the parenchyma decrease in size→
A. Dense irregular fibroelastic tissue
B. connective tissue of the capsule contains contractile cells called myofibroblasts 4. Eventually, smaller arterioles leave trabeculae entering the parenchyma and Small arterioles
(A) This cell help to discharge the blood stored within the spleen into the circulation are surrounded by PALS →
② Function of the capsule 5. The artery surrounded by Pals is called central artery →
A. allows the spleen to increase in size when necessary ① On a histology slide, PALS has a similar appearance to a lymphatic nodule
B. discharge a large amount of blood to contribute to the tissues oxygenation (during physical exercise) ② The only way to distinguish the two is by the presence of a central artery
(2) Stroma 여기서 3 개로 나뉨
① Composed of (1) Central artery sends (2) Central artery sends (3) Central artery sends
A. network of reticular connective tissue branches into branches as branches into
(A) This provides support for blood cells and cells of the immune system White pulp Penicillar arterioles Marginal zone
a. (lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells)
B. Trabeculae
(A) It is Several septae that capsule splits at the level of the hilum Capillaries are surrounded by clusters of macrophages and are called
(B) Trabeculae penetrate into the parenchyma of the spleen sheathed arterioles & Capillaries
(3) Parenchyma divided into 2 compartments
Enter Open Circulation Enter Closed Circulation
① Red pulp
A. occupies majority of the stromal tissue of the spleen. Flow into Flow directly in to
B. It consists of the Splenic cords Sinusoids in red pulp
(A) Cords of Billroth and enters sinusoid
a. consist of macrophages / monocyte, plasmocytes and blood cells. Vein Drainage
(B) splenic sinusoids From venous sinuses, the blood flows into trabecular veins →
a. filled with blood and give the red pulp a red appearance (빨간색으로 보이게함) → exits the spleen through the splenic vein
② White pulp
A. made of 3 compartments:
(A) Periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS)
a. Surrounds central artery (a branch of the splenic artery)
I. Here, the lymphoid tissue organized into two layers:
(I) inner layer
i. mainly composed of T lymphocytes which is why it is also called the T-zone.
(II) outer layer
i. has a more diverse cellular morphology, containing T and B lymphocytes.
(B) lymphatic follicles
a. 2 types of lymphatic follicles
I. Primary follicles
➢ consists mainly of small, immature lymphocytes
II. secondary nodules
➢ arise from primary follicles as the lymphocytes mature and increase in size.
➢ germinal center centrally positioned
i. it is site where lymphocytes mature and acquire the ability to produce antibodies.
ii. also contain follicular dendritic cells (FDC) which also increase in number after antigen activation.
iii.They support B lymphocytes, initiate and modulate their immune response.
(C) marginal zone
a. is at edge of the lymphatic follicles
b. contain different immune cells
#17. Palatine tonsil (HE)
© Palatine Tonsil
1. Tonsil 이란
(1) Def:
① masses of lymphoid tissue and form an important part of our immune system
located at the gateway of respiratory and digestive tract.
(2) Function
① They act as the first line of defense against ingested or inhaled pathogens.
(3) 4 types of tonsils (arranged into ring around Pharynx Palatine Tonsil: Anatomical Information
→ known as Waldeyer’s ring of lymphoid tissue
1. Palatine tonsils (우리 슬라이드임)
① Palatine tonsils (우리 슬라이드임)
(1) Location
A. stratified squamos nonkeratinized epithelium
① located between the palatoglossal arch anteriorly & the palatopharyngeal arch posteriorly
② lingual tonsil
② 즉, located in the isthmus of the fauces
A. stratified squamos nonkeratinized epithelium
A. It is space superiorly on the soft palate
③ pharyngeal tonsil
(2) Character
A. ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
① Attached to the wall by a fibrous capsule,
④ tubal tonsils
② Covered in stratified non-keratinized squamous epithelium on the pharyngeal side.
A. ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells
③ it is penetrated by 15-20 crypts.
A. The lumen of the crypts contain lymphocytes
2. Tonsil: Histological feature
(3) Blood Supply
(1) Characteristic
① Arterial supply from tonsillar branches of 5 arteries
① Tonsil is mass of lymphoid follicles supported on a connective tissue framework.
A. ascending palatine branch of the facial artery
A. Center of each follicles (nodule) is packed with lymphocyte → called germinal
center B. Tonsillar branch of the facial artery
C. Ascending pharyngeal branch of the external carotid artery
B. Germinal Center 란:
D. Dorsal lingual branch of the lingual artery
a. it is site where lymphocytes mature and acquire the ability to produce
E. Lesser palatine branch of the descending palatine artery
antibodies.
b. also contain follicular dendritic cells (FDC) which also increase in number ② Venous Drainage
after antigen activation. A. Drain to internal jugular vein via
c. They support B lymphocytes, initiate and modulate their immune (A) peritonsillar plexus of lingual vein
response. (B) pharyngeal veins.
② has Antigen presenting cells on their surface that alert their B & T cells, (4) Nerve Innervation
A. which are part of the adaptive immune response. ① arises from
B. B cell 은 produce antibodies → mainly IgA A. maxillary division (V2 division) of the trigeminal nerve (CN 5)
(A) which act to provide immune protection on mucosal surfaces. B. tonsillar branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN 9).
(A) The glossopharyngeal nerve also supply
(2) Histological structure a. taste to the posterior 1/3 tongue as well as sensation.
① Lymphoid Follicle
A. B cell dependent
B. Center of each follicle is packed filled with Lymphocytes
C. Interfollicular area
D. T cell dependent
② Crypts
A. It is pockets or folds that occur naturally in the tonsils
B. Average adult has 10-20 crypts
C. Lumen of crypts contain lymphocytes & bacterial cell
D. Narrow & deep in Palatine tonsil
(A) Lingual Tonsil 은: shallow & wide
③ Tonsilar Epithelium
A. It is luminal surfaces of tonsil coated with
(A) Stratified Non-Keratinized Squamous Epithelium
a. Stratum Basle
b. Stratum Polygonal
c. Stratum Planocellulare
B. Infiltrated Lymphocyte
(A) Lympho Recticular Tissue
(B) Secondary Lymphoid Nodules
(3) Other structures can be found
① Mucous Gland
② Striated Muscle
# 18. Lip (HE)
© Lip
1. Lip
(1) Function
① Close and open the oral fissure (long narrow opening)
(2) 3 common Layers
① 1st layer: Epidermis
A. Keratinized stratifies squamous Epithelium (Mucosal part 는 nonkeratinized 임)
② 2nd layer: Dermis
A. contain → hair follicles + sweat gland + sebaceous gland (지방)
③ 3rd layer: Hypodermis
A. loose connective tissue with many fat cells
(3) Divided in to 3partsby its position
• Cutaneous part
• Vemillion Zone
• Mucosal Part
① Cutaneous part
A. Location
(A) Ant. Surface of Lip
B. Characteristic
(A) Keratinized stratifies squamous Epithelium
(B) 1st: Stratum Basale (가장 안쪽) [mostly columnar & cuboidal]
a. 2nd: Stratum Polygonale
b. 3rd: Stratum Granulosum
c. 4th: Stratum Lucidum
d. 5th: Stratum Coreum (가장 바깥쪽)
(C) Contain
a. Hair follicles with sebaceous glands
b. Eccrine sweat glands
c. Skeletal muscle fibers inserted to the skin.
② Vermillion Zone (Rubor Labii)
A. Location
B. Traditional zone b/w Mucosal part & Cutaneous part
C. Characteristic
(A) 2 layers
a. Lamina Epithelialis Mucosae
I. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
II. Thin & transparent
b. Lamina propria mucosa
I. Composed of loose connective tissue
II. Contain rich network of Blood vessel & nerve endings
III. has High Connective tissue papillae (돌기)
(B) Under vermillion zone, → we can find dilated vessels (존나많음)
(C) Do not contain glands
③ Mucosal Part
④ Location
A. Post. surface of the lip, facing oral vestibule (입구)
B. Characteristic
(A) gNonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
a. 1st layer : Stratum Basale ( mostly columnar & cuboidal )
b. 2nd layer : Stratum Polygonale / Spinusum
c. 3rd layer : Stratum Plano cellulare ( mostly squamous )
(B) covered by the mucosa of the oral cavity
(C) contains labial salivary glands in its submucosal layer
(D) Lamina propria is rich in blood vessels
(4) Has Orbicularis oris Muscle

① Location
A. Below hypodermis
② Characteristic
A. It is Skeletal Muscle
(A) Covered on external surface by skin & on internal surface by Mucosa
(B) Skeletal Muscle encircling oral fissure forming the main substance of the lips
B. has peripheral Nerve
(A) covered by myelinated sheath
(B)
#19. Back of the tongue (HE)
© Dorsum of Tongue
1. Divided by the sulcus terminalis into an
(1) Oral part (Anterior two-thirds)
(2) Pharyngeal part (Posterior one-third)
2. Composed of
(1) Lingual papillae (samll projection)
(2) The epithelium of the pharyngeal part forms a irregular surface which covers the
lingual tonsils
(3) Stratified squamous epithelium (Surface)
3. Types of 4 papillae
(1) Filiform papillae
① Smallest and most numerous papillae
② Provide rough surface -> aid in the manipulation and processing of foods.
(2) Fungiform papillae
① Evenly spaced between the filiform papillae
② Connective tissue core is richly vascularised.
③ The epithelium is slightly thinner
(3) Circumvallate papillae
① Largest and Least numerous papillae (8 and 12)
② They occur in depressions of the surface of the tongue
③ Surrounded with a trench formed by the infolding of the epithelium
④ Taste buds are particularly numerous on the lateral surfaces of these papillae.
⑤ The excretory ducts of serous glands open into the trenches surrounding the
papillae
4. Lingual Aponeurosis
(1) Epithelium of the dorsal surface of tongue rests on a fairly dense layer of connective
tissue, which connects the epithelium firmly with the underlying muscular and
connective tissues.
5. Muscles of Tongu
(1) It is skeletal muscle (striated)
(2) Necessary motility to participate in the formation of speech and to aid in the initial
processing of foods.
(3) Cranial nerve innervation
(4)
#20. Circumvallate papilla (HE)
© Vallate Papillae
1. Largest and Least numerous papillae (8 and 12)
2. They occur in depressions of the surface of the tongue
3. Surrounded with a trench formed by the infolding of the epithelium
4. Taste buds are particularly numerous on the lateral surfaces of these papillae
(1) taste cells are modified epithelial cells that function as sensory receptors.
5. The excretory ducts of serous glands open into the trenches surrounding the papillae
6. Component
(1) Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamos epithelium
① Stratum Basle
② Stratum Polygonal
③ Stratum Planocellulare
(2) Taste bud
① In the medial walls of the cleft
② Contain epithelially derived taste receptor cells (sustentacular cells)
③ Secondary Sensory Epithelium
(3) Ebner's gland
① Purely Serous gland -> open into the cleft
A. Serous secretory and excretory portions
B. Striated muscle
#21. Parotid gland (HE)
Parotid gland (HE) [여기에 먼저 집중하자] © Anatomical Features of Parotid gland

1. purely serous gland 1. Parotid gland
(1) Secrets watery secretions rich in proteins (1) Character
① -> specimen is dark purple in color ① largest salivary glands.
2. Serous secretory portion (acinus) (2) Location
3. excretory duct system: ① located just in front of the ears.
(1) intercalated tubule ② posterior to the mandibular ramus and anterior to the mastoid process of the
(2) striated duct temporal bone
(3) interlobular duct (3) Function
4. adipocyte ① saliva produced in these glands
5. peripheral nerve A. secreted into the mouth from a duct near upper second molar
B. facilitate mastication and swallowing, and amylase to begin the digestion of
© Histology features of Parotid Gland starches.
1. Parotid Gland C. secretes alpha-amylase (also known as ptyalin)
(1) Def: (A) It enters the oral cavity via the parotid duct.
① It is exocrine gland, ② They produce 20% of the total salivary content in the oral cavity.
(2) Composed of (4) Parotid duct
① lobular system of branching ducts that are separated by connective tissue septa
① 2 major ducts arising from the parotid gland unite within the substance of the organ
A. intercalated tubule to form the parotid duct of Stensen.
B. striated duct
C. interlobular duct
(5) Innervation
(3) Characteristic
① Parasympathetic innervation + Sensory innervation
① surrounded by a dense connective tissue capsule.
A. From Inferior salivatory nucleus of Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN9)
② has a pseudocapsule arising from the deep investing layer of the cervical fascia.
B. Run through as lesser petrosal nerve,
(4) Function
C. Synapses on otic ganglion.
① produces watery, serous saliva as opposed to seromucous secretions like the other
D. The postganglionic secretomotor fibers that emerge from the otic ganglion reach
two major salivary glands, or mucous secretions like the minor glands.
the parotid gland via auriculotemporal nerve (a branch of the mandibular
(5) Cells division of the trigeminal nerve)
① Parotid gland is rich in serous cells, (A) auriculotemporal nerve is also responsible for carrying general visceral
A. which are pyramidal cells with circular nuclei. afferent (sensory) stimuli from the gland as well.
(A) rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules towards the apex
of the cells. (6) Blood supply
B. cells are tightly adhered to each other by tight junctions ① Artery
② cells are arranged in grape-like clusters known as serous acini (singular, “acinus”). A. branches of the external carotid artery
A. Which promotes hydrolysis of carbohydrates and protein abundant in proline (A) superficial temporal a.
a. supplies the superior aspect of the gland
(B) maxillary a.
a. supplies the medial aspect of the gland
B. transverse facial arteries
(A) arises off superficial temporal artery
② Venous drain
A. maxillary and superficial temporal veins drain deoxygenated blood from the
parotid gland.
B. The veins unite to form retromandibular vein → leaves the gland → it branches
into anterior and posterior counterparts.
(A) The anterior division of the retromandibular vein descends towards the apex
of the parotid gland, where it leaves the substance of the gland.
(B) The posterior branch of the retromandibular vein leaves the posterior border
of the parotid gland.
a. Here it may unite with the postauricular vein before draining into the
external jugular vein.
#22. Submandibular gland (HE)
1. Submandibular Gland
(1) Characteristic
① second of the three major head salivary glands
A. 1 등: parotid
B. 3 등: sublingual gland
② It is responsible for production of 70% of salivary output
(2) Location
① situated both superiorly and inferiorly to posterior aspect of the mandible in the
submandibular triangle of the neck
② it makes up part of the floor of the oral cavity
(3) Secretes
① Serous & Mucinous saliva
(A) 3:2 ratio 로 생성됨
2. Histology
(1) Histological Component
① Warthon’s duct [말안해도됨]
A. It connects gland with oral cavity
B. It opens at Lingual papilla
(A) It is found on lingual frenulum
(B) About 4 cm
② Mixed type gland
A. composed of mainly serous acini & Mixed acinus
(A) consist Mucus cells + Serous cells
a. Giannuzzi’s serous demilunes is serous cells at the distal end of mucous
③ Excretory duct system
A. Intralobular ducts
(A) Intercalated tubule & striated ducts
B. Interlobular (excretory ducts)
④ Lobules
A. Individual lobules are separated by Connective tissue septa
(2) Epithelium
① Mucous Epithelium
A. Lumen : wide
B. Nucleus : Wider & Flatter
② Serous Epithelium
A. Lumen : narrow
B. Nucleus : Round
③ Glannuzzi’s Epithelium
A. Combination of Mucous & Serous
#23. Sublingual gland (HE)
© Sublingual Gland
1. Intro
(1) Smallest of 3 major salivary glands
① parotid glands: Largest
② Submandibualr gland: 2nd largest
③ sublingual gland: smallest
2. Classification of gland
(1) Sublingual gland belong to both (아래 두개다 해당됨)
① Major Category
A. entire masses of secretory tissue with a single duct that connects the exocrine
glands with the oral cavity
② Minor Category
A. individual exocrine glands that secrete directly into the oral cavity via their own
individual ducts
3. Location
(1) Bilaterally in the floor of the mouth and within the sublingual folds
4. Characteristic
(1) Sublingual glands secrete entirely mucinous saliva (3-4% of all saliva production)
① Parotid gland 는 Serous & Mucinous sa liva (두개)
5. Composed of
(1) mixed salivary gland with prevailing mucous acini
① Contain large pyramidal mucous cells
(2) mucous acinus:
① serous cells:
A. serous demilune / Giannuzzi's demilune
(3) excretory duct system:
① intercalated tubule
② striated duct
③ intralobular duct
④ interlobular duct
⑤
# 24. Esophagus (HE)
© Esophagus
1. Composed of
(1) Tunica Mucosa
① Lamina Epithelialis Mucosae (Stratified Squamous non-keratinized epithelium)
A. 3 layers
(A) 1st layer : Stratum Plano Cellulare ( mostly squamous )
(B) 2nd layer : Stratum Polygonale / Spinusum
(C) 3rd layer : Stratum Basale ( mostly columnar & cuboidal )
② Lamina propria mucosa (connective tissue)
A. Cardiac-esophageal gland of Schaffer (Mucous Gland)
(A) Present in the uppermost and the lowermost segments
③ Lamina muscularis Mucosae (smooth muscle)
A. Present in the middle and lower segments
(2) Tunica Submucosa: Loose C-T containing 2 important structure ↓
① Proper esophageal gland (mucous gland)
A. Present throughout in the esophagus
② submucosal plexus of Meissner / Meissner’s plexus
A. nerve are derived from the myenteric plexus
(A) which itself is derived from the plexuses of parasympathetic nerves around
the superior mesenteric artery.
(3) Tunica muscularis / Muscular Coat (differ by level)
① Muscle layer differ by the position of the organ
A. In upper third level (continuation of inf. Pharyngeal constrictor)
(A) Striated Muscle
B. In the middle
(A) mixture of striated & smooth muscles
C. At the bottom
(A) Smooth Muscle
② Inner Circular layer (Stratum Circulare)
A. Myentric plexus / Auerbach’s plexus
(A) major nerve supply to the gastrointestinal tract and controls GI tract
motility (peristaltic movements)
(B) provides motor innervation to both layers of the muscular layer of the gut
(C) has parasympathetic and sympathetic input
③ outer Longitudinal layer (stratum longitudinale)
(4) Tunica Adventitia
① Loose connective tissue
#25. Stomach cardia (HE)
© Histology of the stomach cardia (esophageal-cardial junction)

1. At the esophageal-cardial junction, there’s an abrupt change in the epithelium:
(1) Has non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
25. Stomach cardia (HE)
2. Histological features of the stomach
(1) Tunica Mucosa: (has 3 thin layer/lamina)
① Lamina epithelialis mucosae: simple columnar epithelium.
A. Gastric pits:
(A) b/w adjacent gastric pit
(B) epithelium has folds (Villous fold) that create many gastric pits to increase
the surface area of the stomach.
② Lamina propria mucosae
A. contains numerous lymph follicles (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, MALT)
especially around gastroesophageal junction
B. small tubular mucous glands are found here
(A) Cardiac gland (Tubular glands)
C. composed of mostly longitudinal smooth muscle.
③ Lamina muscularis Mucosa
(2) Tunica Submucosa:
① containing the submucosal plexus (Meissner’s plexus)
(3) Tunica muscularis / Muscularis propria
① Innermost oblique muscular layer at some places.
② Inner Circular layer
A. has myenteric plexus / Auerbach's plexus (between the outer layer)
(A) portion of the enteric nervous system responsible for generating peristaltic
movements
(B) parasympathetic and sympathetic input
③ Outer Longitudinal layer
(4) Tunica Subserosa:
① Adipose tissue
(5) Tunica Serosa / Serous membrane:
① Lamina propria Serosa
A. Thinner layer
② Serosa lamina epithelium:
A. made up from mesothelial cells (visceral peritoneum)
3. Distinguishing between the 3 gastric parts:

(1) Cardia:
① often presented with the esophagus (esophageal-cardial junction) where an
abrupt change in epithelium occurs: from non-keratinized stratified squamous to
simple columnar.
② Also, it includes cardial glands
③ Gastric pits: numerous epithelial folds.
(2) Fundus and body:
① contain fundic and gastric glands proper
(3) Pylorus:
① contain pyloric glands
#26. Stomach fundus and corpus (HE)
© Stomach Fundus / Corpus

1. Location
# 25 번 토픽 Cardia: 관련된거
(1) Fundus located inferior to the diaphragm
① It is above and to the left of cardia
(2) Below the fundus is the Corpus (Body), the main part of the stomach. © Histology of the stomach cardia (esophageal-cardial junction)
① The funnel-shaped pylorus connects the stomach to the duodenum. 1. At the esophageal-cardial junction, there’s an abrupt change in the epithelium:
② The wider end of the funnel, the pyloric antrum, connects to the body of the (1) Has non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
stomach ① 25. Stomach cardia (HE)
2. Histological features of the stomach
2. Fundus Shape (1) Tunica Mucosa: (has 3 thin layer/lamina)
(1) dome-shaped fundus. ① Lamina epithelialis mucosae: simple columnar epithelium.
A. Gastric pits:
3. Histology of Fundus / Corpus (A) b/w adjacent gastric pit
(1) Has Large folds of the epithelium (B) epithelium has folds (Villous fold) that create many gastric pits to
(2) Layers increase the surface area of the stomach.
① Tunica mucosa / mucous membrane ② Lamina propria mucosae
A. 3 thin layer/lamina A. contains numerous lymph follicles (mucosa-associated lymphoid
(A) lamina epithelialis mucosae: tissue, MALT) especially around gastroesophageal junction
(B) Lamina propria mucosae B. small tubular mucous glands are found here
(C) Lamina muscularis Mucosa (A) Cardiac gland (Tubular glands)
B. gastric pit (Foveola Gastrica) C. composed of mostly longitudinal smooth muscle.
C. fundic gland: (27 번 토픽 Pylorus 에는 pyloric gland 가 있음) ③ Lamina muscularis Mucosa
(A) parietal cell / oxyntic cell (D cell) (2) Tunica Submucosa:
(B) chief cell / peptic cell / zymogenic cell ① containing the submucosal plexus (Meissner’s plexus)
② Tunica Submucosa:
(A) submucous plexus / Meissner's plexus(if present) (3) Tunica muscularis / Muscularis propria
③ Tunica Muscularis / Muscular coat: ① Innermost oblique muscular layer at some places.
A. inner circular layer ② Inner Circular layer
(A) has myenteric plexus / Auerbach's plexus (between the outer layer) A. has myenteric plexus / Auerbach's plexus (between the outer layer)
a. portion of the enteric nervous system responsible for generating (A) portion of the enteric nervous system responsible for generating
peristaltic movements peristaltic movements
b. parasympathetic and sympathetic input (B) parasympathetic and sympathetic input
B. outer longitudinal layer ③ Outer Longitudinal layer
④ Tunica adventitia (4) Tunica Subserosa:
A. connective tissue covering Stomach ① Adipose tissue
(A) Mesothelium (말안해도 될 듯)
(5) Tunica Serosa / Serous membrane:
a. simple squamous epithelium
① Lamina propria Serosa
A. Thinner layer
② Serosa lamina epithelium:
A. made up from mesothelial cells (visceral peritoneum)
3. Distinguishing between the 3 gastric parts:

(1) Cardia:
① often presented with the esophagus (esophageal-cardial junction) where
an abrupt change in epithelium occurs: from non-keratinized stratified
squamous to simple columnar.
② Also, it includes cardial glands
③ Gastric pits: numerous epithelial folds.
(2) Fundus and body:
① contain fundic and gastric glands proper
(3) Pylorus:
① contain pyloric glands
# 27. Stomach pylorus (HE)
© Pylorus
1. Anatomy
(1) Def:
① Stomach Pylorus part represents outflow section of the stomach passing stomach
contents into the duodenum.
(2) Division
① Pyloric antrum
A. Pylorus connected to the stomach
② Pyloric canal
A. Pylorus connected to the duodenum.
B. 내용물들이 enter into the duodenum via the pyloric orifice
(A) opening and closing of which are controlled by the pyloric sphincter (pylorus)
which is circular layer of smooth muscle.
(B) Histology
(3) Main layers
① Tunica mucosa / mucous membrane
A. 3 thin layer/lamina
(A) lamina epithelialis mucosae:
(B) Lamina propria mucosae
(C) Lamina muscularis Mucosa
B. gastric pit (Foveola Gastrica)
C. pyloric glands: (26 번 토픽 fundus 에는 fundic gland 가 있음)
(A) secrete mucus → coat stomach and protects it from self-digestion
(B) has G cell (gastrin) & D cell (somatostatin)
② Tunica Submucosa:
A. submucous plexus / Meissner's plexus(if present)
B. No glad presents
(A) 하지만, duodenum 에는 그들 고유의 gland 가 있음
③ Tunica Muscularis / Muscular coat:
A. inner circular layer
(A) has myenteric plexus / Auerbach's plexus (between the outer layer)
a. portion of the enteric nervous system responsible for generating
peristaltic movements
b. parasympathetic and sympathetic input
(B) Extreme thickening happens in pyloric sphincter m.
a. circular layer of smooth muscle.
B. outer longitudinal layer
④ Tunica adventitia
A. connective tissue covering Stomach
(A) Mesothelium (말안해도 될 듯)
a. simple squamous epithelium
(4) Pyloric canal
① Pylorus connected to the duodenum duodenum
A. 내용물들이 enter into the duodenum via the pyloric orifice
(A) Duodenum:
a. has intestinal gland (Lieberkühn's crypt)
b. has duodenal gland / Brunner's gland (special feature)
#28. Duodenum (HE)
© Duodenum
© Introduction
1. Histology
(1) 3 layers 1. Introduction: Anatomy
① Tunica Mucosa (1) Def:
A. 3 thin layer / lamina ① 1st part of 3 parts of the small intestine
B. lamina epithelialis mucosae: (2) Function:
(A) Lamina propria mucosae
① receives partially digested food from the stomach
a. Epithelia of the villi extend down into form crypts (Lieberkühn's crypt)
② begin absorption of nutrients.
b. Lamina muscularis Mucosa
(3) Location
c. It is pierced by excretory duct of Brunner's gland in Tunica sub mucosa
① It is directly attached to the pylorus of the stomach.
C. Intestinal Villi
② It has a C-shape
(A) ↳ covered by simple columnar epithelium
③ it is closely related to the head of the pancreas
a. approx. 1-mm-tall finger-like projections of the mucous membrane into
(4) Consists of 4 sections:
the lumen
① Superior part
(B) has intraepithelial lymphocytes
(C) made up of enterocyte ② Descending part
a. simple columnar epithelial cells ③ Horizontal part
b. line inner surface of small & large intestines ④ Ascending part
(D) has goblet cell (5) 3 layers (hollow organs of gastrointestinal tract 들은 모두 유사함)
a. secrete mucin into intervillous space ① Tunica mucosa
I. lubrication & protection of intestine A. 3 thin layer/lamina
(E) has Intestinal Gland (Lieberkühn's crypt) (A) lamina epithelialis mucosae
a. found in b/w villi in the intestinal epithelium lining of intestine (B) Lamina propria mucosae
b. has Paneth cells
c. secretory epithelial cells → produce dense granules ② Tunica submucosa
(I) defense against microbes ③ Tunica muscularis
② Tunica Submucosa A. inner circular layer
A. composed of Duodenal Gland (=Brunner's Gland) B. outer longitudinal layer
(A) produce mucous, bicarbonate-rich fluid (6) Special features
a. this inhibit HCl acid secretion of parietal cells in stomach ① duodenum 에는 그들 고유의 gland 들이 있음
(B) only gland found in Duodenum A. duodenal gland / Brunner's gland (special feature)
(C) located mainly in proximal duodenum (끝으로 갈수록 줄어듬) B. intestinal gland (Lieberkühn's crypt) [애는 common 한놈]
③ Tunica Muscularis
A. Inner Circular layer
B. has myenteric plexus / Auerbach plexus
c. Outer longitudinal layer
④ Tunica Serosa (intraperitoneal 일때 serosa 라고함 / extra 일땐 propria)
A. Composed of
(A) lamina propria serosae
(B) lamina epithelialis serosae (mesothelium)
a. Simple squamous epithelium
b. Lining abdominal cavity
(C) retroperitoneal duodenum 은 Tunica Adventia 라고함!
(2) Special features
① duodenum 에는 그들 고유의 gland 들이 있음
A. duodenal gland / Brunner's gland (special feature)
B. intestinal gland (Lieberkühn's crypt) [애는 common 한놈]
#29. Jejunum (HE)
**다른 staining method: (H+PAS): to visualize Goblet cells (red / deep purple) & cell nuclei are blue
© Jejunum
© Introduction
1. Histology
(1) 3 layers
1. Introduction: Anatomy
① Tunica Mucosa
(1) Def:
A. 3 thin layer / lamina
① middle of the 3 parts of the small intestine b/w duodenum and ileum
(A) lamina epithelialis mucosae
(2) Blood supply
a. simple columnal epithelium
① Jejual arteirs
a. contains crypts of Lieberkuhn (3) Innervation
(C) Lamina muscularis Mucosa ① celiac and superior mesenteric plexus together with the vagus nerve
B. has Intestinal Villi (4) Function:
(A) ↳ covered by simple columnar epithelium ① plays an important role for digestion as 40% of the whole small
a. approx. 1-mm-tall finger-like projections of the mucous membrane into intestine is jejunum
the lumen ② Absorb water and nutrients.
(B) has intraepithelial lymphocytes (5) 3 layers (hollow organs of gastrointestinal tract 들은 모두 유사함)
(C) made up of enterocyte ① Tunica mucosa
a. simple columnar epithelial cells A. 3 thin layer/lamina
b. line inner surface of small & large intestines (A) lamina epithelialis mucosae
(D) has goblet cell a. simple columnal epithelium
a. secrete mucin into intervillous space (B) Lamina propria mucosae
I. lubrication & protection of intestine a. contains crypts of Lieberkuhn
(E) has Intestinal Gland (Lieberkühn's crypt)
B. intestinal villi
a. found in b/w villi in the intestinal epithelium lining of intestine
② Tunica submucosa
b. has Paneth cells
③ Tunica muscularis
c. secretory epithelial cells → produce dense granules
i. defense against microbes
② Tunica Submucosa
A. composed of Jejunal Gland ( NO Brunner’s Gland → Duodenum 에만!!)
A. 있음
(A) intestinal gland (Lieberkühn's crypt) [애는 common 한놈]
(A) has myenteric plexus / Auerbach plexus B. 없음
a. portion of the enteric nervous system responsible for generating (A) Brunner’s gland (duodenum)
peristaltic movements (B) Peyer’s patch (ileum)
B. Outer longitudinal layer
A. Composed of
A. 있음
(A) intestinal gland (Lieberkühn's crypt) [애는 common 한놈]
B. 없음
(A) Brunner’s gland (duodenum)
(B) Peyer’s patch (ileum)
# 30. Ileum (HE)
© Ileum
1. Histology © Introduction
(1) layers
① Tunica Mucosa 1. Introduction: Anatomy
A. is 3 thin layer / lamina (1) Def:
(A) lamina epithelialis mucosae ① last part of 3 parts of the small intestine
a. simple columnal epithelium ② open into large intestine by the ileocecal valve
(2) Characteristic
a. contains crypts of Lieberkuhn
① very rich in lymphoid follicles
② attached to the abdominal wall by the mesentery
B. has Intestinal Villi (shorter than in other regions of small intestine)
(3) blood supply:
(A) ↳ covered by simple columnar epithelium
① Ileal arteries
a. approx. 1-mm-tall finger-like projections of the mucous membrane into
the lumen (4) Innervation
(B) has intraepithelial lymphocytes ① coeliac and superior mesenteric plexus
(C) made up of enterocyte (5) 3 layers (hollow organs of gastrointestinal tract 들은 모두 유사함)
a. simple columnar epithelial cells ① Tunica mucosa
b. line inner surface of small & large intestines A. 3 thin layer/lamina
(D) has goblet cell (A) lamina epithelialis mucosae
a. secrete mucin into intervillous space a. simple columnal epithelium
I. lubrication & protection of intestine
a. contains crypts of Lieberkuhn
(E) has Intestinal Gland (Lieberkühn's crypt)
a. found in b/w villi in the intestinal epithelium lining of intestine
B. intestinal villi
b. has Paneth cells
c. secretory epithelial cells → produce dense granules
i. defense against microbes
② Tunica Submucosa B. outer longitudinal layer
A. composed of Peyer’s patch ( NO Brunner’s Gland → Duodenum 에만!!) (6) Special features
(A) is group of lymphoid follicles (약 300 개) ① 있음
a. One patch is 2- 5 cm A. Peyer’s patch (ileum)
b. The dome-like bulge above one follicle is called dome area B. intestinal gland (Lieberkühn's crypt) [애는 common 한놈]
I. M cells (microfold cells) are found in the dome epithelium ② 없음
(B) function is to pick up antigens from intestinal lumen & transport to the A. Brunner’s gland (duodenum)
antigen-presenting cells (APC)
(C) its center is called Germinal center:
a. place where mature B cells proliferate
(A) has myenteric plexus / Auerbach plexus
B. Outer longitudinal layer
A. Composed of
① 있음
A. Peyer’s patch (ileum)
B. intestinal gland (Lieberkühn's crypt) [애는 common 한놈]
② 없음
A. Brunner’s gland (duodenum)
③
#31. Large intestine (HE)
© Large Intestine © Introduction

1. Histology
(1) Special feature 1. Introduction: Anatomy
① lack of villi (1) Def:
A. circular fold (plicae circularis) ① Also known as colon
B. lacks Paneth cells (in adults)
② last part of the gastrointestinal tract.
② crypts of Lieberkühn are deeper in the colon (in Lamina propria)
③ Spanning the abdominal & pelvic cavities
A. contain Abundant goblet cells
A. length of approximately 1.5m
③ aggregated lymphatic follicles (folliculi lymphatici aggregati) (2) Function
A. they are within lamina propria mucosae
. ① It is place where stool forms (똥)
(2) Layers A. by absorption of water
① Tunica mucosa ② store microflora that is essential for our survive
A. Lamina epithelialis mucosae (3) 8 parts
(A) simple columnar epithelium ① Cecum
B. Lamina propria mucosae ② Appendix
(A) is loose connective tissue, ③ Ascending colon
(B) this region is rich in solitary lymphoid nodules ④ Transverse colon
a. found as a complete ring in the wall of the appendix ⑤ Descending colon
b. →this intestinal gland is called crypts of Lieberkühn
⑥ Sigmoid colon
I. contain Abundant goblet cells & adsorptive cells
⑦ Rectum
II. contain small number of enterendocrine cells
⑧ Canal
(I) enterendocirne cell: coordination of food digestion and absorption,
(4) Blood supply:
insulin secretion and appetite
C. Lamina muscularis Mucosa ① Midgut: superior mesenteric artery
(A) smooth muscle cells ② Hindgut: inferior mesenteric artery
(5) Innervation
① Enteric nervous system:
A. loose connective tissue
A. Meissner and Auerbach plexuses
B. submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus (parasympathetic + sympathetic)
② Sympathetic & parasympathetic:
(A) derived from myenteric plexus
A. aortic, celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, hypogastric nervous plexuses
(B) regulates the configuration of the luminal surface
(C) controls glandular secretions
(D) alters electrolyte and water transport
(E) regulates local blood flow
(A) has myenteric plexus / Auerbach plexus
(A) Teniae coil
a. group of three thick longitudinal bands
I. 1. Mesocolic tenia / 2. Omental tenia / 3. Free tenia
b. Tenjae coil contract lengthwise to form Haustra
I. Allows Peristaltic and segmental movements
④ Tunica Adventitia or Serosa
A. Tunica adventitia → only in part that are Not enveloped by peritoneum
(A) Exteraperitoneal organ: cecum + Ascending colon + descending colon
(B) outermost layer: loose CT
B. Tunica serosa → only in intraperitoneal part
(A) Intraperitoneal organ: Transverse colon + sigmoid colon
(B) Simple Squamous Epithelium (mesothelium)
(C) Thin C-T sublayer (lamina propria serosa)
a. Epiploic appendices are adipose structures protruding from the serosal
surface of the large intestine.
(3) Special Feature
① There are no villi or plicae circul ares in the large intestine.
# 32. Vermiform appendix (HE)
© vermiform appendix
1. Introduction
(1) General structure is similar to large intestine
① But it contains fewer & shorter intestinal glands
② Also there is no teniae coli
(2) appendices epiploicae / appendices omentales
① it’s serosa covered appendages containing adipose tissue
2. Tunica mucosa
(1) Lamina epithelium mucosae
① No intestinal villi
② Simple columnar epithelium
(2) Lamina propria mucosa
① Intestinal gland
② Paneth cells
③ Crypts of Lieberkuhn are present here
A. It secretes intestinal juice
B. Lots of goblet cells here
(3) Lamina muscularis mucosa
3. Tunica submucosa
(1) Aggregated lymphatic follicles are found here
① which make complete ring in submucosa & lamina propria
② in case of intestine, Peyer’s patches are arranged along antimesenteric side
(2) Microfold cells (M cells)
① Are located above the follicle, replacing enterocytes
4. Tunica muscularis
(1) Outer, stratum longitudinale
(2) Inner, stratum circulare
(3) Between 2 layer, there is myenteric plexus of Auerbach
5. Serosa
(1) Lamina propria serosa
(2) Lamina epithelialis serosa
① It’s mesothelium
② Produce the lubricating fluid
©Anatomy of vermiform appendix

1. Veriform appendix
(1) Continuous with posteromedial end of cecum
(2) Lymphoid organ containing lots of lymphoid follicles
(3) Intraperitoneal
(4) Has its own Mesoappendix
(5) Has own vessel, appendicular A
# 33. Anal canal (HE)
© Zones of anal canal © Anatomy of anal canal

1. Zona columnaris 1. features
(1) mucous membrane forms series of longitudinal folds (1) Anal columns
① it’s the rectal columns of Morgagni ① Perpendicular, paralleled fold
(2) between anal columns, there are anal sinuses ② Formed by mucous membrane
(3) simple columnar epithelium ③ Its In superior half
(4) intestinal gland ④ Contain hermorrhoidal vessels
① goblet cell A. Rectal A & V terminal part
(2) Anal valve
• Pectinate line between these 2 zones ① End of column
② Epithelium transition line
2. zona intermedia / zona haemorrhoidalis ③ From simple columnar to stratified squamous epithelium
(1) non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium ④ Lie on pectinate line
(2) plexus of wide veins (3) Anal sinuses
(3) internal anal sphincter muscle ① Superior to valves
① smooth muscle
• Anocutaneous line between 2 zones
3. zona cutanea
(1) keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
(2) merocrine sweat gland
(3) apocrine sweat gland (circumanal gland)
(4) holocrine sebaceous gland
(5) external anal sphincter
① skeletal muscle
② innervated by pudendal N
(6) hair follicles are presented too
© Glands
1. Sebaceous Glands
(1) oil secreting gland
(2) Type of Holocrine gland :
① entire secretory cells transform in secretion
② product is secreted with the remnants of a dead cell
A. Stem cells (arrows) in the base of the gland
(3) Function:
① Secrete a substance called SUBUM ( mixture of fatty substance)
A. Oily or waxy substance
(4) Location:
① Dermis (middle layer of skin → stratum reticulare)
A. Develop from external root sheath of hair follicle
(A) Open up into upper part of hair follicle (Infudibulum)
② Lips ( Pars cutanea) with hair follicle
③ Anal canal (Cutaneous part)
④ Eyelids (Cutaneous part)
A. Common sebaceous gland
(A) Glands of Zeis
a. at margin of eyelid
B. Modified sebaceous gland 로 존제함 →
(A) Tarsal gland / Gland of Meibom
a. Inner surface of eyelids (b/w tarsi and conjunctiva)
(B) Tyson's glands on the foreskin
(C) glands of the labium minus on vagina
(D) rare ectopic glands of the upper lip (”Fordyces spots”)
(E) glands on the nipple and the areola
2. Apocrine Sweat Glands
(1) Wider lumen & Simple coiled tubules than Eccrine lumen
(2) Type of Apocrine mechanism
① Apical portion pinches off
② Basal portion survives
A. Ex) release of lipid component of secretion in lactating mammary gland
(A) discharge of the secretion product with part of the cytoplasm
(3) Location
① Develop in areas abundant in hair follicles
② Ducts empty into hair follicles
③ Mainly found in armpits and perianal area
(4) Function:
① Secrete viscous substance → contain Proteins & Fatty acids
A. Bacterioal decomposition
② Controlled by sex hormones → only become active at puberty
③ Responsible for body order (페르몬)
(5) Portion
① Secretory portion
A. Single layer of secretory cells with outer layer of myoepithelial cells
② Excretory portion
③ Excretory ducts open into hair follicles
A. Comprise
(A) Body
a. Coiled tubuloalveolar with sac-shaped outpokects
I. Lined by cuboidal and columnar epithelial cells
(B) Excretory duct
a. Lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
b. Myoepitheliall cells surround the tubolo-alveoli
I. Expel secretory product into the excretory duct
(6) Sites
① common apocrine sweat glands on specific sites
A. glands of armpit
B. circumanal glands (”odoriferous glands”) in anus (Cutaneous zone)
C. ciliary glands (Moll’s glands) in Eye Lid
D. ceruminous glands (wax-secreting glands in the ear canal)
② modified apocrine sweat glands (i.e. they open freely from hair follicles)
③ mammary glands (Lipid component) 프로틴은 Merocrine secretion 임
3. Eccrine sweat gland

(1) Type of Merocrine mechanism
① secretion product is present in granules surrounded by membranes, and it is
released by exocytosis.
A. E.g.: salivary glands
(2) Structure
① Simple coiled tubular glands
② Secretory part lies coiled in Dermis
③ Duct opens in port at Skin’s surface (open directly onto the surface of skin)
(3) Location
① found all over the body
(4) Function
① Secrete watery substance contain water & sodium chloride
② Responsible for colling of body
A. Have Cholinergic innervation
(A) Allow to be thermoregulatory
(5) Portion
① secretory portion
A. found in deep within dermis
B. comprise 2 types of secretory cells
(A) Clear cells
a. Produce electrolytes and water
(B) Dark cells
a. Release macromolecular substances found in sweat
** either cuboidal or pyramidal in shape
** most visible in PAS (periodic acid Schiff) stain
② excretory portion (Duct portion)
A. comprise 2 layers of cuboidal epithelial cells
(A) appear dark with histological staining
(B) Duct cell contains SER, Golgi apparatus, Microtubules
# 34. Liver (HE)
1. hepatic lobule
(1) It is demarcated with septa
(2) Looks hexagonal in section
(3) At angles, there are portal triads
(4) There is central V in center
① It receives mixedd blood from sinus
② Drained by sublobular V
(5) Hepatocyte
① constitute a network of plates,
A. along which the sinuses converge upon the central vein
(6) hepatic sinus
(7) central vein
① center of hepatic lobule
② It receives mixedd blood from sinus
③ Drained by sublobular V
2. portal triad:
(1) located at angle of hepatic lobule
(2) Interlobular A
① Carry oxygenated blood to hepatocytes
② Perilobular A
(3) Interlobular V
① Carry deoxygenated blood from small intestine
② Perilobular V
(4) Interlobular bile duct
① Carry bile product away from hepatocytes
② Canal of Hering
3. Venous blood
(1) from GI tract drains to hepatic portal V
(2) Then to portal venule of hepatic lobule
(3) This drains to hepatic sinusoid
(4) Then to central V
© Anatomy of liver
1. Liver
(1) Is composed of 4 lobes
① Right lobe
② Left lobe
A. Border between right & left lobe : imaginary line
connecting gallbladder and IVC
③ Quadrate lobe
A. Above porta hepatis
B. separated by porta hepatis, IVC, venosum lig.
④ Caudate lobe
A. Below porta hepatis
B. separated by gallbladder, porta hepatis, roung lig.
(2) It is classified into 3 kinds of histological lobules
① Classic hepatic lobule
② Portal lobule
③ Hepatic acinus
(3) features
① Receives unique dual blood supply from both A & V
A. Microcirculation
(A) right & left hepatic A
a. from nutritive circulation
b. carry oxygenated blood to liver
(B) portal V
a. from functional circulation
b. carries venous but nutrient-rich blood from GI tract to liver
I. cause it already has supplied small intestine, pancreas, spleen
(C) both hepatic A & portal V go to hepatic sinus & mixed
a. then goes to central V, then to sublobar V
b. this drains to hepatic V
(D) hepatic V then drains into IVC
B. as an exocrine gland, it produces bile
② bile flows in the opposite direction to blood
(A) blood: centripetally (toward the central vein)
(B) bile: centrifugally
③ bile duct runs in the portal space, as well
④ hepatic parenchymal cells (hepatocytes) constitute a network of plates,
2. Classic hepatic lobule

① Interlobular A
A. Perilobular A
② Interlobular V
A. Perilobular V
③ Interlobular bile duct
A. Canal of Hering
① It receives mixed blood from sinus
3. Portal lobule
(1) Unit of exocrine gland
4. Hepatic acinus
(1) Biochemical-pathological unit
# 35. Liver (Ag)
© silver staining : to detect reticular fibers

1. hepatic lobule
(5) Hepatocyte
(6) hepatic sinus
(7) central vein
2. portal triad:
(2) Interlobular A
② Perilobular A
(3) Interlobular V
② Perilobular V
② Canal of Hering
3. Venous blood
# 36. Liver (Kupffer)
1. Kupper cells
(1) It’s sinusoidal macrophage
① Macrophage engulf particles of vital dye
(2) Green colored
2. hepatic lobule
(5) Hepatocyte
(6) hepatic sinus
(7) central vein
3. portal triad:
(2) Interlobular A
② Perilobular A
(3) Interlobular V
② Perilobular V
② Canal of Hering
4. Venous blood
5.
# 37. Gallbladder (HE)
© layers
1. Tunica mucosa
(1) Lamina epithelialis
① Simple columnar epithelium
② Together with Microvilli
A. To increase surface
(2) Lamina propria
① Consist of loose CT
② Small tubule-alveolar mucous glands are present near neck of bladder
(3) Mucous membrane is thrown into many folds, which subdivides into other small folds
(1) It is irregular network of smooth muscle fibers
(2) Its traversed by elastic fibers & CT septa
3. Tunica serosa
(1) Mesothelium
① Simple squamous epithelium
(2) Lamina propria serosa
① Thin CT sublayer
4. Tunica adventitia
(1) Region is not enveloped by peritoneum
(2) Outermost layer is loose CT
© Biliary system
1. Intrahepatic bile duct
(1) Begin at bile canaliculi between hepatocytes
① Tiny channel opened through short canals of Hering into interlobular bile duct
A. That unite to dorm large bile ducts
② Larger bile ducts accompany hepatic vessels & empty into right & left hepatic duct
A. Arised from right & left lobes of liver
B. Receives right duct of caudate lobe & left duct of caudate lobe
2. Extrahepatic bile duct

(1) Right & left hepatic duct unite to form common hepatic duct, near porta hepatis
① Common hepatic duct
A. is initial part of extrahepatic duct system
B. 4-6cm long
C. Contained within hepatoduodenal ligament
(2) Common hepatic duct receives cystic duct to form common bile duct
(3) Bile duct initially lies in hepatoduodenal ligament
① before traveling behind superior part of duodenum to medial side of descending part
of duodenum
② at here, pancreatic duct joins with opening on major duodenal papilla
(4) before the junction with pancreatic duct,
① bile duct is surrounded by sphincter of bile duct
② junction of 2 ducts often expanded to form hepatopancreatic ampulla
A. it has it’s own sphincter of ampulla
# 38. Pancreas (HE)
©
1. Pancreas
(1) Predominantly exocrine gland
(2) Endocrine part consist of pancreatic islets
(3) Fibrous capsule surrounding pancreas send septa into interior of organ
1. exocrine pancreas:
(1) is purely serous
(2) it’s secretory unit, acini, contain polarized epithelial cells
(3) acinus
① centro-aciner cell
(4) excretory duct system:
① intercalated tubule
② intralobular duct
③ interlobular duct
(5) special features
① there are no myoepithelial cells
② there are no striated ducts
(6) properties
① compound, alveolar gland
② purely serous, secreting digestive enzyme
2. endocrine pancreas:
(1) Langerhans islet
① Insulin & glucagon secretion
© Anatomy of pancreas
1. Introduction
(1) Retroperitoneal organ
① Transverse mesocolon passes along anterior surface of it’s head & body
② Root of mesocolon divides it’s anterior surface
③ into anterosuperior & anteroinferior surface
④ Peritoneal relation
A. Lies on posterior wall of omental bursa
B. Anterior surface
C. Covered by parietal peritoneum
(2) Exocrine pancreas
① Predominant
② Produce digestive enzyme
③ Purely serous
④ Draining secretory unit : long intercalated duct
A. Begin within acini & form 1st part of excretory duct system
B. Drains into larger excretory duct
(A) It ultimately unite to form pancreatic duct
(3) Endocrine pancreas
① Insulin & glucagon secretion
② Consist of pancreatic islets
2. Parts of pancreas
(1) Head
① on right side
② Embedded in curvature of duodenum
③ Has uncinate process
A. It Passes behind Superior mesenteric A & V
④ Between head & uncinate process, pancreatic notch
(2) Neck
(3) Body
① Between neck & body, pancreatic incisure
② Has omental tuberosity
A. it extends to omental bursa
(4) Tail
① Points toward hilum of spleen
3. Ducts
(1) Pancreatic duct
① Runs in posterior surface
② Begins in tail, pass right through the body
③ Enters head & turns inferiorly
④ Joins bile duct
(2) Main pancreatic duct
① Opens into duodenum at major duodenal papilla together with common bile duct
② Controlled by Oddi’s sphincter
(3) Accessory pancreatic duct
① Opens into duodenum at minor duodenal papilla
(4) Hepato pancreatic papilla
① Pancreatic duct + bile duct
② Enters descending duodenum at major duodenal papilla
③ Surrounded by sphincter of ampulla
# 39. Trachea (HE)
© Layers
1. Tunica mucosa / mucous membrane
(1) lamina epithelialis
① characterization of this covering epithelium
② pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
③ goblet cells
A. intraepithelial unicellular gland
B. secrete mucin
C. create protective mucus layer
④ endocrine cells
(2) lamina propria
① loose CT
② lymphocytes
③ plasma cells
A. differentiated B-lymphocyte
B. capable of secreting immunoglobulin, or antibody
④ mast cells
A. contribute to homeostasis in immune system
⑤ eosinophil granulocytes
2. tunica submucosa
(1) loose CT
(2) tracheal gland
① seromucous glands
A. secrete mucin
3. tunica fibro-musculo-cartilaginea
(1) anular ligament
① Links tracheal ring
(2) trachealis muscle
① in membranous wall
② characterization of smooth muscle
(3) Hyaline cartilage
4. tunica adventitia
(1) connective fibers
(2) vessels
(3) nerves
© Anatomy of trachea
1. Introduction
(1) 10-12cm long tube
(2) consist of cartilage & fibromuscular membrane
2. Parts of trachea
(1) Cervical part
① From cricoid cartilage at level of C6
② To thoracic inlet
(2) Thoracic part
① From thoracic inlet
② To trachea bifurcation at level of T4-5
③ In superior mediastinum
④ Behind the sternum & great vessels
3. Wall of trachea
(1) Made up of 16-20 C-shaped tracheal ring
① Hyaline cartilages
② Reinforce anterior & lateral walls of trachea
③ Linked together by annular ligament
(2) Tracheal cartilages are closed to form a ring by membranous wall
① Along posterior wall of trachea
② It’s a plate of connective tissue containing smooth muscle
4. Closely related to esophagus

(1) Runs behind trachea
(2) Esophageo-tracheal groove with inferior recurrent laryngeal N
(3) Has thyroid glands on upper 2 sides
(4) Left brachial V passes in front
5. Trachea bifurcates into Right & Left Main bronchi

Right main bronchus Left main bronchus
Shorter Longer
Wider Narrower
Steeper
More vertical More horizontal
Runs under the arch of azygous V Runs inferior to aortic arch
Divided into 3 lobar bronchi Divided into 2 lobar bronchi
→ superior, middle, inferior → superior, inferior
6. Bronchial tree
(1) Lobar bronchi
(2) Segmental bronchi
(3) Terminal bronchi
(4) Bronchiole
(5) Respiratory bronchiole
(6) Alveolar duct
(7) Alveoli
# 40. Lung (HE)
©
1. Tunica mucosa
(1) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with kinocilia
① Kinocilia
A. Is Hair-like projection lining bronchus in lung
B. Goblet cells are scattered through out cilia
(A) It secrete mucus which helps protect lining of bronchus
(B) Also it trap microorganisms
(C) It’s intraepithelial unicellular gland
(2) Epithelium gradually decreases in its height
(3) Lamina propria become thinner toward terminal bronchi
(1) Continuous smooth muscle layer in larger bronchi is replaced by spirally arranged
smooth muscle cells in smaller bronchi
3. Cartilage plates
(1) Decrease gradually in number & size
(1) Collagen fiber bundles
5. pulmonary alveolus:
(1) pneumocyte
① Cells lining alveioli in lung
(2) type I pneumocyte
① cell responsible for oxygen & carbon dioxide exchange that takes place in the alveoli
② It is a very large thin cell stretched over a very large area.
(3) type II pneumocyte
① synthesizing cells of the alveolar surfactant
② has important properties in maintaining alveolar and airway stability
6. also we can see

(1) Small salivary glands can be found in wall of bronchi
(4) hyaline cartilage
(5) respiratory bronchiole
(6) alveolar duct
(7) alveolar saccule
(8) dust cell
# 41. Lung (orcein)
© orcein staining : for elastic fibers
1. Tunica mucosa
(1) Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with kinocilia
① Kinocilia
A. Is Hair-like projection lining bronchus in lung
B. Goblet cells are scattered through out cilia
(A) It secrete mucus which helps protect lining of bronchus
(B) Also it trap microorganisms
(C) It’s intraepithelial unicellular gland
(2) Epithelium gradually decreases in its height
(3) Lamina propria become thinner toward terminal bronchi
(1) Continuous smooth muscle layer in larger bronchi is replaced by spirally arranged
smooth muscle cells in smaller bronchi
3. Cartilage plates
(1) Decrease gradually in number & size
(1) Collagen fiber bundles
5. pulmonary alveolus:
(1) pneumocyte
① Cells lining alveioli in lung
(2) type I pneumocyte
① cell responsible for oxygen & carbon dioxide exchange that takes place in the alveoli
② It is a very large thin cell stretched over a very large area.
(3) type II pneumocyte
① synthesizing cells of the alveolar surfactant
② has important properties in maintaining alveolar and airway stability
6. also we can see

(1) Small salivary glands can be found in wall of bronchi
(4) hyaline cartilage
(5) respiratory bronchiole
(6) alveolar duct
(7) alveolar saccule
(8) dust cell
# 42. Kidney (HE)
1. Kidney
© Kidney (1) Renal lobe
1. renal cortex: ① = renal pyramid + surrounding cortical areas
(1) enclosed by fibrous capsule (2) Renal lobule
(2) cortical lobule ① = medullary ray + surrounding cortical labyrinth
① radial region / medullary ray (3) Medullary ray
A. intermediate tubule ① = collecting duct + straight tubules
(A) straight parts of the proximal and distal tubules (4) Cortical labyrinth
B. collecting duct ① = renal corpuscle + convoluted tubules
(A) Simple cuboidal then simple columnar epithelium
② convoluted region / cortical labyrinth:
A. renal corpuscle:
(A) glomerular capsule / Bowman's capsule:
a. has parietal and visceral layers
b. Podocytes
c. Simple squamous epithelium
(B) vascular pole
(C) urinary pole
B. proximal tubule
(A) Simple cuboidal epithelium
a. With brush border
(B) Filled with cytoplasm
(C) Reabsorb sugar, NaCl, water
C. distal tubule
(A) simple cuboidal epithelium
(B) we can see lumen
(C) reabsorb NaCl
(D) macula densa
a. lines distal tubule
2. renal medulla
(1) thin limb of Henles’ loop
① simple squamous epithelium
3. renal calyces and pelvis:

(1) Urothelium : transitional epithelium
① Columnar basal cell layer
② Polygonal cells
③ Superficial facet, Umbrella cellls
(2) Lamina propria
(3) Tunica muscularis
(4) Tunica adventitia
4. renal sinus
(1) contain fat cells
© Anatomy of kidney
1. Organization of kidney
(1) Stroma
① Renal capsule
② Interstitium
(2) Parenchyma
① Nephron
② Collecting duct
2. Organization of nephron
(1) Renal corpuscle
① Bowman’s capsule
② Glomerulus
(2) Renal tubules
① Proximal tubule
② Thin limb of Henle’s loop
③ Distal tubule
④ Connecting tubule
3. Capsule of kidney
(1) Fibrous capsule
(2) Adipose capsule
(3) Renal fascia
# 43. Ureter (HE)
1. Ureter
(1) Tunica mucosa
① Epithelium mucosae
A. Called Urothelium which is transitional epithelium
B. Pseudostratified epithelium
C. Forms inner lining of ureter
② Lamina propria
A. Thick, loose collagenous CT
B. Blood vessels & nerves
C. In cross-section, we can see star-shaped lumen
③ Umbrella cells
A. It forms impermeable barrier
④ Pear-shaped cells
⑤ Basal cells
(2) Tunica muscularis

① Arrangement of double layer of smooth muscle cells is opposite to GI tract
② Inner longitudinal layer
A. Its only at pelvic part
③ Outer circular layer
(3) Tunica adventitia

① Loose CT
② Vessels & nerves
③ There is no serosa
A. Intraperitoneal organs are covered by serosa
B. Retroperitoneal organs are covered by adventitia
C. They are predominantly retroperitoneal organ, so no serosa
# 44. Urinary bladder (HE)
1. Tunica mucosa
(1) Epithelium
① urothelium
(2) Lamina propria
① Thin, CT
(3) Lamina muscularis mucosae
2. Tunica submucosa
(1) CT
(2) Elastic fibers
(3) Nerves
(4) Blood vessels
(5) Lymph vessels
(1) Inner longitudinal
(2) Middle circular muscle
① Internal sphincter muscle
A. Inhibits emptying
(3) Outer longitudinal
① Detrusor muscle
A. Induces emptying
B. Vegetative plexus with ganglion cells
C. Blood vessels & lymphatic tissue
4. Tunica subserosa + serosa or adventitia

# 45. Penis-urethra (HE)
1. deep fascia of penis:

(1) deep dorsal vein of penis
(2) dorsal a. of penis
(3) dorsal n. of penis
2. Tunica albuginea
(1) tunica albuginea of corpora cavernosa
① surround corpora cavernosa
② septum penis
(2) tunica albuginea of corpus spongiosum
3. corpora cavernosa penis:
(1) trabeculae
① fibroelastic CT
② smooth M
(2) cavernae
① vasvular lacunae lined by endothelial cell
(3) deep a. of penis
① medially
(4) cavernous n. of penis
① from inferior hypogastric plexus
4. corpus spongiosum penis
(1) spongy urethra
1. Epithelium of urethra
(1) Intramural part
① urothelium
(2) Prostatic part
① urothelium → stratified columnar / cuboidal epithelium
(3) Membranous part
① stratified columnar / cuboidal epithelium
(4) Spongy part
① stratified columnar epithelium
(5) At Navicular fossa
① stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
(6) External urethral orifice
① stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
# 46. Testis-Epididymis
©
1. Tunica vaginalis
(1) Parietal layer
(2) Visceral layer
2. Tunica albuginea
(1) Each testis is surrounded by tunica albuginea
(2) It is Dense, thick fibrous CT capsule
(3) Septa radiates to subdivide each testis into lobuli testis (대강 250 개의)
3. Vascular layer
testis (1) = tunica vasculosa
(2) Immediately beneath Tunica albuginea
(3) Highly vascularized loose CT
4. Mediastinum testis
(1) Thickened posterior margin of tunica albuginea
(2) Rete testis
① Simple cuboidal epithelium
② One rete testis per each testis
Epididymis
Has 2 different part histologically
Head of epididymis that contains efferent ductules
Body & tail of epididymis that contain 1 highly convoluted duct, duct of epididymis
5. Convoluted seminiferous tubule

(1) Lobules of testis (1-2 tubules per lobule)
(2) Located in lobuli testis
(3) Lined by Spermatogenic epithelium (=germinal epithelium)
① Produce spermatozoa
② Consist of spermatogonic cells & Sertoli cells
(4) Limiting layer, lamina limitans
① Separate stroma & convoluted seminiferous tubule
② Myoid cells
(5) Spermatogonia
① Lies on lamina basalis
② Small, diploid germ cell with dark round or flat nucleus
③ 2 types
A. Type A
B. Type B : give rise to primary spermatocyte
(6) Primary spermatocyte
① Largest spermatogenic cell type
② Located in adluminal compartment
A. Where meiosis occur
③ 4n DNA content with diploid chromosome number
(7) Secondary spermatocyte
① Small
② In abluminal compartment of seminiferous tubule
A. Where mitosis occur
③ 2n DNA content
④ Short life span →not readily seen
(8) Spermatid
① Small, round haploid
② Located in adluminal compartment of seminiferous tubule near it’s lumen
(9) Sperm
(10) Sertoli cells
② Resting on lamina basalis
③ Has pale, large oval shaped nuclei
④ Junction between adjacent seroli cells subdivide seminiferous epithelium into vasal
& adluminal compartment
A. This junction compose blood-testis barrier
B. It isolates & protect cells of adluminal compartment from immune system
⑤ support & nutritional regulation of developing spermatozoa
⑥ production of ABP (androgen-binding-protein), testicular fluid, inhibin
6. Efferent ductule
(1) simple non ciliated cuboidal cells alter with columnar cells
(2) Gear shaped lumen
(3) Smooth M cells
(4) Basal cells
(5) Approximately 20 tubular structures
① connecting rete testis to proximal portion of duct of epididymis
7. Ducts of epididymis
(1) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
(2) Together with Stereocilia
(3) 1 per each testis
(4) Function
① Absorption of testicular fluid by stereocilia
② Non-motile spermatozoa storage
8. Leydig cell
(1) = interstitial endocrine cell
(2) Located in interstitium of testis
(3) In stroma among convoluted seminiferous tubules
(4) Regulated by Luteinizing hormone
(5) Product testosterone
(6) SER, mitochondrion, lipid droplet
1.
# 47. Spermatic cord (HE)
©
1. ductus deferens / vas deferens: mucosa
(1) mucous membrane:
① pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia:
A. stereociliated epithelial cell / principal cell
B. basal cell
② lamina propria
(2) muscular layer / muscular coat
① outermost longitudinal muscle layer
② middle circular muscle layer
③ innermost longitudinal muscle layer
2. pampiniform plexus
(1) drains to testicular vein
① right one drains to IVC
② lest one drains to left renal V
3. testicular a.
(1) from abdominal aorta
4. A to ductus deferens / deferential a. (if obvious)

(1) From internal iliac A
5. cremaster m.
6. peripheral nerves
# 48. Prostate (HE)
© prostate
Produces fluid rich in citric acid & proteolytic enzyme that nourish & prevent coagulation of
sperm
1. capsule of prostate
2. myoelastic stroma / fibromuscular stroma
(1) made of muscle fibers & connective tissue
(2) contracts to expel the secretion
3. glandular parenchyma
(1) mucosal gland
① around urethra
(2) submucosal gland
(3) main gland
① around the edges
② potential site of prostatic cancer
(4) prostatic concretion / corpus amylaceum
4. prostatic urethra
(1) seminal colliculus
① opens ejaculatory duct & prostatic utricle
# 49. Seminal vesicle (HE)
1. mucosa / mucous membrane

(1) anastomozing mucosal folds
(2) simple columnar epithelium
(3) secretory cells provide semen for sperm cell
2. secretory cell muscular layer / muscular coat

(1) inner circular layer
(2) outer longitudinal layer
3. adventitial layer / adventitia or serous layer

(1) connective tissue capsule
① together with elastic fibers & ganglion cells
© Anatomy of seminal vesicle

1. Introduction
(1) Highly coiled tubular structure about 15cm long
(2) Located between posterior aspect of neck of bladder & prostate gland
(3) Infraperitoneal organ
(4) Produce semen
(5) Has own duct, excretory duct
① Joins with deferent duct to form ejaculatory duct
A. ejaculatory duct Opens into prostatic part of male urethra
2. Secretion
(1) Thick fluid, 70-80% of human ejaculate
(2) Lipofusin granules
① Derived from dead epithelial cells
(3) Semenogelin
① Protein that causes semen to become sticky & jelly like after ejaculation
(4) Fructose
① Source of energy for sperm motility
(5) Others
① Vitamin C
② Prostaglandin
(6) Regulated by
① Luteinizing hormone
3. Arterial supply
(1) Superior vesical A
① From patent part of umbilical A  internal iliac A
(2) Inferior vesical A
① From internal iliac A  common iliac A
(3) A to ductus deferens
① From internal iliac A
4. Venous drainage
(1) Prostatic venous plexus
① Connected with vesical venous plexus
② Receives blood from seminal vesicle
③ Empty into internal iliac vein
5. Innervation
(1) Prostatic plexus
① From inferior hypogastric plexus
# 50. Ovary (HE)
© Ovarian cortex
(1) Contains
① ovarian follicles in various stages of development
② Stroma
(2) Stroma
① composed of peculiar spindle shaped stromal cells
② it’s spinocellular CT
1. Germinal epithelium
(3) = ovarian mesothelium
(4) simple cuboidal epithelium
(5) covers ovary
(6) It is continuous with mesothelial layer of mesovary along white line of Farre
2. Tunica albuginea
(1) = white colored strong connective tissue
(2) Directly beneath epithelium
(3) epoophoron
(4) : remnant of mesonephric tubule found next to ovary and uterine tube
3. Follicles
(1) Primordial ovarian follicle
① squamous epithelium
② single layer of thin follicular cells around primary oocyte
(2) Primary ovarian follicle

① unilayer : 1 layer of *cuboidal granulosa cells around primary oocyte
② multilayer : multi layer of *cuboidal granulosa cells around primary oocyte
(3) Secondary ovarian follicle

① : has isolated fluid-filled space among granulosa cells
(4) Tertiary ovarian follicle (=Graafian/mature)

① zona/stratum granulosa
A. is wall of antrum
② follicular antrum (=cavum folliculi)
A. is fluid filled chamber
③ cumulus oophorus
A. is mass of granulosa cell surrounding oocyte
B. is composed of..
(A) corona radiata
(B) zona pellucida
(C) oocyte
(5) Theca interna

(6) Theca externa
(7) Follicular atresia

① Also called Atretic follicle
② it is degenerated follicle
③ typically only one follicle complete process in each cycle
④ Other follicles -> begun process of maturation then degenerate, appearing as atretic
follicle temporally
(8) Corpus Luteum

① formed by remnant of Graafian follicle
② Granulosa cells differentiate into Granulosa-Lutein cells
A. It is large & pale stained
③ Theca cells modified into Theca-Lutein cells
A. It is small & dark stained
④ it’s temporary endocrine gland
A. it secrete estrogen and progesterone
(A) to support uterine endometrium
⑤ after ovulation,
A. temporary structure ‘corpus hemorrhagicum’ is formed from
Graafian follicle
(A) as it collapse & filled with blood that quickly clot
(9) Corpus Albican

① : remnant of degeneration of corpus luteum
② if pregnant,
A. Corpus luteum enlarges & maintained for 3 months
(A) = corpus luteum of pregnancy
③ if not pregnant ,
A. Corpus luteum degenerate in 2 weeks after ovulation
(A) = corpus luteum of menstruation
4. Ovarian medulla
(1) consist of richly vascularized loose CT
(2) blood vessels
(3) spiral artery
# 51. Oviduct (HE)
©
1. Tunica mucosa
(1) Highly folded mucosal fold
(2) Lumen has labyrinthine appearance
(3) Simple columnar epithelium
(4) Also we can see 3 types of cells
① Ciliated cells
A. Number of ciliated cells is estrogen dependent
B. It helps movement of oocytes towards uterus
② 2 Non-ciliated cells
(A) Number of non-ciliated cells is progesterone dependent
B. Secretory cells
(A) Secrete substances that activate spermatozoa
C. Peg cells
(A) Inactive secretory cells that bulge out of epithelial lining
(5) Lamina propria
① Cell rich CT
(1) Smooth muscle
(2) Inner circular layer
(3) Outer longitudinal layer
3. Tunica subserosa
(1) Vessels
4. Tunica serosa
(1) Mesothelial lining
# 52. Uterus (HE)
© uterus
• Has 2 histologically different parts
• Fundus & corpus
• Cervix
1. Layers of uterus
(1) Endometrium
① Mucosal layer
② Lines luminal surface of uterine cavity
(2) Myometrium
① Thickest layer
② Strong muscular layer
(3) Perimetrium
① Parts of body & fundus are lined by parietal peritoneum
(4) Parametrium
① Lie alongside lateral border of uterus
2. Endometrium
(1) Contains cell-rich CT with few fibers
(2) simple columnar epithelium
① contains ciliated epithelial cell & secretory cells
② invaginates to form tubular uterine glands
(3) can be divided into 2 layers
① functional layer
A. undergoes cyclic changes
B. simple tubular glands
C. contains helical arteries
D. Sublayers
(A) stratum compactum
a. dense layer directly beneath epithelium
b. contains neck part of gland
(B) stratum spongiosum
a. deeper sublayer of functional layer
b. spongious texture
② basal layer
A. not shed during menstruation
B. give rise to cyclical regeneration of endometrium
C. contains straight arteries & base of uterine glands
(4) lamina propria
① spinocellular connective tissue
3. Myometrium
(1) 3 layers of muscle
① Stratum submucosum
A. Longitudinal
② Stratum vasculare
A. Circular
③ Stratum supravasculare
A. Longitudinal
# 53. Uterine cervix (HE)
©
1. Endometrium
(1) Epithelium mucosae
② Transition into stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
(2) Lamina propria
① Contains branched mucus secreting cervical glands embedded into dense fibrous CT
2. Myometrium
(1) Composed of smooth muscle layers
① Thinner than body of uterus
3. Perimetrium
(1) Tunica serosa
(2) Tunica subserosa
4. Supravaginal part
(1) Endocervical mucosa
A. on thick lamina propria
B. with many large, branched, mucus secreting cervical glands
② lacks spiral arteries
(2) cervical gland
① branching tubular epithelial invaginations
② Produce alkaline mucous
③ dilatated cervical gland (=Nabothian cyst)
A. fluid containing
B. covered by simple columnar epithelium
5. vaginal part of cervix

(1) exocervical mucosa
① nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
A. epithelium transition
# 54. Diencephalon (oxytocin IHC)
© Oxytocin IHC © Neurosecretion

1. IHC 1. Neuroendocrine system
(1) Immune histo chemistry (1) Hypophysis is under control of hypothalamic centers
(2) To stain oxytocin secreting & containing cell (2) Hypothalamus links nervous system to endocrine system
(3) Unmyelinated fiber bundles from hypothalamus
© Diencephalon ① run in hypophysial stalk & hypophysial posterior lobe
1. 3rd ventricle ② serving hypophysial stalk leads
(1) CSF filled space within brain A. to retrograde cellular changes
① Lateral ventricle to 3rd ventricle via interventricular foramen B. to extensive loss of neurons in nuclei of tuber cinereum
② 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle via cerebral aqueduct (A) when transection is carried out in high level
2. Magnocellular nuclei with multipolar neurons 2. Neurosecretion

(1) Paraventricular nucleus (1) Parvocellular & magnocellular nuclei of hypothalamus perform neurosecretion
① Synthesis oxytocin & ADH (2) Neurons in hypothalamus
② In supra optic region ① produce substance that migrate within axons into hypophysis
③ Autonomic control center ② enter there into bloodstream
(2) Supraoptic nucleus (3) Substances
① Synthesis oxytocin & ADH ① are produced in perikarya
② In supra optic region ② appear there as small secretory droplets
(4) Neurons & secretory cells
3. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract ① Both of them produce substance
(1) Efferent tract ② Secrete substances in response to nervous or humoral stimulus
(2) Neuroendocrine system ③ Neurons release transmitter substances, neurotransmitters
(3) Terminating in pituitary gland ④ Secretory cells release their secretion
(5) Neurosecretory cells & endocrine cells
① Transitional forms between 2 cell types
② Both of them release their secretion into bloodstream
3. Hypothalamo-hypophysial fiber tracts

(1) 2 different fibers system
① Tubero-infundibular tract
A. Hypothalamus to adenohypophysis
② Hypothalamo-hyphophysial tract
A. Hypothalamus to neurohypophysis
(2) In both of them, coupling of neural system & endocrine system
① Is achieved by arrangement of nerve fibers & capillaries
4. Tuberoinfundibular system (= parvocellular)

(1) Hypothalamus to adenohypophysis
① Adenohypophysis = anterior lobe of pituitary gland
(2) Consist of
① Thin nerve fibers
A. Originate in tuberal nuclei
(A) Ventromedial & dorsomedial nuclei
② Infundibular nucleus
(3) Extend into hypophysial stalk
(4) Substances
① produced in perikarya
② Enter from axon terminal into portal capillaries
③ Pass through portal veins into capillary bed of adenohypophysis
(5) Hormones
Hormones Cell description Targets Effect
Somatotropin Somatotropic cells All cells Stimulates growth in height
- GH Influence carbohydrate & lipid metabolism
- STH
Prolactin (PRL) Mammotropic or Mammary gland Stimulate proliferation of mammary gland tissue
lactotropic cells Stimulate lactation
Follitropin Gonadotropic cells Follicle cells of ovary Affect gonads
- FSH Substentacular cells Stimulate follicular maturation & spermatogenesis
(Follicle Stimulating) of testis Stimulate proliferation of granulosa cells, estrogen production
Lutropin Gonadotropic cells Follicle cells of ovary Triggers ovulation
- LH Stimulates proliferation of follicular epithelial cells
- ICSH Synthesis of progesterone
Thyrotropin Thyrotropic cells Thyroid gland Stimulate thyroid activity
- TSH Increase O2 intake & protein synthesis
Influence carbohydrate & fat metabolism
Corticotropin Corticotropic cells Adrenal cortex Stimulates hormone production in adrenal cortex
- ACTH Influences water & electrolytes level & carbohydrates storage in liver
(AdrenoCorticoTropic)
2. Hypothalamo-hypophysial tract (=magnocellular)

(1) Hypothalamus to neurohypophysis
① Neurohypophysis = posterior lobe of pituitary gland
(2) Consist of
① Supraoptico-hypophysial tract
A. Originate in supraoptic nucleus
② Paraventriculo-hypophysial tract
A. Originate in supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei
(3) Hormones produced by both nuclei
① Migrate along pathway to axon terminals
② Enters from here into blood stream
(4) Stimulus of supraoptic nucleus
① Leads to increased secretion of vasopressin
(5) Stimulus of paraventricular nucleus
① Leads to increased secretion of oxytocin
(6) Neurons in this system
① Do not release stimulating substances
A. That affect secretion of hormone by endocrine gland
② Produce hormones that have direct effect on target organs
(7) Stores hormones in Herring bodies
① Release them into capillaries when neurons are fired
Hypothalamic hormone Targets Effect
Oxytocin Uterus & Mammary gland Contraction of sensory smooth muscle cells in uterus
Ductus deferens & prostate gland Contraction of myoepithelial cells in mammary gland
Vasopressin (ADH) Kidney Increase blood pressure
Support reabsorption of water in kidney
© Neuroendocrine regulation
1. Regulation of adenohypophysis
Hormone Effect
GnRH Stimulates production & secretion of FSH & LH
(Gonadotropin Releasing H)
CRH Stimulates production & secretion of ACTH
(Corticotropin Releasing H)
TRH Stimulates production & secretion of TSH
(thyrotropin releasing H)
Somatostatin Inhibit TRH-induced secretion of TSH
GHRH Stimulates release of GH
(Growth H releasing H)
Prolactoliberin Stimulates production & secretion of prolactin
Dopamine Inhibit secretion of prolactin
2. Regulation of neurohypophysis
(1) ADH & oxytocin
① Are transported along axons from supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei to posterior
lobe of pituitary gland
② So no hypothalamic regulatory hormone
(2) mainly neuronal
① Oxytocin : tactile stimuli
② ADH : blood osmolarity, via subfornical organ
(3) Afferents
① In osmo-sensitive circumventricular organs
② Brainstem centers (solitary nuclei) & monoaminergic system
① Sensory systems & cortex
A. Tactile stimuli like suckling of baby
Emotional stimuli through limbic system
# 55.
Pituitary gland (HE)
© Hypophysis
(1) 2 lobes
① Adenohypophysis
② Neurohypophysis
(2) Adenohypophysis
① Pars tuberalis
② Pars intermedia
③ Pars distalis
(3) Neurohypophysis
① Median eminence
② Infundibulum
③ Pars nervosa
(4) Surrounded by thin CT capsule
① At pars tuberalis,
A. capsule also surrounds portal vessels & arteries supplying adenohypophysis
② veins underneath the capsule form venous plexus
2. Adenohypophysis
(1) Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
(2) Composed of irregular strands & nests of epithelial cells
① They are permeated by thin walled sinusoid capillaries & reticular fibers
(3) Pars intermedia
① Located between anterior & posterior lobes
② Contains colloid-filled cysts
(4) Pars distalis
① Chromophobe cells
② Acidophil cells
A. Secretes Protein hormones
(A) Somatotropin (STH)
(B) Prolactin (PRL)
③ Basophil cells
A. Secrete protein hormones
(A) Corticotropin
B. Secrete glycoprotein hormones
(A) Thyrotropin
(B) Follitropin
(C) Lutropin
(D) Lipotropin
(E) melanotropin
④ follicular cells
A. = stellate
B. Have long, thin process that extend through entire gland
C. Incompletely surrounding group of glandular cells
D. Dividing anterior lobe into regions
3. Neurohypophysis
(1) Contain unmyelinated nerve fibers
(2) Pars nervosa
① Pituicytes
A. = glial cells
B. Fibers of hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract terminates here
② Capillaries
A. Fenestrated endothelium
(3) Herring bodies
① Neurosecretory body
② Hormone accumulation in axonal dilation
③ Contain membrane-enclosed granules with oxytocin or ADH bound to carrier
proteins called neurophysin
(4) Hormones synthesized in hypothalamic nuclei
① are conveyed via axonal transport along unmyelinated fibers to releasing site
A. from posterior pituitary to bloodstream
# 56. Thyroid gland (HE)
© Histology of thyroid
1. Preformulated hormone is stored extracellularly
(1) Bound to thyroglobulin
(2) Storage is enough for calcium 3 months
2. Connective tissue capsule

(1) Covers gland
(2) Sends septa into parenchyma
3. Septa from capsule divide gland into many lobes & lobules
(1) Each lobule
① is filled with aggregation of follicles
(2) Each follicle
4. Glandular epithelium
(1) Cuboidal epithelium
(2) Vary in size
① Less active : less cuboid
② Active : cylindrical or cuboid epithelium
(3) Polarized cell structure
① Basally lots of RER
② Apically more golgi complex, secretory vesicles, large lysosome, microvilli
5. Thyroid follicles
(1) Lined by single layered cuboidal epithelium (threocytes)
(2) Each follicle
① is lined by follicular cells resting on basement membrane
② has center filled with colloid
A. Colloids are eosinophilic containing iodinated thyroglobulin
(3) Spaces between follicles are filled with connective tissue
① containing numerous capillaries & lymphatics
6. Follicular cells (=thyrocytes)

(1) vary in shape, depending on level of activity which is controlled by TSH
(2) Resting or inactive follicles are lined by squamous epithelium with abundant colloid
(3) Moderately active follicle are lined by cuboidal epithelium with moderate colloid
(4) Highly active follicles are lined by columnar epithelium with scanty colloid
(5) Follicular cells secrete 2 hormones
① Tri-iodothyronine
② Tetra-iodothyronine
(6) Regulated by thyroid stimulating hormones from anterior pituitary gland
7. Follicular epithelial cells function

(1) Thyroglobulin synthesis
① → colloid
(2) Uptake iodine from blood
(3) Iodine-thyroglobulin binding on surface of microvilli
(4) Colloid
① Cells reuptakes thyroglobulin with pinocytosis
(5) Pinocytotic vesicles + lysosome
① → splitting of active hormones
(6) Hormones (T3, 4) into circulation
8. Parafollicular cells (=C cells)

(1) Present in
① Between follicles
② Between follicular cells & basement membrane
(2) Polyhedral with pale cytoplasm & oval eccentric nucleus
(3) Derived from neural crest cells
(4) Secrete calcitonin
① Calcitonin lowers blood calcium level by initiating bone resorption
(5) Beneath threocytes
(6) Still inside basal lamina
9. Fenestrated capillaries
(1) Surrounds follicles
10. Thyroid gland is endodermal

(1) Parafollicular cells are of neural crest origin, which is from ectoderm
(2) Endodermal gland develops from embryonic tongue & descend to neck
(3) Pyramidal lobe is remnant of this descent
11. extra
(1) Entry of iodide & amino acids into threocytes from fenetrated capillaries
(2) Synthesis of iodinated thyroglobulin into follicle cavity
(3) Endocytosis of colloid, enzymatic degradation of thyroglobulin to T3 & T4
(4) Secretion of T3 & T4 into capillaries by exocytosis
(5) Regulation of T3 & T4 secretion
① TSH in adenohypophysis
(6)
# 57. Parathyroid gland (HE)
1. Connective tissue capsule

(1) Encloses parathyroid glands
(2) Forms septa
① Septa enters substance of glands
② Convey nerves, blood vessels, lymph vessels
③ Also support cords of parenchymal cells & rich capillary network
2. Grandular epithelium
(1) Dense in some areas
(2) Loosely organized in others
(3) Interspersed with CT fibers & adipose cells
(4) Permeated by dense network of fenestrated capillaries
3. 2 types of polygonal epithelial cells

(1) Chief cells
(2) Oxyphil cells
4. Chief cells
(1) Small glandular cells with central nucleus
(2) Stained cytoplasm
(3) Light cells
① High glycogen content
② So have light cytoplasm
③ Cell boundaries are well visible
④ Resting cells
(4) Dark cells
① Have lots of secretory granules
(5) Active chief cells produce parathormone (polypeptide hormone)
① Mobilize calcium from bones by stimulating osteocytes
A. to increase bone resorption
B. resulting in increase in calcium concentration of blood
5. Oxyphil cells
(1) Larger than chief cells
(2) Has dark & small nuclei
(3) Have marked affinity for acidic dyes
① Due to their abundant tightly packed mitochondria
(4) Nuclei are small & occasionally pyknotic
① With advancing age, number of oxyphils increase
(5) More commonly in older individuals
6. Parathormone
(1) Has 3 major targets
(2) To osteoblasts
① It respond by producing osteoclast stimulating factor
A. that increase number & activity of osteoclast
② Resulting reabsorption of calcified bone matrix release of Ca2+
A. increase concentration of circulating Ca2+, which suppresses PTH production
③ Effect of PTH on blood levels of Ca2+ is thus opposite to that of calcitonin
(3) In distal convoluted tubules of renal cortex
① PTH stimulates calcium reabsorption
② Also inhibits phosphate reabsorption in small intestine
A. by stimulating vitamin D activation
(4) also indirectly increases calcium ion absorption in small intestine
① by stimulating vitamin D activation
# 58. Adrenal gland (HE)
© Histology of adrenal gland

1. Surrounded by connective tissue capsule
2. Divided into 2 distinct parts
(1) Superficially, adrenal cortex
(2) Deeply, adrenal medulla
© Cortex
1. Introduction
(1) Controlled by it’s corresponding releasing hormone of hypophysis
① Secretion of ACTH by pars distalis of hypophysis
A. Stimulates synthesis & secretion of cortical hormones
(2) Cortex comprises of 3 cellular zones
① Zona glomerulosa
② Zona fasciculata
③ Zona reticularis
2. Glomerular zone
(1) Outer zone, deep to capsule
(2) Forms one-fifth of cortex
(3) Comprises of Small columnar pyramidal cells
① Arranged in clumps (=glomeruli) like nest
② Cells have deep staining nuclei with basophilic cytoplasm
(4) Secretes mineralo-corticoids
① Aldosterone
A. Regulates electrolytes & water balance
B. Sodium ion & water reabsorption in distal tubules
C. Also act on gastric mucosa and salivary & sweat gland
(5) contains
① Lots of SER
② Little RER & Ribosome
③ Mitochondria
④ Some lipid droplets
3. Fasciculate zone
(1) Forms three-fifth of cortex
(2) Consist of polygonal shaped cells
① Arranged in straight cords
A. Parallel at right angle to capsule with
② Sinusoids are present in between columns
③ Cells are polyhedral with basophilic cytoplasm with many lipid droplets giving them
vacuolated appearance
(3) Secretes glucocorticoids
① Cortisol
A. Important role in carbohydrates, protein, fat metabolism
B. Stress tolerance
(4) Contains
① Lots of SER
② Few RER & Ribosomes
A. Light basophilic staining
③ Mitochondria with tubules
④ Many lipid droplets
A. Light cells
(5) Radial cell bundles & sinusoids capsule
(6) No sharp boundaries
(7) Bigger & multiform cells
4. Reticular zone
(1) Forms one-fifth of cortex
(2) Cells are arranged in irregular, branching cords like anastomosing network
① Separated by sinusoids containing lipofuschin pigment
② Cells are small, acidophilic with less lipid droplets Zona glomerulosa
(3) Secretes sex hormones
① Main androgen source in women
A. In men, 1/3 of total amount is produced here
(4) Contains Zona Fasciculata
① Lots of SER
② Tubulovesicular mitochondria
③ Fewer lipid droplets
A. Cells are a bit darker
④ Pigment granules : lipofuscin Zona reticularis
(5) Wide sinusoids
© Adrenal medulla
Medulla
1. Introduction
(1) Composed of groups & columns of chromaffin cells
① Separated by wide sinusoids
2. Chromaffin cells
(1) Columnar polyhedral cells with basophilic cytoplasm
(2) Named due to it’s reaction to dichromate fixatives
① Granules of these cells stain yellow with chromium salt-chromaffin reaction
(3) Can be considered Modified postganglionic cells of sympathetic nervous system
① derived from neural crest
(4) Produce Catecholamine
① Adrenalin producing cells are predominant (80%)
② Noradrenalin 20%
(5) Neuropeptides / transmitters are also found
① ATP, NP-Y, encephalin, endorphin, substance P
3. Multipolar sympathetic Ganglion cells

(1) Have long processes
(2) Are found scattered or clustered in small groups
4. Also, Satellite cells

# 59.
Corpus luteum (HE)
©
1. Corpus luteum
(1) formed by remnant of Graafian follicle
(2) Granulosa cells differentiate into Granulosa-Lutein cells
① It is large & pale stained
(3) Theca cells modified into Theca-Lutein cells
① It is small & dark stained
(4) it’s temporary endocrine gland
① it secrete estrogen and progesterone
A. to support uterine endometrium
(5) after ovulation,
① temporary structure ‘corpus hemorrhagicum’ is formed from Graafian follicle
A. as it collapse & filled with blood that quickly clot
2. Corpus Albican
(1) : remnant of degeneration of corpus luteum
(2) if pregnant,
① Corpus luteum enlarges & maintained for 3 months
A. = corpus luteum of pregnancy
(3) if not pregnant ,
① Corpus luteum degenerate in 2 weeks after ovulation
A. = corpus luteum of menstruation
3. Follicular atresia
(1) Also called Atretic follicle
(2) it is degenerated follicle
(3) typically only one follicle complete process in each cycle
(4) Other follicles -> begun process of maturation then degenerate, appearing as atretic
follicle temporally
+) Ovarian cortex
(1) Contains
① ovarian follicles in various stages of development
② Stroma
(2) Stroma
① composed of peculiar spindle shaped stromal cells
② it’s spinocellular CT
# 60.
Peripheral nerve (cross section, HE)
©
1. Peripheral Nerves
(1) Surrounded by
① Myelin
② Shwann Cells
③ Basal membrane
A. Nodes of Ranvier b/w Schwann cells
(2) Nerve
① Bundle of Peripheral neuro fibers- Connective Tissue Layers
2. Nerve Layer
(1) Endoneurium
① Individual nerve fibers embedded in loose CT
A. Around the neurofiber
B. Transition: pia mater
(2) Perineurium
① Nerve fibers collected into bundles
A. Around the funicule (Small bundle of neurofibers)
B. Transition: arachnoidea
(3) Epineurium
① Envelopes nerves and perineurium bundles
A. Around the nerve
B. Transition: Dura Mater
(4) Paraneurium
① Loose CT containing adipocytes b/w nerves
A. Around the fascicules and nervetruncs
B. Transition: Epidural CT (if it exists)
1.
# 61.
Peripheral nerve (longit. section, HE)
© Peripheral nerve
1. Peripheral Nerves
(1) Surrounded by
① Myelin sheath
② Shwann Cells
③ Basal membrane
A. Nodes of Ranvier b/w Schwann cells
(2) Nerve
① Bundle of Peripheral neuro fibers- Connective Tissue Layers
2. Nerve Layer
(1) Endoneurium
① Individual nerve fibers embedded in loose CT
A. Around the neurofiber
B. Transition: pia mater
(2) Perineurium
① Nerve fibers collected into bundles
A. Around the funicule (Small bundle of neurofibers)
B. Transition: arachnoidea
(3) Epineurium
① Envelopes nerves and perineurium bundles
A. Around the nerve
B. Transition: Dura Mater
(4) Paraneurium
① Loose CT containing adipocytes b/w nerves
A. Around the fascicules and nerve truncs
B. Transition: Epidural CT (if it exists)
# 62. Sensory ganglion (HE)
© sensory ganglia
(1) Receive afferent impulse that go to CNS
(1) Large neuronal cell bodies of ganglia are associated with thin, sheetlike extension of
small glial satellite cells
(2) Types
① Spinal or intervertebral ganglia
② Sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
A. CN 5 : trigeminal ganglion
B. CN 7 : genicular ganglion
C. CN 8 : spiral, vestibular ganglion
D. CN 9 : superior, inferior / petrosal ganglion
E. CN 10 : superior / jugular & inferior / nodal ganglion
(3) It’s neuron type
① Pseudounipolar neuron
② Except spiral & vestibular ganglion that are bipolar neurons
© Pseudounipolar neurons
1. Introduction
(1) Pseudo means fake
① Unipolar neurons have 1 cell body + 1 central process
② It’s fake because it’s 1 process bifurcates into peripheral & central process
(2) Peripheral process
① Called dendrite
② Ends in receptor organs
③ Peripheral to skin or muscles
④ Terminates as sensory nerve ending
(3) Central process
① Called axon
② Terminates in spinal cord, dorsal root of spinal ganglion
(4) Function
① Carry the generated impulse in sensory nerve ending
② Conduct it to CNS
2. Large & pale / light cells, A cells

(1) Give rise to myelinated
(2) Function
① Epicritic sensibility
A. Fine touch
B. Temperature stimuli
② Proprioception
(3) Use glutamate as neurotransmitter
3. Small & dark cells, B cells

(1) Give rise to unmyelinated
(2) Function
① Protopathic sensibility
A. Pain
B. Temperature
(3) Use substance P as neurotransmitter
© Layers
1. Epineurium
(1) Surround & protect the nerve
(2) Dense irregular fibrous coat
(3) Extends deeply to fill space between fascicles
2. Perineurium
(1) Surround the bundle of axons & deliver vascular supply
3. Endoneurium
(1) Surround & support axon or myelin sheath
(2) Consist of
① Reticular fibers
② Scattered fibroblasts
③ Capillaries
© Glial cells
1. Satellite cells
(1) Around perikaryon of neuron
(2) Function
① Protection
② Support
③ Nutrition
④ Maintain blood nerve barrier
2. Schwann cells
(1) Arise from neural crest cells
(2) Form myelinated sheath around axon
① Insulating them
② Single schwann cell can myelinate only a single axon
(3) Myelin sheath
① Wraps around the axon
② Region of axon wrapped by one schwann cell is called internodal segment
③ Region between 2 internodal segments lack myelin & called node of Ranvier
3. Nissl granules
(1) Translation
(2) Neurotransmitter production
# 63. Vegetative ganglion (Ag)
© Silver staining
1. To stain all processes of multipolar neuron
© Multipolar neurons
1. Multipolar neuron
(1) Mixture of cell bodies & fibers, forming networks
(2) Satellite cells are here but silver staining can’t show it
(3) Fibers do not have myelin sheaths
2. Perikaryon
3. Dendrites
© Autonomic nervous system

1. Autonomic nervous system
(1) Sympathetic nervous system
(2) Parasympathetic nervous system
(1) Visceral motor neurons transmit excitations to intestines, glands, vessels

(2) Multipolar neurons form intramural web between ring musculature & longitudinal
muscles of intestinal wall
(3) Ganglion cell processes buld intramural fiber network
# 64. Sensory nerve ending (Meissner, Ag)
© Silver staining
• To stain both cell bodies & processes © Glands
• Sebaceous gland
© Layers of skin • Sweat gland – apocrine & merocrine gland
• Epidermis
• Dermis 1. Sebaceous Glands
• Hypodermis (1) oil secreting gland
(2) Type of Holocrine gland :
1. Epidermis ① entire secretory cells transform in secretion
(1) Layers of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium ② product is secreted with the remnants of a dead cell
① Str. Corneum A. Stem cells (arrows) in the base of the gland
A. Horny cells in various thickness (3) Function:
B. Keratinized layer ① Secrete a substance called SUBUM ( mixture of fatty substance)
② str. Lucidum A. Oily or waxy substance
A. may be absent from thin skin (4) Location:
B. eosinophilic flattened cells in HE preparations ① Dermis (middle layer of skin → stratum reticulare)
C. bright pink colored due to eleidin (lipid) A. Develop from external root sheath of hair follicle
③ str. Granulosum (A) Open up into upper part of hair follicle (Infudibulum)
A. contain strongly basophil keratohyalin granules ② Lips ( Pars cutanea) with hair follicle
(A) reason why it’s dark-colored ③ Anal canal (Cutaneous part)
B. is composed of up to 5 layers of cells ④ Eyelids (Cutaneous part)
④ str. Spinosum / polygonale A. Common sebaceous gland
A. composed of cuboidal cells (A) Glands of Zeis
B. is of various thickness a. at margin of eyelid
⑤ Str. Basale / germinativum / cylindricum B. Modified sebaceous gland 로 존제함 →
A. Single layer of cells → most of which are precursor cells (A) Tarsal gland / Gland of Meibom
B. Cells are attached to the basement of membrane with hemidesmosome a. Inner surface of eyelids (b/w tarsi and conjunctiva)
⑥ 위에 Spinosum & Basale → Malphigian Layer
A. Where cell divisions occur → mitotic figures
(2) Epidermal ridges project underneath
① protect underneath of epidermis→ projection of the dermis called Dermal Papillae
2. Dermis / Corium_Loose and irregular dense connective tissue

(1) 2 layers
① Str. Papillare / pars paillaris
A. Loose connective tissue
B. Extends into the epidermis as Dermal papillae (B) tarsal glands (Meibomian glands)
Which may contain: (C) Tyson's glands on the foreskin
(A) Capillary loops (D) glands of the labium minus on vagina
(B) Encapsulated nerve endings (E) rare ectopic glands of the upper lip (”Fordyces spots”)
a. Ex) Meissner’s tactile corpuscule → Mechanoreceptor (F) glands on the nipple and the areola
I. Sensory cell that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion
2. Apocrine Sweat Glands
② Str. Reticulare / pars recticularis
(1) Wider lumen & Simple coiled tubules than Eccrine lumen
A. Irregular Dense Connective Tissue
(2) Type of Apocrine mechanism
B. 5 Characteristic histological items
(A) Glomus bodies → control arteriolovenular anastomosis shunts
(B) Hair follicles ② Basal portion survives
(C) Sebaceous glands A. Ex) release of lipid component of secretion in lactating mammary gland
(D) Apocrine and eccrine sweat glands (아래 자세히 설명)
(3) Location
(E) Pacinian corpuscules (아래 자세히 설명)
a. 대부분 hypodermis 에 있음
② Ducts empty into hair follicles
3. Hypodermis / Subcutaneous tissue ③ Mainly found in armpits and perianal area
(1) Loose connective tissue with many fat cells (adipose tissue) (4) Function:
(2) Also referred to as superficial facia of gross anatomy ① Secrete viscous substance → contain Proteins & Fatty acids
(3) Where Pacinian corpuscles are located A. Bacterioal decomposition
(5) Portion
© Nerve endings ① Secretory portion
• Bundles of sensory nerve fibers A. Single layer of secretory cells with outer layer of myoepithelial cells
• Pacinian corpuscle ② Excretory portion
• Meissner corpuscle ③ Excretory ducts open into hair follicles
A. Comprise
1. Pacinian corpuscle (A) Body
(1) concentric lamellae of glial cells a. Coiled tubuloalveolar with sac-shaped outpokects
(2) Located in hypodermis I. Lined by cuboidal and columnar epithelial cells
(3) Mechano-receptors (B) Excretory duct
① Pressure sensation a. Lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
② Touch detection b. Myoepitheliall cells surround the tubolo-alveoli
(4) Encapsulated by about 60 lamellae of Perineural Cell I. Expel secretory product into the excretory duct
(5) Composition (6) Sites
① Concentric lamellae surround → Nerve fiber ① common apocrine sweat glands on specific sites
A. glands of armpit
2. Meissner corpuscle B. circumanal glands (”odoriferous glands”) in anus (Cutaneous zone)
(1) In stratum Paillare C. ciliary glands (Moll’s glands) in Eye Lid
(2) Exteroceptors D. ceruminous glands (wax-secreting glands in the ear canal)
① Free nerve endings ② modified apocrine sweat glands (i.e. they open freely from hair follicles)
② Tactile corpuscles ③ mammary glands (Lipid component) 프로틴은 Merocrine secretion 임
(3) Pressure sensation, Touch Detection (Mechanoreceptor)
(4) Encapsulated Nerve ending 3. Eccrine sweat gland
① Consists of sensory axons winding among flattened Schwann cells arranged (1) Type of Merocrine mechanism
perpendicular to epidermis in dermal papillae ① secretion product is present in granules surrounded by membranes, and it is
(5) Fibers lose their myelinated sheath upon entry released by exocytosis.
(6) Dark line: nerve fiber is silver staining A. E.g.: salivary glands
(7) Composition (2) Structure
① Epithelial cells ① Simple coiled tubular glands
② Glial cell / Neuroglia ② Secretory part lies coiled in Dermis
③ Collagen fibers ③ Duct opens in port at Skin’s surface (open directly onto the surface of skin)
④ Nerve fibers (3) Location
(4) Function
(5) Portion
(A) Clear cells
(B) Dark cells
(B) Duct cell contains
(C) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(D) Golgi apparatus
(E) Microtubules
# 65. Sensory nerve ending (Pacinian, HE)
© Layers of skin
• Epidermis © Glands
• Dermis • Sebaceous gland
• Hypodermis • Sweat gland – apocrine & merocrine gland
1. Epidermis 1. Sebaceous Glands

(1) Layers of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium (1) oil secreting gland
① Str. Corneum (2) Type of Holocrine gland :
A. Horny cells in various thickness ① entire secretory cells transform in secretion
B. Keratinized layer ② product is secreted with the remnants of a dead cell
② str. Lucidum A. Stem cells (arrows) in the base of the gland
A. may be absent from thin skin (3) Function:
B. eosinophilic flattened cells in HE preparations ① Secrete a substance called SUBUM ( mixture of fatty substance)
C. bright pink colored due to eleidin (lipid) A. Oily or waxy substance
③ str. Granulosum (4) Location:
A. contain strongly basophil keratohyalin granules ① Dermis (middle layer of skin → stratum reticulare)
(A) reason why it’s dark-colored A. Develop from external root sheath of hair follicle
B. is composed of up to 5 layers of cells (A) Open up into upper part of hair follicle (Infudibulum)
④ str. Spinosum / polygonale ② Lips ( Pars cutanea) with hair follicle
A. composed of cuboidal cells ③ Anal canal (Cutaneous part)
B. is of various thickness ④ Eyelids (Cutaneous part)
⑤ Str. Basale / germinativum / cylindricum A. Common sebaceous gland
A. Single layer of cells → most of which are precursor cells (A) Glands of Zeis
B. Cells are attached to the basement of membrane with hemidesmosome a. at margin of eyelid
⑥ 위에 Spinosum & Basale → Malphigian Layer B. Modified sebaceous gland 로 존제함 →
A. Where cell divisions occur → mitotic figures (A) Tarsal gland / Gland of Meibom
(2) Epidermal ridges project underneath a. Inner surface of eyelids (b/w tarsi and conjunctiva)
① protect underneath of epidermis→ projection of the dermis called Dermal Papillae
2. Dermis / Corium_Loose and irregular dense connective tissue

(1) 2 layers
① Str. Papillare / pars paillaris
A. Loose connective tissue
B. Extends into the epidermis as Dermal papillae
Which may contain:
(A) Capillary loops
(B) Encapsulated nerve endings (B) tarsal glands (Meibomian glands)
a. Ex) Meissner’s tactile corpuscule → Mechanoreceptor (C) Tyson's glands on the foreskin
I. Sensory cell that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion (D) glands of the labium minus on vagina
② Str. Reticulare / pars recticularis (E) rare ectopic glands of the upper lip (”Fordyces spots”)
A. Irregular Dense Connective Tissue (F) glands on the nipple and the areola
B. 5 Characteristic histological items
(A) Glomus bodies → control arteriolovenular anastomosis shunts 2. Apocrine Sweat Glands
(B) Hair follicles (1) Wider lumen & Simple coiled tubules than Eccrine lumen
(C) Sebaceous glands (2) Type of Apocrine mechanism
(D) Apocrine and eccrine sweat glands (아래 자세히 설명)
② Basal portion survives
(E) Pacinian corpuscules (아래 자세히 설명)
A. Ex) release of lipid component of secretion in lactating mammary gland
a. 대부분 hypodermis 에 있음
(3) Location
3. Hypodermis / Subcutaneous tissue
(1) Loose connective tissue with many fat cells (adipose tissue)
(2) Also referred to as superficial facia of gross anatomy ② Ducts empty into hair follicles
(3) Where Pacinian corpuscles are located ③ Mainly found in armpits and perianal area
(4) Function:
① Secrete viscous substance → contain Proteins & Fatty acids
A. Bacterioal decomposition
(5) Portion
© Nerve endings ① Secretory portion
• Bundles of sensory nerve fibers A. Single layer of secretory cells with outer layer of myoepithelial cells
• Pacinian corpuscle ② Excretory portion
• Meissner corpuscle ③ Excretory ducts open into hair follicles
A. Comprise
1. Pacinian corpuscle (A) Body
(1) concentric lamellae of glial cells a. Coiled tubuloalveolar with sac-shaped outpokects
(2) Located in hypodermis I. Lined by cuboidal and columnar epithelial cells
(3) Mechano-receptors (B) Excretory duct
① Pressure sensation a. Lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
② Touch detection b. Myoepitheliall cells surround the tubolo-alveoli
(4) Encapsulated by about 60 lamellae of Perineural Cell I. Expel secretory product into the excretory duct
(5) Composition (6) Sites
① Concentric lamellae surround → Nerve fiber ① common apocrine sweat glands on specific sites
A. glands of armpit
2. Meissner corpuscle B. circumanal glands (”odoriferous glands”) in anus (Cutaneous zone)
(1) In stratum Paillare C. ciliary glands (Moll’s glands) in Eye Lid
(2) Exteroceptors D. ceruminous glands (wax-secreting glands in the ear canal)
① Free nerve endings ② modified apocrine sweat glands (i.e. they open freely from hair follicles)
② Tactile corpuscles ③ mammary glands (Lipid component) 프로틴은 Merocrine secretion 임
(3) Pressure sensation, Touch Detection (Mechanoreceptor)
(4) Encapsulated Nerve ending 3. Eccrine sweat gland
① Consists of sensory axons winding among flattened Schwann cells arranged (1) Type of Merocrine mechanism
perpendicular to epidermis in dermal papillae ① secretion product is present in granules surrounded by membranes, and it is
(5) Fibers lose their myelinated sheath upon entry released by exocytosis.
(6) Dark line: nerve fiber is silver staining A. E.g.: salivary glands
(7) Composition (2) Structure
① Epithelial cells ① Simple coiled tubular glands
② Glial cell / Neuroglia ② Secretory part lies coiled in Dermis
③ Collagen fibers ③ Duct opens in port at Skin’s surface (open directly onto the surface of skin)
④ Nerve fibers (3) Location
(4) Function
(5) Portion
(A) Clear cells
(B) Dark cells
(B) Duct cell contains
(C) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(D) Golgi apparatus
(E) Microtubules
4.
# 66. Neuromuscular junction (AChE)
© AChE histochemistry
1. AChE : acetyl cholinesterase
2. To use deactivation of acetyl choline enzyme
1. Motor end plate

(1) Dark patches in slide
(2) Connection between neurons & skeletal muscle fibers
(3) Transmitter : acetyl choline
2. Cholinergic fibers
(1) Nerve fibers
(2) Transmit impulses to other nerve fibers or to muscle fibers or glial cells
3. Striated muscle fibers
1. Impulse transmission
(1) Skeletal muscles are innervated by myelinated axons of alpha motor neurons
① These axon use CT element of muscle as they arborize to reach each skeletal muscle
cells
② As axon branch reaches its muscle cell,
③ it loses it’s myelin sheath, but retains its schwann cell cover
④ and forms expanded axon terminal, the presynaptic membrane over motor end plate,
modified region of scolemma
(2) Combination of motor end plate & synaptic cleft & axon terminal
① is neuromuscular junction
② synaptic cleft : space between presynaptic & postsynaptic membranes
(3) neuromuscular junction results in action potentials that spread along sarcolemma
# 67. Spinal cord (HE)
© Spinal cord
• White matter
• Grey matter
• Central canal
• Lined by ependymal cells (Glial cells)
• Contains CerebroSpinal Fluids
© White matter
1. Introduction
(1) Outer layer
(2) Consist of nerve fibers
(3) Increases in caudal to rostral direction
2. Funiculi
(1) Anterior funiculus
① Between anterior lateral sulcus & anterior median fissure
② Tracts
A. Reticulospinal tract
B. Vestibulospinal tract
C. Olivospinal tract
D. Spinoolivary tract
E. Anterior corticospinal tract
F. Anterior spinothalamic
(2) Lateral funiculus
① Between posterior lateral sulcus & anterior lateral sulcus
② Tracts
A. Spinocerebellar tract
B. Lateral spinothalamic
C. Lateral corticospinal tract
(3) Posterior funiculus
① Between posterior median sulcus & posterior intermediate sulcus
② Tracts
A. Gracile fasciculus
B. Cuneate fasciculus
3. Anterior white commissure

(1) Anteromedian fissure
(2) Fold of spinal pia mater
(3) Anterior spinal A
4. Dorsal median septum
© Grey matter
1. Introduction
(1) Inner layer
(2) Consist of cell bodies & glial cells
(3) Butterfly-shaped
2. Horns
(1) Anterior horn
① Somatomotor multipolar neuron
② Contain cell bodies of large motor neurons
③ Motor neuron axons make up ventral roots of spinal nerve
(2) Posterior horn
① Somatosensory & interneurons
② Receives sensory fibers from neurons in spinal ganglia
(3) Lateral horn
① Visceromotor neurons
② Characteristic of T1 to L2
3. Virchow-Robin perivascular space & artefact
4. Neuropil
5. Rexed laminae
(1) Rexed lamina 1
① Zona marginalis
(2) Rexed lamina 2
① Substantia gelatinosa
(3) Rexed lamina 3
(4) Rexed lamina 4
① Nucleus proprius
(5) Rexed lamina 5
(6) Rexed lamina 6
① Clarke’s nucleus
② Only found at C8-L3
(7) Rexed lamina 7
(8) Rexed lamina 8
(9) Rexed lamina 9
① Alpha & gamma motor neuron
(10) Rexed lamina 10
© Deiters motor neuron

1. Deiters motor neuron
(1) Alpha motor neuron
① Has A-alpha neurofibers
② Multipolar neurons
③ Cholinergic
A. Use acetylcholine
④ Innervated by interneuron that is regulated by upper motorneuron called Betz
pyramidal cells
(2) Perikaryon
① Nissl granules
A. Contains RER & ribosome
B. Basophilic material in cell bodies & dendrites
C. Synthesize protein
(3) Stem dendrites
① Proximal dendrites
(4) Euchromatic cell nucleus
① Nucleolus
© Spinal cord meninges

1. Spinal dura mater
(1) Not represented in layers
(2) It’s adhere to vertebral canal as periosteal layer
(3) Forms complete tube surrounding spinal cord beginning at foramen magnum
(4) Ending at second sacral segment
2. Spinal pia mater

(1) Composed of flattened fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes
3. Subarachnoid space
(1) Between arachnoid mater & pia mater
(2) Anterior rootlets
① Exit at anterolateral sulcus
(3) Posterior rootlets
① Exit at posterolateral sulcus
# 68. Spinal cord (myelin staining)
© Myelin staining
• = osmium tetroside
• To show myelin sheath formed by oligodendrocytes
© Spinal cord
• White matter
• Grey matter
• Central canal
• Lined by ependymal cells (Glial cells)
• Contains CerebroSpinal Fluids
© White matter
1. Introduction
(1) Outer layer
(2) Consist of nerve fibers
(3) Increases in caudal to rostral direction
2. Funiculi
(1) Anterior funiculus
① Between anterior lateral sulcus & anterior median fissure
② Tracts
A. Reticulospinal tract
B. Vestibulospinal tract
C. Olivospinal tract
D. Spinoolivary tract
E. Anterior corticospinal tract
F. Anterior spinothalamic
(2) Lateral funiculus
① Between posterior lateral sulcus & anterior lateral sulcus
② Tracts
A. Spinocerebellar tract
B. Lateral spinothalamic
C. Lateral corticospinal tract
(3) Posterior funiculus
① Between posterior median sulcus & posterior intermediate sulcus
② Tracts
A. Gracile fasciculus
B. Cuneate fasciculus
3. Anterior white commissure

(1) 2 layer of spinal pia mater
(2) Anterior spinal A
4. Dorsal median septum
© Grey matter
1. Introduction
(1) Inner layer
(2) Consist of cell bodies & glial cells
(3) Butterfly-shaped
2. Horns
(1) Anterior horn
① Somatomotor multipolar neuron
② Contain cell bodies of large motor neurons
③ Motor neuron axons make up ventral roots of spinal nerve
(2) Posterior horn
① Somatosensory & interneurons
② Receives sensory fibers from neurons in spinal ganglia
(3) Lateral horn
① Visceromotor neurons
② Characteristic of T1 to L2
3. Neuropil
4. Rexed laminae
(1) Rexed lamina 1
① Zona marginalis
(2) Rexed lamina 2
① Substantia gelatinosa
(3) Rexed lamina 3
(4) Rexed lamina 4
① Nucleus proprius
(5) Rexed lamina 5
(6) Rexed lamina 6
① Clarke’s nucleus
② Only found at C8-L3
(7) Rexed lamina 7
(8) Rexed lamina 8
(9) Rexed lamina 9
① Alpha & gamma motor neuron
(10) Rexed lamina 10
© Deiters motor neuron

1. Deiters motor neuron
(1) Alpha motor neuron
① Has A-alpha neurofibers
② Multipolar neurons
(2) Perikaryon
① Nissl granules
A. Contains RER & ribosome
B. Basophilic material in cell bodies & dendrites
C. Synthesize protein
(3) Stem dendrites
① Proximal dendrites
(4) Euchromatic cell nucleus
① Nucleolus
© Spinal cord meninges

1. Spinal dura mater
(1) Not represented in layers
(2) It’s adhere to vertebral canal as periosteal layer
(3) Forms complete tube surrounding spinal cord beginning at foramen magnum
(4) Ending at second sacral segment
2. Spinal pia mater

(1) Composed of flattened fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes
3. Subarachnoid space
(1) Between arachnoid mater & pia mater
(2) Anterior rootlets
① Exit at anterolateral sulcus
(3) Posterior rootlets
① Exit at posterolateral sulcus
# 69. Cerebellum (HE)
© Layers
• Cerebellar cortex
• Molecular layer
• Purkinje cell layer
• Granular layer
• Cerebellar medulla
© Cerebellar cortex
1. Molecular layer
(1) = stratum moleculare
(2) Light pink outermost layer
(3) Few neurons, large number of fibers
① Fibers are mainly unmyelinated
(4) Synaptic layer
① Contain synapses
② Few cell bodies of basket cells, stellate cells
(5) Basket cells
① In molecular layer
② Long axons run horizontally above purkinje cell bodies
③ Terminal branches form networks around purkinje cell bodies
④ It’s fibers form numerous synaptic contact with purkinje cell
(6) Stellate cells
② Dendrites run in all directions
③ Axons terminates at purkinje cell bodies or run horizontally below folium surface
(7) Dendrites of purkinje cells like tree
(8) Parallel fibers
① Axons of granule cells
② Form synapses with purkinje cell dendrites
③ Granular cells’ nuclei are in stratum granulosum
(9) Climbing fibers
① Afferent fibers
② Terminate at purkinje cells
A. by splitting up & attaching like tendrils to ramifications of dendritic tree
③ Each climbing fiber terminates at single purkinje cell
④ Also at some stellate & basket cells via axon collaterals
⑤ Originates from neurons of inferior olivary nucleus
⑥ Olivocerebellar tract
2. Purkinje cell layer

(1) = Stratum ganglionare
(2) Single layer of purkinje cell
(3) Perikaryon of purkinje cell
(4) Axon collaterals of basket cells
① Surround perikaryon of purkinje cells
② Inhibiting it’s activity
(5) Purkinje cells
① Represent efferent elements of cortex
② Receive excitatory input
A. through direct contact with climbing fibers
B. Indirectly through mossy fibers via interposed granule cells
③ It’s axons terminate at neurons of subcortical nuclei
A. Cerebellar nuclei & vestibular neurons
④ Inhibitory neurons using GABA as neurotransmitter
3. Granular layer
(1) = stratum granulosum
(2) Thickest & darkest stained layer
① Due to dark nuclei of granular cells
(3) Granule cells
① Axons ascend vertically through purkinje cell layer into molecular layer
A. At molecular layer, it bifurcates into 2 parallel fibers
(4) Cerebellar glomeruli
① Forms synaptic contact with axon terminals of afferent nerve fibers (mossy fibers)
② Dendrites of granular cells
③ Mossy fibers
A. Afferent fibers
B. All other fibers except fibers from inferior olivary nucleus
C. Mossy fibers Terminate
(A) spinocerebellar & pontocerebellar tracts
(B) Also fibers from nuclei of medulla
D. Divide into widely divergent branches with small rosettes of spheroid terminals
E. These fit into terminals of granule cell dendrite & form synaptic complexes with
them
④ Short axons of golgi cells terminates here
A. We can’t see goli cells in HE staining
(5) Golgi cells
① Slightly below purkinje cells
② Their dendritic trees are in moleculr layer & extend towards surface of folium
③ Have short axons that terminates in glomerulus or dense fiber network
④ Belong to inhibitory interneurons
1. Inhibitory interneurons
(1) Stellate cells, Basket cells, Golgi cells
(2) Inhibit purkinje cells
(3) They are coexcited by every incoming impulse
① Via synapse in glomeruli
② Via synapse with parallel fibers
③ Via synapses of golgi cells with mossy fiber
④ Via axon collaterals of afferent fibers
# 70. Cerebellum (Ag)
© Silver staining
• Dendritic trees of purkinje cells in molecular layer are more visible
© Layers
• Cerebellar cortex
• Molecular layer
• Purkinje cell layer
• Granular layer
• Cerebellar medulla
© Cerebellar cortex
1. Molecular layer
(1) = stratum moleculare
(2) Light pink outermost layer
(3) Few neurons, large number of fibers
① Fibers are mainly unmyelinated
(4) Synaptic layer
① Contain synapses
② Few cell bodies of basket cells, stellate cells
(5) Basket cells
② Long axons run horizontally above purkinje cell bodies
③ Terminal branches form networks around purkinje cell bodies
④ It’s fibers form numerous synaptic contact with purkinje cell
(6) Stellate cells
② Dendrites run in all directions
③ Axons terminates at purkinje cell bodies or run horizontally below folium surface
(7) Dendrites of purkinje cells like tree
(8) Parallel fibers
① Axons of granule cells
② Form synapses with purkinje cell dendrites
③ Granular cells’ nuclei are in stratum granulosum
(9) Climbing fibers
① Afferent fibers
② Terminate at purkinje cells
A. by splitting up & attaching like tendrils to ramifications of dendritic tree
③ Each climbing fiber terminates at single purkinje cell
④ Also at some stellate & basket cells via axon collaterals
⑤ Originates from neurons of inferior olivary nucleus
⑥ Olivocerebellar tract
2. Purkinje cell layer

(1) = Stratum ganglionare
(2) Single layer of purkinje cell
(3) Perikaryon of purkinje cell
(4) Axon collaterals of basket cells
① Surround perikaryon of purkinje cells
② Inhibiting it’s activity
(5) Purkinje cells
① Represent efferent elements of cortex
② Receive excitatory input
A. through direct contact with climbing fibers
B. Indirectly through mossy fibers via interposed granule cells
③ It’s axons terminate at neurons of subcortical nuclei
A. Cerebellar nuclei & vestibular neurons
④ Inhibitory neurons using GABA as neurotransmitter
3. Granular layer
(1) = stratum granulosum
(2) Thickest & darkest stained layer
① Due to dark nuclei of granular cells
(3) Granule cells
① Axons ascend vertically through purkinje cell layer into molecular layer
A. At molecular layer, it bifurcates into 2 parallel fibers
(4) Cerebellar glomeruli
① Forms synaptic contact with axon terminals of afferent nerve fibers (mossy fibers)
② Dendrites of granular cells
③ Mossy fibers
A. Afferent fibers
B. All other fibers except fibers from inferior olivary nucleus
C. Mossy fibers Terminate
(A) spinocerebellar & pontocerebellar tracts
(B) Also fibers from nuclei of medulla
D. Divide into widely divergent branches with small rosettes of spheroid terminals
E. These fit into terminals of granule cell dendrite & form synaptic complexes with
them
④ Short axons of golgi cells terminates here
A. We can’t see goli cells in HE staining
(5) Golgi cells
① Slightly below purkinje cells
② Their dendritic trees are in moleculr layer & extend towards surface of folium
③ Have short axons that terminates in glomerulus or dense fiber network
④ Belong to inhibitory interneurons
1. Inhibitory interneurons
(1) Stellate cells, Basket cells, Golgi cells
(2) Inhibit purkinje cells
(3) They are coexcited by every incoming impulse
① Via synapse in glomeruli
② Via synapse with parallel fibers
③ Via synapses of golgi cells with mossy fiber
④ Via axon collaterals of afferent fibers
# 71. Cerebral cortex (HE)
© Layers
• Molecular layer
• External granular layer
• External pyramidal layer
• Internal granular layer
• Internal pyramidal layer
• Multiform layer
1. Molecular layer
(1) Few number of associative cells
(2) Dendrites of pyramidal cells
(3) Astrocytes
① Superficial glial limiting membrane
2. External granular layer

(1) Smaller granular cells, basket cells, chandelier cells
3. External pyramidal layer

(1) Pyramidal cell
(2) Basket cells
4. Internal granular layer

(1) Larger granular cells
(2) Stellate cells
① Axons of it
A. arborize after short course or
B. bifurcates & terminate with basket cells on adjacent pyramidal cells
(3) Endings of sensory fibers
① Ascending pathway’s fibers terminate here
(4) External & internal granular layers
① Are thicker & dominant in sensory cortex
5. Internal pyramidal layer

(1) Larger pyramidal cells, called Betz cells
① Only in motor cortex
(2) External & internal pyramidal layers
① Are thicker & dominant in motor cortex
6. Multiform layer
(1) Fusiform cells
(2) Isodendritic cells
7. Neuropil
(1) In any area of nervous system
(2) Consist of mostly
① Unmyelinated axon
② Dendrites
③ Glial cells
8. Pyramidal cells
(1) One apical dendrite + numerous basal dendrites
① Apical dendrite ascend to molecular layer & branches there
(2) Triangular shaped
① Has 3 angles that give rise to dendrites
② Apex
A. Give rise to apical dendrites
③ Base
A. Give rise to axon
B. It descends directly towards white matter & leaves cortex & form pathway
(3) It’s descending axon gives off numerous recurrent collaterals
(4) Giant pyramidal cells are called Betz cells
① Form pyramidal tract, descending motor pathway
② It’s Upper motor neuron
A. Lower motor neurons are mostly alpha motor neurons
(A) It’s in anterior horn of spinal cord
(B) Innervate trunk & limbs muscle
(C) Head & neck muscles are innervated by alpha motor neurons of brainstem
1. Module concept
(1) Efferent elements, the pyramidal cells
① Axons
A. Run to other cortical columns
B. Run to subcortical group of neurons
② Numerous axon collaterals terminate at pyramidal cells of nearby columns
(2) Afferent elements
① Association fibers from another column
② Specific fibers from peripheral sensory areas
(3) Association fibers
① Give off branches terminating at spines of pyramidal cells
② They ascend to molecular layer & branch into horizontally running fibers
A. These running fibers have synaptic contact with apical dendrites
(4) Specific fibers
① Terminate in internal granular layer on interneurons
# 72. Astrocyte (GFAP IHC)
© GFAP IHC staining

1. GFAP : Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
(1) Antibody
(2) Marker protein for fibrous protein
2. IHC : Immuno Histo Chemical method
(1) Stain substances that are able to bind to antibody
3. Why?
(1) To stain fibrous protein specially
(2) Able to visualize Blood Brain Barrier
© Atrocytes
1. Introduction
(1) Big size, long branched processes
(2) Process
① Foot like expansion
② Surrounding vessels in brain
A. Create blood brain barrier
(3) 2 types
① Fibrous
② Protoplasmic
2. Fibrous astrocyte
(1) Mostly in white matter of CNS
(2) Numbers of processes are small
(3) But length of processes is longer
3. Protoplasmic astrocytes
(1) Mostly in grey matter of CNS
(2) Large Numbers of processes
(3) But length of processes is shorter
4. Functions
(1) Structural support
(2) Repair processes
(3) Blood brain barrier
① 밑에 설명
(4) Metabolic exchange of neuron
(5) Scar making cells
① If nerve tissue die,
② Astrocytes create scar tissue to fill up the empty space
③ Repacking dead nerve tissue
5. End feet In limiting membrane

(1) Perivascular glial limiting membrane
(2) Internal glial limiting membrane
(3) External glial limiting membrane
6. Blood-Brain barrier
(1) Protects brain from substances in blood & CSF
(2) 3 layers
① Capillary endothelial cells with tight junction
② Basement membrane by pericytes
③ Astrocyte foot process (glia limitans)
(3) Glucose & electrolytes pass through slowly
(4) Gases & water can pass freely
(5) Parts that lacks BBB
① Pineal body
② Median eminence of hypothalamus
③ Posterior lobe of pituitary gland
# 73.1 Eyeball (HE)
© Layers
1. 3 main layers of eye ball © Details II → Vascular layer
(1) Fibrous layer / fibrous tunic / corneoscleral layer (tunica fibrosa) ❖ Vascular layer composed of
(2) Vascular layer / Uveal layer (1) Choroid
(3) Inner layer (Retina) / sensory layer / nervous layer (tunica interna) (2) Ciliary Body
2. 3 main layers details: (3) Iris
(1) Fibrous layer: 1. Choroid [vascular layer]
① is Connective tissue capsule (1) Characteristics
A. consisting of collagen and some elastic fibers ① Pigmented loose C-T
B. → maintains shape of the eyeball A. Lying b/w the Sclera & Retina
② Post. 5/6 of eyeball
② Contain 3 structures
③ Vascular layer
A. cornea [ anterior part]
A. account 90% blood flow in eye
(A) 아래 1 번 설명
④ Nourish retina
B. (corneo-scleral junction): 사이에 있음
⑤ Innervated by
(A) junction of the cornea and the sclera A. Branches of long & short ciliary nerve
a. Junction is covered by conjunctiva
C. Sclera [posterior part] (2) 4 layers:
① Suprachoroidal lamina (lamina suprachoroidea)
(A) 아래 2 번 설명
A. contains only a few vessels and pigment
(2) Vascular layer: B. houses the
① Highly vascularized Coat (A) Ciliary nerves
A. b/w its blood vessels, (B) Posterior Ciliary arteries
(A) loose connective tissue rich in fibroblast (C) Vorticose veins
(B) Macrophages C. Known as Peri-choroidal space
(C) Lymphocytes (A) spatial system that forms lymph pathways
(D) mast cells ② Vascular lamina (lamina vasculosa / lamina vascularis)
(E) collagen/elastic fibers A. Contains
② Composed of (A) Precapillary arterioles
A. Choroid (B) Postcapillary venules
B. Ciliary Body ③ Choriocapillary layer (lamina choroidocapillaris / lamina choriocapillaris)
C. Iris A. It is Network of fenestrated capillaries
(3) Inner layer (Retina): (A) richest capillary network in body
① Classified as to development of the eyeball ④ Bruch's membrane (lamina vitrea / lamina basalis)
A. Neural layer (str. Cerebrale) A. Double layer of basement membranes
B. Pigment layer (str. Pigmentosum) (A) blood-retina barrier
② Classified as structure of the eyeball
A. blind part of Retina (pars coeca retinase) 2. Ciliary body [vascular layer]
(A) composed of 1+1 layers (1) Characteristic
a. 1 for pigment layer ① Continuous with Iris
b. 1 for neural layers A. Forms ring around structure around iris
(B) 2 parts of retina ② Function
a. Pars Iritica → covering Iris A. Produce Aqueous humor (in Pars Plicata)
b. Pars ciliaris → covering ciliary body B. Hold lens
B. optic part of retina (pars optica retinae)
③ covered by blind retina
(A) neuronal retina proper
(B) composed of 1+9 layers (2) 2 Anatomical structure:
(C) 1 for pigment layer ① Orbiculus ciliaris (pars plana)
a. 9 for neural layers A. ciliary m. (m. ciliaris)
(A) meridional fibers / longitudinal fibers
© Details I → Fibrous layer (B) radial fibers
1. Cornea: [Fibrous layer] (C) circular fibers
(1) Characteristics: ② Corona ciliaris (pars plicata)
① Function A. ciliary folds
A. controls and focuses the entry of light into the eye B. ciliary processes
② anterior 1/6 of the main layer (A) produce aqueous humor (humor aquosus)
③ Avascular (혈관이 없음) (B) serve as attaching sites of ciliary zonule (zonula ciliaris)
④ Sensory innervation by a. hold lens in place
A. long ciliary nerves [n. V/1] → ophthalmic Nerve b. suspensory ligament of Zinn (zonular fibers)
I. attached to the coronal equator of the lens
⑤ it makes junction with the sclera covered by conjunctiva:→ called
A. Corneoscleral Junction (Corneal Limbus) (3) Histological Structure:
(A) Conjunctiva: transparent membrane covering the eyeball and under surface ① Stroma (stroma corporis ciliaris)
of the eyelid A. loose connective tissue, with capillary network and ciliary muscles
② Ciliary epithelium of the non-visual retina (pars ciliaris retinae)
⑥ Transparent layer
A. outer layer is pigmented (closer to the stroma)
(2) 5 multilayer
B. inner layer is NOT pigmented (abutting on the vitreous body)
① Corneal epithelium (anterior epithelium)
A. Stratified squamous epithelium
3. Iris [vascular layer]
(A) Underneath, there no connective tissue papillae
(1) Characteristic:
(B) Free nerve endings from ophthalmic Nerve [n V/1]
a. Long ciliary nerve ① Covered by blind retina
② Anterior limiting lamina / Bowman’s membrane ② it is Visible, colored part of eye
A. Acidophil, cell-free membrane A. b/w cornea and lens
B. If injured → it loses its transparency (weak regeneration capacity) B. continuous with ciliary body
③ has Round opening: called pupil
③ Substantia propria of cornea
A. allows light to enter eye
A. Stroma
B. Keratocytes (2) 2 Anatomical structure:
C. Highly regular form of dense collagenous tissue ① pupillary margin (margo pupillaris)
④ Posterior limiting lamina / Descemet’s membrane A. lesser arterial circle of iris (circulus arteriosus iridis minor)
A. Acidophil basement membrane ② ciliary margin (margo ciliaris)
⑤ Endothelium of anterior chamber / posterior epithelium A. greater arterial circle of iris (circulus arteriosus iridis major)
A. Simple squamous epithelium B. pectinate ligaments (ligamenta pectinata)
(A) among them: spaces of Fontana (spatia anguli iridocornealis)
2. Sclera [Fibrous layer] (3) 4 Histological structure:
(1) Characteristic: ① Anterior surface (endothelium camerae anterioris)
① Function A. discontinuous epithelium, intermingled with melanocytes and fibrocytes
A. controls and focuses the entry of light into the eye ② Stroma iridis
② posterior 5/6 of the main layer A. Constrictor muscle of the pupil (m. sphincter pupillae)
A. thicker as it continuous to posteriorly (A) innervated by parasympathetic fibers from the oculomotor n.
③ opaque (not clear / not transmitting 불투명함) B. Pigmented cells (melanocytes)
④ contains few blood vessels C. Dilator pupillae muscle (m. dilatator pupillae)
A. Vorticose vein – at equator (4) (A) smooth muscle cells (neuroectodermal by origin) or
(A) Drain ocular choroid (B) pigmented myoepithelial cells
B. Episcleral venous rete (C) innervated by sympathetic fibers from the carotid plexus
(A) Around cornea ③ (membrana limitans iridis)
C. Post. ciliary a. A. membrana basalis
⑤ provides insertion for the extra-ocular muscles ④ Iridial epithelium / pigmented epithelium (str. pigmenti iridis / pars iridica retinae)
(2) 3 layers: A. bilayer epithelium of the non-visual retina
① Suprachoroid lamina (lamina fusca sclerae)
A. thin layer with occasional melanocytes
B. may be considered artificial layer on the inner surface of sclera
© Compartments of the eyeball
② Scleral stroma (substantia propria sclerae)
1. Eye is partioned by
A. densely collagenous, hypocellular tissue with elastic fibers
(1) Lens
③ Episcleral layer
A. connected to the Tenon's capsule by fine delicate collagenous fibers (2) Suspensory ligament (of Zinn) / Zonular Fiber
(3) Important anatomical part: (3) Ciliary body
이 3 개로 두 군대로 나뉨
① Lamina cribrosa
2. Eye has 2 compartments
A. perforated layer of the sclera for the passage of optic nerve fibers
밑에는 (1) Smaller anterior compartment
① Filled with aqueous humor
3. Boundary of Cornea and Sclera
(1) from External view:
3 번째 레이어 (inner layer: Retina)에 A. Watery fluid, hypotonic with respect to plasma
① Conjunctival ring (anulus conjunctivae)
A. beginning of the conjunctiva of the eyeball
대해 설명하겠다 B. Secreted by the ciliary processes of ciliary body
C. Source of nutrients for the non-vascular lens and cornea
② Scleral sulcus (sulcus sclerae) ② 2 Chambers
(2) from Middle view: A. Anterior chamber
① Corneoscleral junction (Corneal Limbus) (A) Bordered by cornea, iris and lens
B. Posterior chamber
(3) from Internal view:
(A) Bordered by lens, suspensory ligament and ciliary body
① Descemet’s membrane terminates
② Trabecular meshwork begins (2) Large posterior compartment
③ Iridocorneal angle (angulus iridocornealis) ① Contains vitreous body
A. trabecular meshwork (spongiosa sclerae) A. Gelatinous mass
(A) Function → drainage of aqueous humor (humor aquosus) B. Consisting of vitreous humor
a. 2 parts: (A) 99% of water & hyluronic acid
I. Trabecules / pectinate ligaments (ligg. pectinata)
② Hyaloid canal/ Cloquet’s canal
II. spaces of Fontana (spatia anguli iridocornealis)
A. Hyaloid artery during embryological development
(I) There is NO endothelial lining
(II) are NOT continuous with the canal of Schlemm ③ Vitreous membrane/hyaloid membrane
④ Canal of Schlemm (sinus venosus sclerae / canalis Schlemmi) A. Condensation of fibers on the surface of the vitreous body
A. Single circular vessel → lined by endothelium
B. Minute channels (venae aquosae) through the sclera lead to the episcleral
venous System
# 73.2 Eyeball (HE)
© Details III → Inner Layer (Retina)

1. 10 layers of Retina (9 neural layers + 1 pigment epithelium) [outer→ inner order]
(1) Pigmented part [1 개]
① Str. pigmentosum / str. pigmenti retinae (pigment epithelium):
A. Pigmented simple cuboidal epithelium
B. Function
(A) This layer contains high amount of dark pigment cell
a. Absorb light and Prevent it from reflecting to the neurosensory layer. →
provide clear vision.
(B) Nourishing of the retina
(C) Forms the blood-retinal barrier.
a. The barrier is composed of the tight junctions b/w the cells of the RPE and
I. its function is to prevent the diffusion of large and toxic molecules from
the choroid into the retina.
(2) Nervous part [9 개]
① Str. neuroepitheliale / str. bacilli et coni (rod and cone processes, photoreceptor
layer)
A. processes of light-sensitive cells:
(A) rods (bacilli) and cones (coni)
② Str. limitans externum / membrana limitans externa (outer limiting membrane)
A. formed by Müller cells (glial cells)
③ Str. granulosum externum / str. nucleare externum (outer nuclear layer)
A. somata of the photoreceptor cells
④ Str. plexiforme externum (outer plexiform layer)
A. b/w the receptor cells and bipolar cells
B. b/w the horizontal cells and receptor cells
⑤ Str. granulosum internum / str. nucleare internum (inner nuclear layer)
A. neurons = bipolar and horizontal neurons, amacrine cells
B. cell bodies of Müller cells
⑥ Str. plexiforme internum (inner plexiform layer)
A. between the bipolar neurons and ganglion cells
⑦ Str. ganglionare (ganglion cell layer)
A. ganglion cells
⑧ Str. neurofibrarum (layer of the afferent fibers)
A. un-myelinated optic nerve fibers
B. here branch the retinal central blood vessels
⑨ Str. limitans internum (inner limiting membrane)
A. formed by Müller glial cells; demarcates the innermost aspect of the retina from
the vitreous body
1. Anatomy of Retina
(1) Consists 2 parts of layer + potential space
6 types of cells distributed in 9 layers of neural retina (이건 안해도될 듯)
① Neurosensory Retina / neural retina(inner) / 아래 자세히 설명
Photoreceptors (Rods & Cons)
A. Composed of 9 inner histological layers
Bipolar cells (first order neurons)
B. made up of 3 groups of neurons
Ganglion cells (optic nerve)
(A) Photoreceptors
Horizontal cells (GABA)
(B) Bipolar cells
Amacrine Cells
(C) Ganglion cells
Supporting cells (Muller cells)
② Retinal Pigmented Epithelium / pigment epithelium (outer) / 아래 자세히 설명
A. Pigmented simple cuboidal epithelium (10th layer: outermost)
(A) 이 위에 choroid → sclera 가 있음
③ Subretinal space
A. Potential space b/w inner & outer layer
(A) 보통 inner & outer layers are attached each other
④ Ora serrata (pars coeca retinae)
A. Ant. End of retina junction with ciliary body
(A) 여기서 Retinal layers (10 개) reduced to 2 cell layers of pars coeca (blind part of retina)
(B) Ciliary body 와 이어져있다는 이유로 ciliary epithelium is considered as retina
a. Ciliary Epithelium: non-visual layer of retina
I. outer layer is pigmented (closer to the stroma)
II. inner layer is NOT pigmented (abutting on the vitreous body)
B. 여기를 기준으로 눈깔은 2 개 로 구분된다
(A) Blind part of retina (pars coeca retinae)
a. Light insensitive part
I. No photoreceptor cells
b. Location
I. Ciliary & iridial part of Retina
c. Composed
I. 1 Retinal pigmented epithelium (outer)
II. 1 neurosensory retina layer (inner)
(I) Non-pigment
(B) Optic part of retina (retina proper)
a. Sclera area 쪽
b. Composed
I. 1 Retinal pigmented epithelium (outer)
II. 9 neurosensory retina layer (inner)
(2) Topographic landmarks

① Macula lutea
A. Center of post. Retinal layer
B. Contains the highest amount of the photoreceptor cells.
(A) Site of clearest vision
(B) mostly cones and few rods
C. Fovea centralis is found
D. a shallow depression in its center
(A) 여기서 central retinal vessels access the eye.
(B) responsible for sharp central vision
(C) contain only cones (function for central vision)
② Optic disc
A. Located 3mm medially From Macula lutea
B. Optic nerve exits here
C. Known as “Blind Spot”
(A) Because disc do not have photoreceptor cells
(B) = Mariotte blind spot: no vision
a. here the CSF spaces of skull terminates
I. if pressure of CSF ↑(intracranial pressure) = swelling in optic eye → papilloedema
③ Nasal & Temporal halves
A. Fovea centralis 를 기준으로 retina 를 둘로 나눔
(A) Nasal retina: Medial
(B) Temporal retina: Lateral
#74. Eyelid (HE)
© Eyelid : Compartments © Glands of Eye lids

1. Compartment of Eyelids : 아래는 바깥쪽부터 안쪽을 순서대로 설명함 1. Lacrimal Gland
(1) Cutaneous part (anterior surface) (1) tubulo-alveolar gland
① Stratified Squamous Keratinized Epithelium + with small hair follicules ① Serous secretory portions (acini)
A. Contains A. Lumens are wide
(A) Hair follicles B. Secretion of tears
(B) Sebaceous gland (A) watery fluid containing lysozyme
(C) Eccrine sweat gland (B) electrolytes of similar concentration to the plasma
(C) moistens and lubricates the eyeball and eyelids
(2) Layers of striated muscles C. myoepithelial cells around
① Orbicularis oculi muscle ② Excretory duct
A. closes eyelids A. Dozens of small ducts (10-20) open into the lat. part of superior fornix of
B. assists in pumping the tears from nasolacrimal duct system conjunctiva
② Levator palpebrae superior muscle (A) tears drain into the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct
A. elevates superior eyelid B. small number of ducts (1-2) open into the lat. part of inferior fornix of
conjunctiva
(3) Tarsus / tarsal plate (2) Lymphocytes

① Dense fibro-elastic plate ① It is Immunoglobin IgA plasma cells
A. Composed of both IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses,
② contain Tarsal gland / Meibomian gland
A. elongated holocrine gland (modified sebaceous gll.) ② located in the glandular epithelia
(A) compound gland, which opens freely (separate from hair follicles) ③ Function
(B) produce meibum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's A. defense in the resistance against infection
tear film. (A) via inhibiting bacterial and viral adhesion to epithelial cells
③ Tarsal muscles are anchored onto the plate (B) via neutralization of bacterial toxins and virus
A. smooth muscle a. both extra- and intracellularly
(A) innervated by sympathetic nerves
a. smooth muscle always innervated by autonomic nervous system) (3) Comparison of the lacrimal gland with other serous glands (다른 글랜드와의 비교)
① the lacrimal gland lacks the following items:
A. intercalated tubules
(4) Conjunctival part (covered by conjunctiva) B. striated ducts
① facies posterior palpebrae C. centroaciner cells
A. 2 types of Conjunctival epithelium (2개 있음) D. islets of Langerhan
(A) Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
a. Close to anterior palpebral edge 2. Tarsal Gland (Meibomian Gland)
b. Towards the limbus palpebralis posterior (1) elongated holocrine gland (modified sebaceous gll.)
① compound gland, which opens freely (separate from hair follicles)
(B) Stratified columnar epithelium ② produce meibum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's tear
a. close to the conjunctival fornix film.
I. goblet cells in the surface layer
(I) conjunctival mucous secretion
② Accessory lacrimal glands 3. Ciliary Glands of Moll
(1) apocrine sweat gland
A. Glands of Krause
① wide lumen
(A) in the vicinity(근처) of the superior conjunctival fornix
② simple coiled tubules
(B) about 42 개 in upper fornix & 6-8 lower fornix
B. Glands of wolfring 4. Gland of Zeiss
(A) Present near the upper border of sup. Tasal plate (1) ordinary sebaceous glands
C. Small lacrimal glands may appear in the entire conjunctiva
5. Sebaceous Gland
© Eyelid: margins (1) Sebaceous Glands
1. Free lid margin ① oil secreting gland
(1) Def:
② Type of Holocrine gland :
① lid surface towards the palpebral fissure (눈꺼풀)
A. entire secretory cells transform in secretion
② It is looking upwards in the lower lid and downwards in the upper lid.
B. product is secreted with the remnants of a dead cell
③ The free lid border is a clinical terminus
(A) Stem cells (arrows) in the base of the gland
A. therefore dictated by what can be seen with the naked eye
③ Function:
2. 3 compartments A. Secrete a substance called SUBUM ( mixture of fatty substance)
(1) Anterior palpebral margin (A) Oily or waxy substance
① Anterior edge of free margin of eyelid ④ Location:
A. Dermis (middle layer of skin → stratum reticulare)
(2) Eyelashes (part of anterior palpebral margin/ 주변에 있음) (A) Develop from external root sheath of hair follicle
① Absence of arrector pili muscle a. Open up into upper part of hair follicle (Infudibulum)
A. tiny muscle attach to the base of a hair B. Lips ( Pars cutanea) with hair follicle
B. causing the hair to "stand up straight" on the skin. C. Anal canal (Cutaneous part)
(A) Generate heats D. Eyelids (Cutaneous part)
② 2 glands open into pilosebaceous duct of eyelashes (A) Common sebaceous gland
A. Glands of Zeiss a. Glands of Zeis
(A) ordinary sebaceous glands I. at margin of eyelid
B. Ciliary glands of Moll
(B) Modified sebaceous gland 로 존제함 →
(A) apocrine sweat gland
a. Tarsal gland / Gland of Meibom
a. wide lumen
b. simple coiled tubules I. Inner surface of eyelids (b/w tarsi and conjunctiva)
c. secre te viscous product
(3) Posterior palpebral margin

① Posterior edge of free margin of eyelid
② Compose Tarsal Glands of Meibom
A. small oil glands
(A) line the margin of the eyelids
a. edges which touch when the eyelids are closed
(B) coats the surface of our eyes (I)
(C) keeps the water component of our tears from drying out b. tarsal glands (Meibomian glands)
B. 12-30 glands in each eyelid c. Tyson's glands on the foreskin
d. glands of the labium minus on vagina
e. rare ectopic glands of the upper lip (”Fordyces spots”)
f. glands on the nipple and the areola
#75. Lacrimal gland (HE)
Eyelid 에 포함
© Lacrimal Gland
1. Lacrimal Gland: Intro
(1) paired exocrine glands → one for each eye,
(2) secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film.
(3) Location
① Lacrimal fossa of the orbit
(4) Small lacrimal glands may appear in the entire conjunctiva
2. Lacrimal Gland: Histology

(1) tubulo-alveolar gland
① Serous secretory portions (acini)
A. Lumens are wide
B. Secretion of tears
(A) watery fluid containing lysozyme
(B) electrolytes of similar concentration to the plasma
(C) moistens and lubricates the eyeball and eyelids
C. myoepithelial cells around
② Excretory duct
A. Dozens of small ducts into the superior fornix
(A) tears drain into the nasal cavity via the nasolacrimal duct
(2) Lymphocytes
① It is Immunoglobin IgA plasma cells
A. Composed of both IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses,
② located in the glandular epithelia
③ Function
A. defense in the resistance against infection
(A) via inhibiting bacterial and viral adhesion to epithelial cells
(B) via neutralization of bacterial toxins and virus
a. both extra- and intracellularly
(3) Comparison of the lacrimal gland with other serous glands (다른 글랜드와의 비교)
① the lacrimal gland lacks the following items:
A. intercalated tubules
B. striated ducts
C. centroaciner cells
D. islets of Langerhan
#76. Cochlea (HE) _ inner ear
© Organs of hearing and balance © Cochlea: detail

1. vestibulocochlear organ (auditory vestibular nerve) 1. Membranous cochlea (Auditory organ)
(1) 2 parts (1) makes 2 and ¾ turns
① auditory organ (apparatus cochlearis) (2) 3 walls
A. cochlear duct (cochlea) ① Roof: vestibular membrane / Reissner's membrane
② balance system (apparatus vestibularis) A. towards the scala vestibuli
A. Saccule (sacculus) B. two layers of flattened epithelium with basement membrane in between
B. Utricle (utriculus) ② Lateral wall: stria vascularis
C. Semicircular ducts (ampullae) A. vascular epithelium on the spiral ligament of the lateral wall
(A) Ant. B. is presumed to produce endolymph
(B) Lat. ③ Floor: basilar membrane
(C) Post. A. towards the scala tympani
B. becomes wider towards the apex of cochlea, than in the base
(2) Location C. connects the bony spiral lamina with the spiral ligament
① Inner ear (auris interna) D. spiral organ of Corti resides on this membrane
2. Inner ear (auris interna) 2. Basilar membrane

(1) resides in the petrous temporal bone (1) connective tissue sheet, which connects
(2) principle of the inner ear’s construction ① bony spiral lamina with
① Bony labyrinth ② spiral ligament (spiral crest)
A. lined by periosteum (2) Sound waves are transformed into →
B. contains perilymph (fluid), in which the membranous labyrinth is suspended ① vibrations of perilymph in the scala vestibuli
(A) extracellular fluid located within the inner ear A. which gets the membrane to vibrate at frequency at particular location of the
(B) regulates electrochemical impulses of hair cells necessary for hearing. membrane more than other locations due to the physical property of resonance
② Membranous labyrinth (3) Basilar membrane items
A. lined by flat epithelium (simple cuboid epithelium ① spiral limbus
B. filled with endolymph (fluid) A. vestibular lip
(A) Produced by stria vascularis (A) tectorial membrane
(B) Scala Media 에 있음 B. tympanic lip
② internal spiral groove
3. Bony labyrinth / osseous labyrinth ③ spiral organ of Corti
(1) 3 semicircular canals ④ external spiral groove
(2) osseous ampullae (3) ⑤ stria vascularis
(3) vestibule (vestibulum) A. produce endolymph fluid
(4) vestibular window ⑥ spiral crest / spiral ligament
(5) vestibular aqueduct
① narrow, bony canal 3. Spiral organ of Corti (2)
(6) cochlear canal (1) Portion of the basilar membrane
① modiolus (conical axis of the cochlea) (2) Detects 2 kinds of sound vibrations
A. longitudinal canal of modiolus ① low frequency sound is detected at the apex of the cochlea
(A) cochlear nerve. (part of the 8th cranial nerve) ② high frequency sound is perceived at the base
a. central processes of ganglion cells (3) membrana tectoria expands over the organ of Corti
B. spiral canal of modiolus (4) its items
(A) spiral ganglion (ggl. spirale) ① inner phalangeal cells of Deiters
C. bipolar nerve cells ② inner sensory cells / hair cells
② osseous spiral lamina ③ inner pillar cells
③ apex of cochlea (cupula) ④ tunnel of Corti [1]
A. helicotrema A. contains perilymph (!)
(A) confluence of ⑤ outer pillar cells
a. scala vestibuli ⑥ Corti’s space [2]
b. scala tympani ⑦ outer sensory cells / hair cells
I. both contain perilymph fluid ⑧ outer phalangeal cells of Deiters
④ spiral ligament ⑨ space of Nuel [3]
A. thickening of the periosteum ⑩ epithelial cells
⑤ scala vestibuli
A. vestibular / oval window lies between the vestibule the tympanic cavity
⑥ cochlear duct / scala media (cochlear labyrinth) 4. Organ of equilibrium
⑦ Scala tympani (1) sensory fields that perceive the direction of gravity & static position
A. cochlear / round window; closed by secondary tympanic membrane (2) for rotational movements / accelerations:
A. ampullary crests
(A) within the 3 membranous ampullae
a. membranous ampullae: expansions of semicircular ducts
4. Membranous labyrinth → lies within Bony labyrinth (filled with endolymph) ② for linear accelerations:
(1) In the semicircular canals: A. macula of utricle (in horizontal plane (ex: Running))
① semicircular ducts (anterior, posterior and lateral / horizontal) (A) within the utricle
② membranous ampullae (anterior, posterior and lateral) B. macula of saccule (in vertical plane (ex: Jumping down))
(A) within the saccule
(2) in the vestibule:
① utricule (3) sensory (hair) cells of the organ of balance
② utriculosaccular duct ① secondary neuroepithelial cells
③ endolymphatic duct A. each has a single kinocilium
④ endolymphatic sac ② they have stereocilia of various height and number
⑤ saccule A. cells are depolarized
⑥ ductus reuniens [reuniens of Hensen] (A) when shifting towards the motile kinocilium
B. cells are hyperpolarized
(3) in the cochlear canal: (A) when shifting away from the kinocilium
① cochlear duct
② cupular cecum
A. blind end at the apex of cochlea
B. surrounded by the helicotrema
③ vestibular cecum
A. beginning of the cochlear duct in the vestibule
5. Outlets of the labyrinths

(1) outlets of the perilymphatic canals
① aqueduct of vestibule
A. Narrow, bony canals
(A) Travel from inner ear to deep inside the skull
B. links the vestibule and posterior surface of petrous temporal bone
C. Opening:
(A) external opening of vestibular aqueduct
D. contains endolympatic duct:
(A) endolymphatic duct
a. which ends blindly: endolymphatic sac
I. lies between two Dural layers
② aqueduct of cochlea / cochlear canaliculus
A. leads to the external surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone
B. its opening:
(A) external opening of cochlear canaliculus
# 77.1. Hairy Skin (HE) → Finger pad 기재한 사항과 중복 다음장은 Non hairy skin 에 관한거임
헤어 관련된건 아래 화살표를 따라가자
# 78. Finger Pad (HE) 3.2 Glands (좌측 항목과 연결..)

1. Layers of the skin (2) Apocrine Sweat Glands (1 of 2 types of sweat gland) _ 씨발 이렇게까지 많이 안해도
• Epidermis 될것같은데…
• Dermis ① Wider lumen & Simple coiled tubules than Eccrine lumen
• Hypodermis ② Type of Apocrine mechanism
(1) Epidermis A. Secretion is eliminated together with apical portion of cytoplasm
① Layers of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium (A) Ex) release of lipid component of secretion in lactating mammary gland
A. Str. Corneum a. discharge of the secretion product with part of the cytoplasm
(A) Horny cells in various thickness ③ Location
B. str. Lucidum A. Develop in areas abundant in hair follicles
(A) may be absent from thin skin B. Ducts empty into hair follicles
(B) eosinophilic flattened cells in HE preparations C. Mainly found in armpits and perianal area
C. str. Granulosum ④ Function:
(A) is composed of up to 5 layers of cells A. Secrete viscous substance → contain Proteins & Fatty acids
(B) contain strongly basophil keratohyalin granules (A) Bacterioal decomposition
D. str. Spinosum / polygonale B. Controlled by sex hormones → only become active at puberty
(A) is of various thickness C. Responsible for body order (페르몬)
(B) composed of cuboidal cells ⑤ Portion
E. Str. Basale / germinativum / cylindricum A. Secretory portion
(A) Single layer of cells → most of which are precursor cells (A) Single layer of secretory cells with outer layer of myoepithelial cells
(B) Cells are attached to the basement of membrane with hemidesmosome B. Excretory portion
F. 위에 Spinosum & Basale → Malphigian Layer (A) Excretory ducts open into hair follicles
(A) Where cell divisions occur → mitotic figures (B) Comprise
② Epidermal ridges project underneath a. Body
A. protect underneath of epidermis→ projection of the dermis called Dermal I. Coiled tubuloalveolar with sac-shaped outpokects
Papillae (I) Lined by cuboidal and columnar epithelial cells
b. Excretory duct
(2) Dermis / Corium_Loose and irregular dense connective tissue I. Lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
① 2 layers II. Myoepitheliall cells surround the tubolo-alveoli
A. Str. Papillare / pars paillaris (I) Expel secretory product into the excretory duct
(A) Loose connective tissue ⑥ Sites
(B) Extends into the epidermis as Dermal papillae A. common apocrine sweat glands on specific sites
Which may contain: (A) glands of armpit
a. Capillary loops (B) circumanal glands (”odoriferous glands”) in anus (Cutaneous zone)
b. Encapsulated nerve endings (C) ciliary glands (Moll’s glands) in Eye Lid
I. Ex) Meissner’s tactile corpuscule → Mechanoreceptor (D) ceruminous glands (wax-secreting glands in the ear canal)
(I) Sensory cell that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion B. modified apocrine sweat glands (i.e. they open freely from hair follicles)
B. Str. Reticulare / pars recticularis (A) mammary glands (Lipid component) 프로틴은 Merocrine secretion 임
(A) Irregular dense Connective Tissue
(B) 5 Characteristic histological items
(3) Eccrine sweat gland (1 of 2 types of sweat gland) _ 씨발 이렇게까지 많이 안해도
a. Glomus bodies → control arteriolovenular anastomosis shunts
될것같은데…
b. Hair follicles
① Type of Merocrine mechanism
c. Sebaceous glands
A. secretion product is present in granules surrounded by membranes, and it is
d. Apocrine and eccrine sweat glands (아래 자세히 설명)
e. Pacinian corpuscules (아래 자세히 설명)
(A) E.g.: salivary glands
I. 대부분 hypodermis 에 있음 ② Structure
A. Simple coiled tubular glands
(3) Hypodermis / Subcutaneous tissue
B. Secretory part lies coiled in Dermis
① Loose connective tissue with many fat cells
C. Duct opens in port at Skin’s surface (open directly onto the surface of skin)
② Also referred to as superficial facia of gross anatomy
③ Location
A. found all over the body
2. Nerve ending (bundle of peripheral nerve fiber)
④ Function
(1) Pacinian corpuscle: concentric lamellae of Glial Cell → in Hypodermis A. Secrete watery substance contain water & sodium chloride
① Exteroceptors B. Responsible for colling of body
A. Free nerve endings (A) Have Cholinergic innervation
B. Tactile corpuscles a. Allow to be thermoregulatory
② Pressure sensation, Touch Detection (Mechanoreceptor) ⑤ Portion
③ Encapsulated by about 60 lamellae of Perineural Cell A. secretory portion
④ Composition (A) found in deep within dermis
A. Concentric lamellae surround → Nerve fiber (B) comprise 2 types of secretory cells
a. Clear cells
(2) Meissner’s Corpuscle →perpendicular to epidermis in dermal papillae I. Produce electrolytes and water
① In stratum Paillare b. Dark cells
② Exteroceptors I. Release macromolecular substances found in sweat
A. Free nerve endings ** either cuboidal or pyramidal in shape
B. Tactile corpuscles ** most visible in PAS (periodic acid Schiff) stain
③ Pressure sensation, Touch Detection (Mechanoreceptor) B. excretory portion (Duct portion)
④ Encapsulated Nerve ending (A) comprise 2 layers of cuboidal epithelial cells
A. Consists of sensory axons winding among flattened Schwann cells arranged a. appear dark with histological staining
perpendicular to epidermis in dermal papillae b. Duct cell contains
⑤ Fibers lose their myelinated sheath upon entry c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
⑥ Dark line: nerve fiber is silver staining d. Golgi apparatus
⑦ Composition e. Microtubules
A. Epithelial cells
B. Glial cell / Neuroglia 4. Hair and Hair Follicle
C. Collagen fibers (1) hair (pilus)
D. Nerve fibers ① parts
A. hair root (radix pili) [1]
3. Glands B. hair shaft (scapus pili) [2]
(1) Sebaceous Glands ② layers
① oil secreting gland A. hair medulla
② Type of Holocrine gland : B. hair cortex
A. entire secretory cells transform in secretion C. hair cuticle
B. product is secreted with the remnants of a dead cell
(A) Stem cells (arrows) in the base of the gland (2) Hair follicle (folliculus pili) in (in Dermis [Str. Reticulare] )
③ Function: ① Divided in to 3 segments
A. Secrete a substance called SUBUM ( mixture of fatty substance) A. hair bulb (bulbus pili) [3]
(A) Oily or waxy substance (A) hair papilla (dermal papilla)
④ Location: a. mainly of connective tissue and a capillary loop
A. Dermis (middle layer of skin → stratum reticulare) (B) hair matrix
(A) Develop from external root sheath of hair follicle a. around hair papilla
a. Open up into upper part of hair follicle (Infudibulum) (C) Bulge
B. Lips ( Pars cutanea) with hair follicle a. reservoir of hair follicle stem cells
C. Anal canal (Cutaneous part) b. Attaching point for Arrector Pili Muscle
D. Eyelids (Cutaneous part) B. isthmus [4]
(A) Common sebaceous gland (A) segment between
a. Glands of Zeis a. arrector pili m.
I. at margin of eyelid b. opening of the sebaceous gland
(B) Modified sebaceous gland 로 존제함 → C. infundibulum [5]
(A) extends from surface of skin to opening of sebaceous Gland duct
(B) Contain → follicular lumen
I. Inner surface of eyelids (b/w tarsi and conjunctiva)
a. fluid-filled space
② Accessories of the hair follicles
A. glands
(A) > sebaceous glands [6]
(B) > apocrine sweat glands
B. arrector pili m. [7]
(A) attaches to the base of a hair follicle (Hair Bulge) at one end and to dermal
tissue on the other end.
(B) contract all at once, causing the hair to "stand up straight" on the skin
b. tarsal glands (Meibomian glands) a. generate heat when the body is cold,
c. Tyson's glands on the foreskin
# 71.2 Finger Pad (HE): Non-hairy skin
# 78. Finger Pad (HE) 3.2 Glands (좌측 항목과 연결...)

1. Layers of the skin (2) Apocrine Sweat Glands (1 of 2 types of sweat gland) _ 씨발 이렇게까지 많이 안해도
• Epidermis 될것같은데…
• Dermis ① Wider lumen & Simple coiled tubules than Eccrine lumen
• Hypodermis ② Type of Apocrine mechanism
(1) Epidermis A. Secretion is eliminated together with apical portion of cytoplasm
① Layers of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium (A) Ex) release of lipid component of secretion in lactating mammary gland
A. Str. Corneum a. discharge of the secretion product with part of the cytoplasm
(A) Horny cells in various thickness ③ Location
B. str. Lucidum A. Develop in areas abundant in hair follicles
(A) may be absent from thin skin B. Ducts empty into hair follicles
(B) eosinophilic flattened cells in HE preparations C. Mainly found in armpits and perianal area
C. str. Granulosum ④ Function:
(A) is composed of up to 5 layers of cells A. Secrete viscous substance → contain Proteins & Fatty acids
(B) contain strongly basophil keratohyalin granules (A) Bacterioal decomposition
D. str. Spinosum / polygonale B. Controlled by sex hormones → only become active at puberty
(A) is of various thickness C. Responsible for body order (페르몬)
(B) composed of cuboidal cells ⑤ Portion
E. Str. Basale / germinativum / cylindricum A. Secretory portion
(A) Single layer of cells → most of which are precursor cells (A) Single layer of secretory cells with outer layer of myoepithelial cells
(B) Cells are attached to the basement of membrane with hemidesmosome B. Excretory portion
F. 위에 Spinosum & Basale → Malphigian Layer C. Excretory ducts open into hair follicles
(A) Where cell divisions occur → mitotic figures (A) Comprise
② Epidermal ridges project underneath a. Body
A. protect underneath of epidermis→ projection of the dermis called Dermal I. Coiled tubuloalveolar with sac-shaped outpokects
Papillae (I) Lined by cuboidal and columnar epithelial cells
b. Excretory duct
(2) Dermis / Corium_Loose and irregular dense connective tissue I. Lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
① 2 layers II. Myoepitheliall cells surround the tubolo-alveoli
A. Str. Papillare / pars paillaris (I) Expel secretory product into the excretory duct
(A) Loose connective tissue ⑥ Sites
(B) Extends into the epidermis as Dermal papillae A. common apocrine sweat glands on specific sites
Which may contain: (A) glands of armpit
a. Capillary loops (B) circumanal glands (”odoriferous glands”) in anus (Cutaneous zone)
b. Encapsulated nerve endings (C) ciliary glands (Moll’s glands) in Eye Lid
I. Ex) Meissner’s tactile corpuscule → Mechanoreceptor (D) ceruminous glands (wax-secreting glands in the ear canal)
(I) Sensory cell that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion B. modified apocrine sweat glands (i.e. they open freely from hair follicles)
B. Str. Reticulare / pars recticularis C. mammary glands (Lipid component) 프로틴은 Merocrine secretion 임
(A) Irregular Dense Connective Tissue
(B) 5 Characteristic histological items
(3) Eccrine sweat gland (1 of 2 types of sweat gland) _ 씨발 이렇게까지 많이 안해도
a. Glomus bodies → control arteriolovenular anastomosis shunts
될것같은데…
b. Hair follicles
① Type of Merocrine mechanism
c. Sebaceous glands
A. secretion product is present in granules surrounded by membranes, and it is
d. Apocrine and eccrine sweat glands (아래 자세히 설명)
e. Pacinian corpuscules (아래 자세히 설명)
(A) E.g.: salivary glands
I. 대부분 hypodermis 에 있음 ② Structure
A. Simple coiled tubular glands
(3) Hypodermis / Subcutaneous tissue
B. Secretory part lies coiled in Dermis
① Loose connective tissue with many fat cells
C. Duct opens in port at Skin’s surface (open directly onto the surface of skin)
② Also referred to as superficial facia of gross anatomy
③ Location
A. found all over the body
2. Nerve ending (bundle of peripheral nerve fiber)
④ Function
(1) Pacinian corpuscle: concentric lamellae of Glial Cell → in Hypodermis A. Secrete watery substance contain water & sodium chloride
① Exteroceptors B. Responsible for colling of body
A. Free nerve endings (A) Have Cholinergic innervation
B. Tactile corpuscles a. Allow to be thermoregulatory
② Pressure sensation, Touch Detection (Mechanoreceptor) ⑤ Portion
③ Encapsulated by about 60 lamellae of Perineural Cell A. secretory portion
④ Composition (A) found in deep within dermis
A. Concentric lamellae surround → Nerve fiber (B) comprise 2 types of secretory cells
(2) Meissner’s Corpuscle →perpendicular to epidermis in dermal papillae a. Clear cells
① In stratum Paillare I. Produce electrolytes and water
② Exteroceptors b. Dark cells
A. Free nerve endings I. Release macromolecular substances found in sweat
B. Tactile corpuscles ** either cuboidal or pyramidal in shape
③ Pressure sensation, Touch Detection (Mechanoreceptor) ** most visible in PAS (periodic acid Schiff) stain
④ Encapsulated Nerve ending B. excretory portion (Duct portion)
A. Consists of sensory axons winding among flattened Schwann cells arranged (A) comprise 2 layers of cuboidal epithelial cells
perpendicular to epidermis in dermal papillae a. appear dark with histological staining
⑤ Fibers lose their myelinated sheath upon entry b. Duct cell contains
⑥ Dark line: nerve fiber is silver staining c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
⑦ Composition d. Golgi apparatus
A. Epithelial cells e. Microtubules
B. Glial cell / Neuroglia
C. Collagen fibers 4. Blood supply of the skin (transverse sections of blood vessels)_엑스트라
D. Nerve fibers (1) Subpapillary plexus
① At the boundary of the sublayers of the dermis
3. Glands ② Give rise to the capillary loops of the dermal papillae
(1) Sebaceous Glands (2) Arteriovenous anastomosis / Arteriolovenular shunt
① oil secreting gland ① Glomus bodies
② Type of Holocrine gland : A. Structure
A. entire secretory cells transform in secretion (A) The afferent arteriole is branched and convoluted
B. product is secreted with the remnants of a dead cell (B) Have relatively thick wall and small lumen
(A) Stem cells (arrows) in the base of the gland (C) Richly innervated with sympathetic nerve fibers
③ Function: B. Function
A. Secrete a substance called SUBUM ( mixture of fatty substance) (A) Bypass-regulating mechanism in the flow of blood
(A) Oily or waxy substance ② Cutaneous plexus
④ Location: A. At the boundary of the dermis and hypodermis
A. Dermis (middle layer of skin → stratum reticulare)
(A) Develop from external root sheath of hair follicle
a. Open up into upper part of hair follicle (Infudibulum)
B. Lips ( Pars cutanea) with hair follicle
C. Anal canal (Cutaneous part)
D. Eyelids (Cutaneous part)
(A) Common sebaceous gland
a. Glands of Zeis
I. at margin of eyelid
(B) Modified sebaceous gland 로 존제함 →
I. Inner surface of eyelids (b/w tarsi and conjunctiva)
b. tarsal glands (Meibomian glands)

c. Tyson's glands on the foreskin
# 78. Resting mammary gland (HE)
# 79. Lactating mammary gland (HE)
#91. Resting mammary gland (HE) 5. Colostrum
1. Mammary gland_Intro (1) 뜻→ first secretion from mammary glands to appear after birth
(1) Consists of 15 to 20 lobules ① contains less fat
① individual compound alveolar gland with its own lactiferous duct → opening to ② contains more protein than regular milk
surface of the nipple ③ is rich in antibodies (predominantly secretory IgA) that
A. provide some degree of passive immunity to the newborn
2. Resting (Inactive) Mammary Gland (A) especially within the gut lumen
(1) Inactive duct system
6. Postlactational Regression of the Breasts
(2) Lobes are divided into (1) With stop of breast-feeding (weaning)
① lobules ① most alveoli that develop during pregnancy undergo degeneration through
A. There are abundant connective tissue b/w lobules, apoptosis.
(A) primarily adipose tissues A. This includes sloughing (탈피) of whole cells as well as autophagic absorption of
B. contains groups of small tubules lined with cellular components.
(A) cuboidal or low columnar epithelium (A) Dead cells and debris are removed by macrophages.
a. These look like ducts and usually remain in this state as long as the gland
is inactive. 7. Senile Involution of the Breasts
(B) The tubules are (1) After menopause(폐경기),
a. embedded in loose cellular connective tissue
① involution (퇴화) of the mammary glands is characterized by
I. intralobular connective tissue 라고함
A. reduction in size
b. Surrounding this is the dense interlobular connective tissue and fat.
B. atrophy(위축) of their secretory portions & ducts (to a certain extent)
(A) Atrophic changes also take place in the connective tissue.
(3) Glandular elements are primarily parts of the duct system → 2 개 있음
① Smallest ducts 8. MUST KNOW→ Histological Content (Resting Mammary Gland)
A. are lined with simple cuboidal epithelium (1) excretory portions
② Larger interlobular ducts (2) adipose tissue
A. have stratified epithelium (3) dense connective tissue
(4) Lactiferous sinus is 9. MUST KNOW→ Histological Content (Lactating mammary gland)
① lined with stratified cuboidal epithelium (1) acini with secretion:
(5) while Lactiferous duct is (2) lipid droplets
① lined with stratified squamous epithelium (3) lymphocytes
(6) Connective tissue is abundant & Glandular elements are minimal. (4) interlobular connective tissue septum
10. Tissue organization differences

Resting Mammary gland Lactating Mammary gland
Interstitial 1. Significant amount of adipose 1. The amount of adipose tissue is
tissue tissue significantly reduced
3. Proliferating (active) Mammary Gland 2. Lobules are composed of 2. Parenchyma filled apocrine
(1) Apocrine sweat gland→ open freely from hair follicles excretory tubules of tubuloalveolar glands
(2) During pregnancy → tubuloalveolar glands 3. plasma cells (IgA production) can be
① 즉슨→ ducts branch and proliferate (덕이 많아 진다는 뜻) (1) that are embedded into observed
compact collagen
A. ↑ number of glandular elements
connective tissue islands
B. ↓number of connective tissue elements Gland 1. The excretory ducts of 1. Fully developed terminal glandular
② 또한, Alveoli proliferate at the end of the ducts components tubuloalveolar gland mainly acini with wide lumen.
(3) 많아진 alveoli are formed by without glandular acini 2. The columnar epithelial cells
① simple cuboidal epithelium with myoepithelial cells at the periphery of the alveolus constitute wall of acini,
(4) Contraction of the myoepithelial cells (1) surrounded with
① help push the milk secretion into the duct system ① basal membrane and
② myoepithelial cells
4. Lactating (active) Mammary Gland Connective 1. Compact collagen fibers around 1. Collagens fibers are compacted into
tissue excretory ducts (1) septal walls that
(1) Apocrine sweat gland→ open freely from hair follicles
① are separate the glandular
(2) After birth, gland shows little connective tissue
nests
(3) Lobules are filled with alveoli
Glandular 1. Reduced amount in puberty 1. Apocrine secretion material with
① Alveoli lumens contain milk secretion secretion high lipid content mixed with
A. rich in sugar, protein and fat. (1) Exocytosis (merocrine) milk
(4) The alveoli secreted by both protein &
① apocrine (lipid component) secretion (2) Antibodies (IgA) (breast milk)
② merocrine (protein component) secretion
A. proteins are released through exocytosis
(5) Milk is controlled by
① suckling reflex
A. Suckling stimulus causes release of oxytocin from the pars nervosa,
(A) Which causes the myoepithelial cells to contract.
(6) Milk is produced by
① epithelial cells of the alveoli
(7) Milk is accumulated
① In their lumens &
② inside the lactiferous ducts.
(8) Secretory cells become
① low cuboidal &
② their cytoplasm contains spherical lipid droplets of various sizes.
# 80. Placenta
1. Placenta
(1) Facilitates nutrient & gas exchange between maternal & fetal compartments
(2) Blood circulating mother & blood circulating fetus cannot be mixed
© Maternal portion
1. Basal plate of placenta
(1) Maternal part starts from here
(2) Endometrium of pregnant uterus
① So intensive gland can be found
(3) Formed by decidual cells containing glycogen granules
① For nutrition of endometrium
2. Placental septa
(1) Form incomplete separation between cotyledon
(2) Not attached to chorionic plate
© Fetal portion
1. Faces amniotic cavity
2. Includes
(1) Amnion
(2) Chorionic plate
(3) Chorionic villi
3. Chorionic plate
(1) Amnion lies on chorionic plate
(2) Contains ramification of umbilical vessels
① Umbilical vessels run into umbilical cord
② Umbilical cord
A. 2 umbilical A
(A) Carries deoxygenated blood
B. 1 umbilical V
(A) Carries oxygenated blood
(3) Amniotic epithelium
① Simple cuboidal epithelium
(4) Chronic villi can rise from chronic plate
4. Chorionic villi
(1) Tree-like or brush-like structures Towards to maternal part of placenta
(2) At core of chronic villi, There are
① Primitive embryonic connective tissue
② branches of umbilical vessels containing fetal blood
(3) Within chronic villi, in chorionic mesoderm, macrophages can be found
(4) Anchoring chorionic villi
① From chorion plate & connected to basal decidua
② At site of contact there is fibrinoid
A. Fibrinoid : homogenous eosinophilic stripe
(5) Branching chorionic villi
① Primary
A. 11-16 days
B. Cyto-trophoblast grows out into blood-filled lacuna carrying with them a covering
syncytio-trophoblast
② Secondary
A. Extraembryonic mesoderm penetrates core of primary villi
③ tertiary villi
A. Blood vessels enter into secondary villi
Myometrium Fetal portion

Basal decidua
5. Intervillous space
(1) Pale background
Basal decidua (2) Contains maternal blood
① trophoblasts
A. cytotrophoblast
Myometrium (A) Located in inner space
B. syncytiotrophoblast
(A) Can form continuous layer on surface of chronic villi
(B) Can produce proteolytic enzyme
(C) Penetrate deeper into stroma of uterus
(D) Erodate endothelial lining of maternal capillaries
© Myometrium
1. Vascular part of uterus
2. Middle layer of uterus formed by giant smooth muscle cells
1. Placental barrier
(1) For isolation of maternal blood from fetal blood
(2) Base of chronic villi is formed by mesenchyme, primitive embryonic connective tissue
(extraembryonic connective tissue)
(3) Mesoderm of chorion is formed by extraembryonic mesenchyme
(4) Penetrated by
① Gases (O2, CO2)
② Nutrients (a.a / FFA / proteins / carbo / salts / vitamins / hormones)
③ Fetal metabolites
Fetal blood
Matured one # 91. Umbilical cord (HE)
Matured one
Umbilical cord
→ connect fetus to placenta
1. Amniotic epithelium
(1) Covers umbilical cord
2. Wharton's jelly
Vein
(1) Underneath amniotic epithelium
(2) Surrounds umbilical vessels
(3) Basophilic
(4) Primitive mucous connective tissue
① Contains mesenchymal cells
A. Star shaped cells connected to each other
B. Convert into fibroblast cells to produce connective tissue fibers
C. Pluripotent, undifferentiated embryological tissue
(5) Has hyaluronic acid
Early stage
(6) fibrocyte
(7) extracellular matrix
Blood vessels are not differentiated yet
Early stage 3. Remnant of allantois can be seen
(1) allantois is hollow sac like structure filled with embryonic & extraembryonic tissue
① to maintain interchange of gases & liquid waste Arteries
4. Umbilical vein (unpaired)

(1) Thinner wall
(2) Wider lumen
(3) More collapsed elongated vessels
5. Umbilical artery (paired)

Amniotic epithelium (1) Thicker wall
(2) Narrower lumen
전부 다 Water jelly
Amniotic epithelium
# 82. Chicken embryo (HE)
Trilaminar germ disc is formed by gastrulation

→ endoderm & mesoderm & ectoderm Derivatives 예시 물어본다는데
Epiblast is source of all germ layers in embryo
1. amniotic cavity
(1) embryoblast differentiate into 2 layers
① hypoblast layer
② epiblast layer
(2) together, layers form flat disc
① at this time, small cavity appears within epiblast
② this cavity enlarges & becomes amniotic cavity
2. ectoderm
(1) towards to dorsal surface
3. neural tube
(1) brain develops from here
(2) 3 vesicles
① Prosencephalon
② Mesencephalon
③ Rhombencephalon
(3) Later 5 secondary vesicles form
① Telencephalon
② Diencephalon
③ Mesencephalon
④ Metencephalon
⑤ Myencephalon
4. notochord
(1) develops from chorda dorsalis
(2) involved in development of vertebrae
(3) there’s intraembryonic mesoderm on both side of notochord
(4) development
① Pre-notochordal cells
A. invaginates in primitive node
B. move until they reach prechordal plate
C. become intercalated in hypoblast forming notochordal plate
② notochordal plate proliferates & detach from endoderm
③ notochordal plate form solid cord of cell, notochords
5. dorsal aorta
6. embryonic mesoderm
(1) develops between ectoderm & endoderm
(2) paraxial mesoderm 저중에 아무거나 읽으면 됩니당
① next to neural tube
② formed by thickened mesoderm cells close to midline Derivative 예시
(3) intermediate mesoderm
① between paraxial mesoderm & intraembryonic coeloma Suprarenal gland
② development of urogenital system - medulla : ectodermal origin
(4) lateral plate mesoderm: - cortex : mesodermal origin
① somatopleuric mesenchyme / somatic mesoderm layer
A. somites arises to muscular & bony structures will be formed
② intraembryonic coelom / intraembryonic coelomic cavity
A. cavity between somatic & splanchnic mesoderm layer
③ splanchnopleuric mesenchyma / splanchnic mesoderm layer
A. embryonic origin of second heart field, GI tract, smooth muscle, blood vessels
B. contribute organ development
(A) pancreas, spleen, liver
7. endoderm
(1) towards to ventral surface
(2) covers anterior surface of intraembryonic coeloma
(3) contributes development of gut tube
① GI system arises here
8. definitive yolk sac
1. Endoderm : Division of gut tube

(1) As a result of craniocaudal & lateral folding of embryo,
① Endoderm derived from gastrulation is incorporated into embryo
② To form Primitive gut tube
(2) In cephalic & caudal part of embryo, primitive gut forms foregut & hindgut
(3) Middle part remaining connected to yolk sac by vitelline duct is midgut
2. Foregut derivatives
(1) Esophagus
(2) Stomach
(3) Liver
(4) Gallbladder
(5) Pancreas
(6) Upper duodenum
3. Midgut derivatives
(1) Lower duodenum
(2) Jejunum
(3) Ileum
(4) Cecum
(5) Appendix
(6) Ascending colon
(7) Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
4. Hindgut derivatives
(1) Distal 1/3 of transverse colon
(2) Descending colon
(3) Sigmoid colon
(4) Rectum
(5) Upper anal canal

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Histo Final_2020

© Unicellular Gland : Overview

© Unicellular Gland: Small intestine (Jejunum)

2. Surface enlargement of small intestine

3. Histological structure of small intestine’s wall

(2) tela submucosa

(3) tunica muscularis

(4) tela subserosa

(5) tunica serosa (serous membrane)

• in the retroperitoneal duodenum , the serosa is replaced with adventia (!)

4. Comparative Histology of Segments of small intestine

5. Stomach, Small & Large intestines 의 차이점들

(2) Small Intestines

(3) Large intestine

© Connective Tissue 에 대하여 © Elastic Cartilage

3. General Features of Cartilage (7) elastic fibers

(3) Ionic Component

3. Microscopic structure & Layers (순서대로 있음!!)

(2) Outer circumferential lamellae

(3) Compact bone (Cortical Bone) layer

(4) Inner circumferential lamellae

(5) Endosteum (슬라이드에서 안보임)

(6) Spongy bone

4. Classification of Bone_ Extra

(2) By Development History

(B) Endochondral ossification (여기에 집중할거임)

(2) 3 cell types involved in development

(2) Occurs in 5 zones

(3) What is found

② Connective tissue fibers

③ Coccnetive tissue cells

(2) Innervated by autonomic nervous system

(3) Layers of Heart

(5) Normal Rage:

(1) Neutrophile Granulocytes

(2) Eosinophil granulocyte

(3) Basophil granulocyte

© Red bone marrow (HE) © 학교 Identification

5. Blood supply (안해도될 듯)

#2 © Composition of the lymph node

1. Composition of the lymph node

(5) 나머지 정보는 이걸 보자

2. Histological Feature 3. Spleen Blood Flow

(4) Has Orbicularis oris Muscle

Parotid gland (HE) [여기에 먼저 집중하자] © Anatomical Features of Parotid gland

© Histology of the stomach cardia (esophageal-cardial junction)

3. Distinguishing between the 3 gastric parts:

© Stomach Fundus / Corpus

3. Distinguishing between the 3 gastric parts:

© Large Intestine © Introduction

©Anatomy of vermiform appendix

© Zones of anal canal © Anatomy of anal canal

• Anocutaneous line between 2 zones

3. Eccrine sweat gland

2. Classic hepatic lobule

© silver staining : to detect reticular fibers

2. Extrahepatic bile duct

4. Closely related to esophagus

5. Trachea bifurcates into Right & Left Main bronchi

6. also we can see

© orcein staining : for elastic fibers

6. also we can see

3. renal calyces and pelvis:

(2) Tunica muscularis