For Thin parallel film

Maxima → 2 μt cos r=(n+1/2)λ

Minima→ 2 μt cos r=nλ

µ = refractive index
t = thickness
r = angle of refraction

For wedge shape film

Maxima → 2 μt cos (r +θ)=(n+1 /2) λ

Minima→ 2 μt cos( r+ θ)=nλ

λ
Fringe spacing → β=
2 μ tan θ

µ = refractive index
t = thickness
r = angle of refraction
θ = wedge angle

Newtons’s ring
2 4 nλR
D n=
μ
 2 2
(Dn+m −Dn)
R=
4 mλμ

D = diameter of nth dark ring

R = radius of curvature of plane-convex lens
µ = refractive index of medium
n = order number
m = difference in order number

Refractive index of unknown liquid

[
μ= 2
D n +m−D n ]
2 2

[ dn +m−d 2n ]

D = diameter with air in between

d = diameter with liquid of refractive index µ
in between

Wavelength of light
2 2
r n+m −r n
λ=
mR

rn = radius of nth dark ring

rn+m = radius of (n+1)th dark ring
Anti-reflection coating
Condition of refractiveindec → μ f √ μ g

λ
Condition for minimum thckness →t=
4 μf

µf = refractive index of thin film

µg = refractive index of substrate (glass)
t = thickness
λ = wavelength of light

Diffraction
maxima →nλ=d sin θ

dθ n
Dispersive power → =
dλ d cos θ

λ
Resolving power → =n × N
dλ
d = grating constant
n = order
N = Total number of lines in grating
λ = wavelength of light