A Thesis Paper Presented To The Faculty of The School of Graduate Studies of Western Colleges

Western Colleges, Inc.
Naic
Latoria, Naic Cavite
wci.orm@gmail.com; (046) 507-0500 loc. 109
A Thesis Paper Presented to the Faculty of the School of Graduate Studies of Western
Colleges, Inc. Naic, Cavite
In Partial Fulfillment for the Degree Master of Arts in Education major in English.
Rose Ann M. Eguia
December 2022
Naic
ii
APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis entitled IMPACT OF A SCHOOL-BASED WEIGHT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
FOR OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE ADOLESCENTS OF BACOOR NATIONAL HIGH
SCHOOL prepared and submitted by Rose Ann M. Eguia in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Education Major in English has been
examined and is recommended for acceptance and approval for Oral Examination.
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _____ on ____
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts
in Education major in English.
Comprehensive Examinations passed on ___________.
Abner V. Pineda, PhD, EdD, DPA, DBA
Dean, School of Graduate Studies

Naic
iii
Title : Impact of a School-Based Weight Management Program for
Overweight and Obese Adolescents of Bacoor National High
School
Researcher : Rose Ann M. Eguia
Adviser :
School : Graduate Studies of Western Colleges, Inc. Naic, Cavite
Degree : Master of Arts in Education Major in English
Date of Completion :
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ABSTRACT
This study “Impact of a School-Based Weight Management Program for Overweight
and Obese Adolescents of Bacoor National High School” aims to explain the effects of
obesity to adolescents; assess the effectiveness of school-based programs for overweight
and obese adolescents taking into account their grade level and socioeconomic status; and
draw conclusions from the study The study's participants are adolescents in grades 9 to 12,
with BMIs in the 85th percentile for their age and gender, who provided assent and had
parental consent. The results showed that students who received cognitive-behavioral
counseling versus those who received weight management information (control group) did
not differ in BMI, percent body fat, or waist circumference. Moreover, respondents in the
study ranged in income from 5.7% to 59.7%; a convenience sample of 8 public schools was
pair matched, and 1 school from each pair was randomly assigned to the cognitive-
behavioral counseling intervention or weight management information (control group).
Based on the results, the researcher concluded that overweight and obesity are
caused by an aggregate of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. Multidisciplinary
interventions such as family support and guided behavior modification can help reduce the
number of overweight and obese adolescents. The researcher strongly recommends that we
take all possible precautions to avoid unfavorable circumstances in our lives, because our
health makes us affluent, and prevention is better than cure.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
INTRODUCTION 1
METHOD AND PROCEDURES 5
RESULTS 7
DISCUSSION 9
REFERENCES 11
APPENDICES
Appendix
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A. Letter Asking Permission to Conduct Study 12

vi
B. Letter to Participants/Respondents 13
C. Instrument of the Study 14
D. Copy for the Instrument Validators 18
F. Tables 19
G. Figures 21
H. Researcher’s Curriculum Vitae 23

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vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title/Description Page
1 Race of Student Population 7
2 Prevention of Obesity and Overweight 9
among Adolescents
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viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title/Description Page
1 DepEd’s Effort to Address Obesity 3
2 Income of Students’ Family 22

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INTRODUCTION
Adolescence is a developmental stage marked by changes in physical, intellectual,
social, and emotional health. Adolescent growth is critical for maintaining good health
throughout the life course. Adolescent obesity is a serious health problem and a public
health issue that requires immediate attention. Globally, the prevalence of
overweight/obesity has increased among children and adolescents. For example, the global
prevalence was 4% in 1975, whereas the 2016 estimate was over 18%; this increase was
similar among boys and girls (19% and 18%, respectively).
The Philippine Department of Education (DepEd) has issued DepEd order 13, s.
Policy and Guidelines on Healthy Food and Beverage Choices in Schools and DepEd
Offices, 2017 to promote and encourage students to develop healthy eating habits by
making healthy, nutritious, and affordable menu options available in accordance with the
established standards. The Policy and Guidelines seek to accomplish the following by
November 23, 2022:
a. provide healthier food and drink choices for the students, DepEd staff, and other
stakeholders
b. introduce a system of categorizing locally available foods and drinks in accordance
with geographical, cultural, and religious orientations.
c. provide guidance in evaluating and categorizing foods and drinks; and

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2
d. provide guidance in the selling and marketing of foods and beverages in schools and
DepEd offices, including the purchasing of foods for school feeding.
e. DepEd Order No. 8, s. 2007 entitled Revised Implementing Guidelines on the
Operation and Management of School Canteens in Public Elementary and
Secondary Schools Policy Statements Nos. 4.4, 4.5, and 4.6 are modified
accordingly by this issuance.
4.4 Only nutrient-rich foods such as root crops, noodles, rice and corn products
in native preparation, fruits and vegetables in season, and fortified food
products labeled rich in protein, energy, vitamins, and minerals shall be sold in
the school canteen. Beverages shall include milk, shakes and juices prepared
from fruits and vegetables in season.
4.5 The sale of carbonated drinks, sugar-based synthetic or artificially flavored
juices, junk foods and any food product that may be detrimental to the child’s
health and that do not bear the Sangkap Pinoy seal and/or did not pass BFAD
approval is prohibited.
4.6 Iodized salt shall be used, in controlled quantity, in the preparation of
cooked foods to ensure that the iodine requirement of the clientele shall be met
and to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders. The use of monosodium glutamate
(vetsin) shall be regulated

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4
The researcher is aware to different health consequences caused by overweight
and obesity which can lead to death and substantial disability. Utilizing an array of
interventions and strategies is needed to achieve the goal on maintaining the healthy weight
of adolescents.
Given the dramatic increase in adolescent overweight and obesity, models are
needed for implementing weight management treatment through readily accessible venues.
We evaluated the acceptability and efficacy of a school-based intervention consisting of
school nurse-delivered counseling and an after-school exercise program in improving diet,
activity, and body mass index (BMI) among overweight and obese adolescents. Specifically,
this paper sought to answer the following questions:
- Identify the demographic profile of overweight/obese adolescents-respondents
based on their Grade level and Socio-economic status
- Explain the effects of obesity to adolescents
- Assess the effectiveness of a school-based programs among overweight and
obese adolescents
- Distinguish the different implications that can be derived from the results of the
study
The research revealed that intervention programs for the students are not sufficient
to address adolescent obesity without changes in social norms and the environment.
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METHODS AND PROCEDURES
A pair-matched cluster-randomized controlled school-based trial was conducted in
which 8 public high schools were randomized to either a 12-session school nurse-delivered
cognitive-behavioral counseling intervention plus school-based after school exercise
program, or 12-session nurse contact with weight management information (control).
Overweight or obese adolescents (N = 126) completed anthropometric and behavioral
assessments at baseline and 8-month follow-up. Main outcome measures included diet,
activity, and BMI. Mixed effects regression models were conducted to examine differences
at follow-up.
Adolescent overweight and obesity have increased dramatically in recent decades,
with 34% of adolescents currently overweight or obese. Adolescent obesity has negative
physical and mental health consequences and is strongly linked with obesity during
adulthood. Adolescence provides an opportunity to promote healthy lifestyles affecting
physical and psychosocial outcomes during adolescence and into adulthood, yet adolescent
obesity has been understudied compared with adults and preadolescents. One systematic
review found that comprehensive behavioral interventions including diet and physical
activity counseling and behavioral management training are efficacious for decreasing youth
body mass index (BMI), but they were focused on preadolescents and conducted in
specialty clinics with limited access by youth.

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6
Models for implementing expert recommendations for weight management
interventions with adolescents require development and testing. The school A pair-matched
cluster-randomized controlled school-based trial was conducted with a convenience sample
of 8 public high schools in Massachusetts. The total student enrollment at these schools
ranged from 673 to 1467; the student populations were predominately white (61.8% to
94.4%) in 7 schools, and Hispanic (42.7%) in 1 school. The percent of students considered
low income ranged from 5.7% to 59.7%. Schools were pair matched on enrollment, and 1
school from each pair was randomly assigned to the intervention or control condition. Data
were collected from September 2012 to June 2013. Clinical Trial Registration #
NCT01463124.
Adolescents in grades 9 to 12 were eligible to participate if they had a BMI ≥ 85th
percentile for age and sex, provided assent and had parental consent, and had at least 1
English-speaking parent. Exclusions included plans to move out of the area; a medical
condition that precluded adherence to the intervention.

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RESULTS
The participants of the study were students from 8 public high school in
Massachusetts, grades 9 to 12 and had a BMI ≥ 85th percentile for age and sex, provided
assent and had parental consent, and had at least 1 English-speaking parent. who were
randomized to: a.) School nurse-delivered cognitive-behavioral counseling intervention for
12 sessions plus school-based exercise program after school, or b.) Nurse contact, weight
management information for 12 sessions (control group). The students population in the
sample of 8 public high schools were predominately white (61.8% to 94.4%) in 7 schools,
and Hispanic (42.7%) in 1 school (Table 1). The percent of students considered low income
ranged from 5.7% to 59.7% (see Figure 2- Income of Students’ Family).
Table 1
Race of Student Population
Variable Control Group Intervention Group p-value*

(N=57) (N=54)
Race
White 63.2 63 .018
Hispanic 38.6 24.1
After the follow-up, results suggest that there are no differences in BMI, body fat
percentage and waist circumference between the students under intervention group and
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control group. Although school-based intervention which includes counseling and after-
school
exercise program is an optimistic strategy, it revealed that it was not effective in
reducing BMI or lessen obesogenic behaviors.
The findings of the study highlight that interventions targeted at the individual level
are not likely to be sufficient in addressing the adolescent obesity epidemic without changes
in social norms and the environment.

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DISCUSSION
There have been concerns about the increasing prevalence of
overweight/obesity in the younger age groups (adolescents) and the early onset of
noncommunicable diseases (including diabetes, high blood pressure, strokes, and heart
disease). Globally, the prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents has
increased.
In a book written by Dr. Myles Faith and Dr. Tanja Kral, physiological variables
may be influenced by genetic, social, and environmental factors as well (Table 2).
Table 2
Prevention of Obesity and Overweight in Adolescence
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Note: Adapted from “Obesity Facts: The European Journal of Obesity” by Weihrauch-Blüher S., et. al, 2018, Current
Guidelines for Obesity Prevention in Childhood and Adolescence, 11 (263), p. 276.Copyright 2018 by the Karger
Publishers 10
When working with children, it is especially important for health professionals to
increase both individual and family efficacy in order to increase the likelihood that the
targeted weight management program will be effective.
To assist teachers, school nurses, and parents in assisting this vulnerable high-
risk group in adopting healthy lifestyle behaviors, the effectiveness of a school-based weight
loss program must be extended at their home using a multidisciplinary approach that needs
to be further assessed as part of the public health agenda. This study demonstrates how a
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weight management program and group-level collective efficacy can change behavior and
reduce overweight and obesity in students over the course of six months.
It is possible for kids to successfully alter their diet and exercise routines;
however, this should be done in the context of parenting and kid behavior. Obese children in
the intervention group outperformed the control group in most areas of adaptive behavior,
as well as psychosocial aspects of wellbeing like quality of life, self-esteem, and perceived
body image for both girls and boys, as well as perceived body shape, self-figure rating,
relationships, and support for parents. For overweight or obese students, early behavioral
interventions and family support may be useful. Motivating pupils to utilize practical weight-
management strategies is essential. Involving the parents in the school's weight control
initiatives will also be highly beneficial. This study will be helpful as the foundation for a
school-based health program that emphasizes healthy eating habits among kids, not just for
11
those who are overweight but also for those who are undernourished.
REFERENCES:
Reyna, J. (2022, March 4). Everybody needs to act to curb obesity. UNICEF. Retrieved November
22, 2022, from https://www.unicef.org/philippines/press-releases/everybody-needs-act-curb-
obesity#:~:text=Similarly%2C%20the%20prevalence%20rates%20of,obesity%20will%20continue
%20to%20rise.
Naic
Faith, M. S., & Tanja. (2010). Social Environmental and Genetic Influences on Obesity and Obesity-
Promoting Behaviors: Fostering Research Integration. Nih.gov; National Academies Press (US).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19935/
Weihrauch-Blüher, S., Kromeyer-Hauschild, K., Graf, C., Widhalm, K., Korsten-Reck, U., Jödicke,
B., Markert, J., Müller, M. J., Moss, A., Wabitsch, M., & Wiegand, S. (2018). Current Guidelines for
Obesity Prevention in Childhood and Adolescence. Obesity Facts, 11(3), 263–276.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000486512
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Adolescent health. World Health Organization. Retrieved
December 7, 2022, from https://www.who.int/health-topics/adolescent-health#tab=tab_1
12
APPENDICES
Appendix A
LETTER ASKING PERMISSION TO CONDUCT SURVEY
Ma’am/Sir :
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Greetings of Love, Peace & Respect!
The undersigned is presently on the last stage of her Master of Arts in Education
major in English. She is conducting research entitled “Impact of A School-Based
Weight Management Program for Overweight and Obese Adolescents Of Bacoor
National High School”
In order for the researcher to finish the said paper, a survey questionnaire has to
be floated to the respondents.
In this regard, may the researcher seek your approval for the conduct of the study
at (your school).
The researcher conveys her utmost gratitude for the support you accord to her
with regard to her study.
Respectfully yours,
Rose Ann M. Eguia

Student – Researcher
Noted By :
Dr. Abner V. Pineda 13

Dean, School of Graduate Studies
Appendix B
LETTER TO THE PARTICIPANTS / RESPONDENTS
Dear __________:

Naic
The undersigned is presently on the last stage of her Master of Arts in

Education Major in Special Education. She is conducting research entitled “Impact of A
School-Based Weight Management Program for Overweight and Obese
Adolescents Of Bacoor National High School”.
In order for the researcher to finish the said paper, a survey questionnaire has to be
floated.
In this regard, may the researcher seek your ample time to answer the attached survey.
The researcher conveys her utmost gratitude for the support you accord to her with
regards to her study.
Respectfully yours,
Rose Ann M. Eguia

14
Appendix C
QUESTIONNAIRE
Instrument of the Study

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MATRIX FOR DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATIONS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
SCHOOL-BASED WEIGHT MANAGEMENT INTERVENTION: A QUANTITATIVE STUDY
AMONG OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE ADOLESCENTS
Part l. Profile of the obese / overweight pupils in terms of :
1.1 Name _________________________________________ (optional)
1.2 Grade and Section :
1.3 Socio economic Status
Part ll. This set of questions is about your children’s eating habits and physical
activity. The first few questions ask about food, and the rest of the questions
should be answered for each of the children in your household. Your participation
in this survey is voluntary and all answers will be kept confidential. If there is a
question that you do not wish to answer, you can skip it and move on to the next
question. We are hoping that the information we get from this survey will help us
understand the eating behaviors of children in our community.

15
Thank you for completing this survey.
Please indicate whether you strongly agree, somewhat agree, somewhat
disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statements:
2.1 Some people are born to be fat and some thin; there is not much you can do to
change this.
01 Strongly agree; 02 Somewhat agree; 03 Somewhat disagree; 04 Strongly disagree

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2.2 What you eat can make a big difference in your chance of getting a disease, like
heart disease or cancer.
01 Strongly agree; 02 Somewhat agree; 03 Somewhat disagree; 04 Strongly disagree
2.3 When you buy food, how important is each of the following?
2.3.1 How safe the food is to eat?
01 Very important; 02 Somewhat important; 03 Not too important; 04 Not at all important
2.3.2Nutrition (how healthy the food is)
2.3.3 Price?
2.3.4 How well the food keeps?
2.3.5 How easy the food is to prepare?
2.3.6Taste (whether child likes the food)?

16
2.4 In your opinion, how important are the following things are to a child’s present and
future health?
2.4.1 What a child eats:
01 Very important; 02 Somewhat important; 03 Not too important; 04 Don’t know
2.4.2 How much a child eats:

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2.4.2 How much exercise a child gets:
2.4.3 What the child weighs
2.5 Please answer the following questions for each of your children:
Child 1 Child 2 Child 3 Child 4
2.5.1 Sex
01 Male
02 Female
2.5.2 Age
2.5.3 Height :
(in feet & inches)
2.5.4 Weight :
(in pounds)
17
2.5.5 Not counting juice, how often do your children ages 2 and overeat fruit on an average
day?
01 Never or rarely; 02 helping; 03 Don’t know/ not sure
2.5.5 On an average day, how often does each child eat vegetables? (Includes vegetable
salad.)
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01 Never or rarely; 02 helping; 03 Don’t know/ not sure
2.5.6 How many times a week does each child eat fast food (McDonalds, Wendy’s, Taco
Bell, etc.)
01 Never or rarely; 02 1-2 times; 03 3-4 times; 04 5 or more times; 05 Don’t know/ not sure
2.5.7 How many sodas per week does each child drink?
01 Never or rarely; 02 1-4 sodas; 03 5-7 sodas; 04 8 or more sodas; 05 Don’t know/ not sur
2.5.8 How many times per week does each child play or exercise enough to make him/her
sweat and breathe hard for 20 or more minutes?
01 Never or rarely; 02 1-2 times; 03 3-4 times; 04 5 or more times; 05 Don’t know/ not sure
2.5.9 How would you describe each child’s weight?
01 Very underweight; 02 Slightly underweight; 03 About the right weight; 04 Slightly
overweight; 05 Very overweight
2.5.10 About how many hours do you estimate each of your children sit and watch TV or
videos on an average school day?
01 Less than 1 hour; 02 1-2 hours; 03 3-4 hours; 04 5 or more hrs.; 05 None; 06 Don’t know
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Appendix D
COPY FOR THE INSTRUMENT VALIDATORS
Dear Validator:
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Kindy evaluate the items enumerated that are grounded from my review of related
literature and studies according to the relevance to the research objectives and its
language proficiency to elicit reliable responses.
The research objective is grounded on the definition of the terms indicated prior to
each evaluation table.
Please use the scoring scale below and indicates the necessary remarks thereafter.
Respectfully yours,
Rose Ann M. Eguia

19
Appendix E
TABLES
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Table 1
Race of Student Population
Variable Control Group Intervention Group p-value*

(N=57) (N=54)
Race
White 63.2 63 .018
Hispanic 38.6 24.1
20
Table 2
Prevention of Obesity and Overweight in Adolescence
Naic
Note: Adapted from “Obesity Facts: The European Journal of Obesity” by Weihrauch-Blüher S., et. al, 2018, Current
Guidelines for Obesity Prevention in Childhood and Adolescence, 11 (263), p. 276.Copyright 2018 by the Karger
Publishers
21
Appendix F
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FIGURES
Figure 1.
Income of Students’ Family
22
Appendix H
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RESEARCHER’S CURRICULUM VITAE

EGUIA, ROSE ANN M.
Blk 1 Lot 14 Terrassa St. Cerritos Trails, Molino III,
Bacoor City, Cavite
Contact Number: 09954508287
Email Address: eguia.roseann@deped.gov.ph
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth: May 17, 1986 Place of Birth: General Trias, Cavite
Age: 36 years old
Height: 5’5 Weight: 70 kls
Nationality: Filipino Religion: Baptist
EDUCATION
Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English
Cavite State University, Cavite City Campus
2011
CERTIFICATION AND ELIGIBILITY

Licensed Professional Teacher (September 2012)
WORK EXPERIENCE
23
Bacoor National High School- Tabing Dagat (Nov. 2020- Present)
 English 7
 Reading Coordinator
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SEMINARS AND TRAININGS

Upskilling of School Heads in the Administration of the Philippine Informal Reading
Inventory (Phil-IRI) and Strategies in Teaching Beginning Reading
October 20, 2022
2022 Regional Virtual Workshop on Assessment-Driven Intervention for English and
Filipino
August 3-5, 2022
Teacher Induction Program Course 1-6
May 2022- July 2022
One day Webinar on Reading on the New Normal
November 12, 2021
E-Raise Up Webinar
October 4-8, 2021
Virtual In-service Training for Teachers
August 30- September 3, 2021
Child Protection Policy: Positive Discipline in Everyday Teaching
May 19-21, 2021
Classroom-based Action Research in the New Normal: Bridging Gaps, Improving
Learning Outcomes
May 5-7, 2021
Teachers as Advocates of Student’s Welfare and Development
March 17-19, 2021
Upgrading and Engaging Teachers in the New Normal for Students, Development and
Progress
December 16-18, 2021

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Western Colleges, Inc.

Colleges, Inc. Naic, Cavite

Rose Ann M. Eguia

This thesis entitled IMPACT OF A SCHOOL-BASED WEIGHT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

FOR OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE ADOLESCENTS OF BACOOR NATIONAL HIGH

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _____ on ____

in Education major in English.

Comprehensive Examinations passed on ___________.

Abner V. Pineda, PhD, EdD, DPA, DBA

Dean, School of Graduate Studies

Title : Impact of a School-Based Weight Management Program for

Overweight and Obese Adolescents of Bacoor National High

Researcher : Rose Ann M. Eguia

School : Graduate Studies of Western Colleges, Inc. Naic, Cavite

Degree : Master of Arts in Education Major in English

This study “Impact of a School-Based Weight Management Program for Overweight

obesity to adolescents; assess the effectiveness of school-based programs for overweight

behavioral counseling intervention or weight management information (control group).

caused by an aggregate of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. Multidisciplinary

health makes us affluent, and prevention is better than cure.

List of Tables vii

List of Figures viii

METHOD AND PROCEDURES 5

A. Letter Asking Permission to Conduct Study 12

C. Instrument of the Study 14

D. Copy for the Instrument Validators 18

H. Researcher’s Curriculum Vitae 23

Table Title/Description Page

1 Race of Student Population 7

2 Prevention of Obesity and Overweight 9

Figure Title/Description Page

1 DepEd’s Effort to Address Obesity 3

2 Income of Students’ Family 22

Adolescence is a developmental stage marked by changes in physical, intellectual,

health issue that requires immediate attention. Globally, the prevalence of

similar among boys and girls (19% and 18%, respectively).

established standards. The Policy and Guidelines seek to accomplish the following by

November 23, 2022:

b. introduce a system of categorizing locally available foods and drinks in accordance

with geographical, cultural, and religious orientations.

c. provide guidance in evaluating and categorizing foods and drinks; and

DepEd offices, including the purchasing of foods for school feeding.

e. DepEd Order No. 8, s. 2007 entitled Revised Implementing Guidelines on the

Operation and Management of School Canteens in Public Elementary and

accordingly by this issuance.

in native preparation, fruits and vegetables in season, and fortified food

from fruits and vegetables in season.

4.5 The sale of carbonated drinks, sugar-based synthetic or artificially flavored

4.6 Iodized salt shall be used, in controlled quantity, in the preparation of

and to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders. The use of monosodium glutamate

(vetsin) shall be regulated

The researcher is aware to different health consequences caused by overweight

We evaluated the acceptability and efficacy of a school-based intervention consisting of

school nurse-delivered counseling and an after-school exercise program in improving diet,

this paper sought to answer the following questions:

- Identify the demographic profile of overweight/obese adolescents-respondents

based on their Grade level and Socio-economic status

- Explain the effects of obesity to adolescents

- Assess the effectiveness of a school-based programs among overweight and

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

A pair-matched cluster-randomized controlled school-based trial was conducted in

cognitive-behavioral counseling intervention plus school-based after school exercise

program, or 12-session nurse contact with weight management information (control).

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _ on