University of Abuja

Faculty of Education
Name : Muhammedsanni Bilkis
Matric no: 18232034
Department : Guidance and counselling
Course code: Philosophy of education
Course Tittle:EDU 201
Assignment
Question 1 write on the following
a. Axiology and education
b. Logic and education
c. Equalization of education opportunities
Question 2
a. discuss the true source of knowledge,
b. branches of philosophy

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INTRODUCTION

The word philosophy is derived from two Greek word (philo means love) (sofia means wisdom)
put together philosophy means love of wisdom, wisdom means the ability to make sensible
decisions and give a good judgment because of the experience and knowledge that one has.

Philosophy is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about
existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language.

The most general definition of philosophy is that it is the pursuit of wisdom, truth, and
knowledge. Indeed, the word itself means ‘love of wisdom’ in Greek.

Whenever people think about deep, fundamental questions concerning the nature of the universe
and ourselves, the limits of human knowledge, their values and the meaning of life, they are
thinking about philosophy. Philosophical thinking is found in all parts of the world, present, and
past.

In the academic world, philosophy distinguishes a certain area of study from all other areas, such
as the sciences and other humanities. Philosophers typically consider questions that are, in some
sense, broader and/or more fundamental than other inquirers’ questions: e.g., physicists ask what
caused some event; philosophers ask whether causation even exists; historians study figures who
fought for justice; philosophers ask what justice is or whether their causes were in fact just;
economists study the allocation of capital; philosophers debate the ethical merits of capitalism.

1a. AXIOLOGY AND EDUCATION

AXIOLOGY deals with the theory of values, by value we means those object we cherish and
appreciate, want, desire or need, axiology is relevant to the work of classroom teacher, because
the teacher in teaching his subject need to identity what types of value his subject supposed
inculcate in his student.

Axiology is important in many fields of life. Speaking of education, axiology can enhance the
information quality put forward to students and also help them with the power of learning and
understanding. The basic fundamental of axiology aims at discovering detailed information.

Axiology and education Axiological approach involves the transfer of young people value
standards in the educational process. It leads to the accumulation and growth of axiological
potential of a young person and it can take place only on the basis of cultural values.

b. LOGIC AND EDUCATION

Logic is the branch of philosophy that seeks to organize reasoning. Students of logic learn how
to think in a structurally sound manner. Logic has two types: deductive and inductive reasoning.

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Logic and education refers to the philosophical study of correct reasoning. It deals with
principles of sound arguments. On our daily basis, individuals engage in various forms of
arguments where statements are made and conclusion drawn. In most cases, wrong conclusions
are arrived at involving wrong premises and undue generalizations. Logic is therefore essential
because it stipulates how arguments should be made and how fallacies can be detected in an
argument and avoided. Within logic, two forms of reasoning can be distinguished.

*Deductive reasoning *Inductive reasoning

Deductive Reasoning

It involves reasoning from general to particular incidences. In this course, a conclusion is

inferred or deduced from general statements (syllogism). Consider the following example;

1. All university students are immoral.

2 John is a university student

3. Therefore John is immoral.

The following reasoning has been expressed in syllogism form. The first two statements need to
be stated before the third can follow. This type of reasoning is prevalent in philosophy, religion
and mathematics.

Inductive Reasoning

Involves reasoning from general laws or conclusions being inferred from particular incidences. It
is the reverse of deductive reasoning. In this type of reasoning, various incidences of a give
specimen are observed over a given period of time. This type of reasoning is applicable with
empirical sciences(The challenge of general ability)

In modern philosophy, logic is expressed in two dimensions that is symbolic logic and analytic
logic. Symbolic logic is applied in mathematics where symbols are used to explain a
phenomenon. For example

a+b=4

a=4-b

Analytic logic is prevalently used by analytic philosophers who emphasize the logical analysis of
language to arrive at a clear meaning of terms.

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c. EQUALIZATION OF EDUCATION OPPORTUNITIES

Equality of educational opportunity implied that any two children of the same abilities shall
receive equivalent forms of assistance in developing those abilities, whatever their parental
circumstances are.

Equality of educational opportunity includes provision of education for all, irrespective of

religion, caste, creed, sex and location. It doesn’t mean identity of educational opportunity but a
means best suited to the intelligence and aptitude of every student. Therefore, the National Policy
on Education (NPE) 1986 emphasized that equality of education means “to provide for equal
opportunity to all not only in access but also in the conditions for success

2a. SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE

there are 4 source of knowledge in philosophy

1.Empirical knowledge

2.Rational knowledge

3.Revealed knowledge

4.intuitive knowledge or insight knowledge

Empirical knowledge :this is the type of knowledge that is obtain through observation of the
things around us, through our sense and through personal experiences from action in which we
are involved.

Rational knowledge :this is the knowledge derived by reasoning that is not by observations. But
by informing new knowledge from what we already know.

Revealed knowledge :this is the characteristic of religion especially the reveled ones, revealed
knowledge is the type of knowledge that was revealed to the prophet of these religion who
faithfully recorded the knowledge for mankind and imparted content to their followers.

Intuitive or insight knowledge :it is the knowledge that is acquired directly by an immediate
contact of the mind with the object without going through the process of reasoning, it come as a
flash in to the mind.

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2b BRANCHESOF PHILOSOPHY

Every discipline has it own branches that deal with specialized area within the discipline.

The four main branches of philosophy are

metaphysics

epistemology

axiology

logic

Metaphysics: is the study of reality and the nature or character of it. This branch of philosophy
deals primarily with what is real. Metaphysics is the study of reality and the nature or character
of it. This branch of philosophy deals primarily with what is real. This may seem like an obvious
question with an obvious answer. However, different people answer this question in different
ways based on what they believe about the nature of reality and how we come to know it.

Epistemology: is the branch of philosophy dedicated to the study of the nature, origin and limits
of human knowledge. One of the queries of Epistemology, for example, is to find a reliable
distinction between justified belief and opinion.

Axiology: is the branch of philosophy that considers the study of principles and values. These
values are divided into two main kinds: ethics and aesthetics. Ethics is the questioning of morals
and personal values. Aesthetics is the examination of what is beautiful, enjoyable, or tasteful.

Logic: is the branch of philosophy that seeks to organize reasoning. Students of logic learn how
to think in a structurally sound manner. Logic has two types: deductive and inductive reasoning.