CHAPTER 17 WATER USE

17.1 How is water distributed over the Earth? Why is water a precious resource?

-We lowkey need it to live

17.2 Summarize water availability and use.

-Water Availability: Any water that can be readily consumed ie. Clean water

17.3 Explain causes of freshwater shortages.

-Climate change, contamination, distribution problems, emptying aquifers

17.4 Describe how we might get by with less water.

-If we manage water better, we would need to use less water

17.1 WATER RESOURCES

What is the hydrologic cycle, and how does it redistribute water around the globe?

-Water in lakes rivers and oceans, evaperated, condenses in clounds and falls as rain all around the
world

What percentage of water on the planet is fresh (non-salty)?

-Big ol 3%

What is an aquifer, and how is it recharged?

-A deposit of water underground recharged by rainwater seeping back into the ground

17.2 WATER AVAILABILITY AND USE

Define water scarcity and water stress.

-Water scarcity is how available water is in an area, while water stress is the area's water requirements

What is drip irrigation, and why is it beneficial?

-A slow constant drip of water through pipes to plants giving a consistent humidity to the plant
providing better crop yields

What percentage of all water withdrawals are for agricultural uses?

-70 percent

17.3 FRESHWATER SHORTAGES

How does agriculture affect water resources in the Aral Sea?

-It caused it to shrink to half its original size

Describe some effects of dams and diversion projects.

--Change in water temperature and fish migration

How might climate change affect our water supplies?

-More severe droughts and flooding

17.4 WATER CONSERVATION

How have farmers in California’s Klamath River Basin reduced their water use?

-By using drip irrigation

Describe some examples of domestic water conservation.

-Shorter showers, saving rainwater to water plants

Give an example in which water policies and prices have encouraged conservation.

Vocabulary

aquifers 17.1

artesian well 17.1

consumption 17.2

discharge 17.1

groundwater 17.1

hydrologic cycle 17.1

infiltration 17.1

rain shadow 17.1

recharge zone 17.1

renewable water supplies 17.2

residence time 17.1

saltwater intrusion 17.3

subsidence 17.3

water scarcity 17.2

water stress 17.2

water table 17.1

withdrawal 17.2

CHAPTER 18 WATER POLLUTION

18.1 Identify major water contaminants and their sources.

Nitrogen, Pesticides and metals

18.2 Compare sources of pollutants.

Pesticides and metals are less common than nitrogen due to them being introduced by humans

18.3 Explain water pollution control.

precipitation, the ion exchange process, reverse osmosis, and coagulation.

18.4 Describe major water legislation.

Clean water act preventing water pollution obtaining discharge permits meeting applicable water quality
standards, developing risk management plans, and maintaining records.

18.1 WATER POLLUTION

What are point sources and nonpoint sources?

Point source = single place. Nonpoint source = pollution where?

What is a dead zone? What causes it?

Dead zones form when the algae die, sink to the bottom, and are decomposed by bacteria—a process
that strips dissolved oxygen from the surrounding water.

List eight major categories of water pollutants and give an example for each category.

groundwater pollution - Pesticides, surface water pollution – Oil Spill, suspended matter – Micro
Plastics, oil spillages, microbiological pollution – Micro Plactics, chemical water pollution - Pesitcides,
thermal pollution, and oxygen-depletion pollution.

18.2 WATER QUALITY TODAY

How has the Clean Water Act reduced sewage discharge into public waterways?

It made it illegal to dispose of chemicals in water sources

In the US, how does bottled water compare to municipal water in safety and waste generation?

Bottled water is not regulated like tap water is and creates far more plastic waist

Why are is groundwater hard to monitor and clean? What about the ocean?

Groundwater is not easy to access, and the ocean is just so large

What geographic region lacks safe water for the greatest remaining proportion of its population?

Sub-Sahara Africa

18.3 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL

Describe the process of municipal sewage treatment.

The waist is pumped through screens to remove all of the large items, and then sifted through sands
letting all of the waist filter out to the bottom.
What is a constructed wetland?

A natural water treatment plant that serves as a wet land

How does bioremediation clean water?

Special microorganisms take the pollution out of the water

18.4 WATER LEGISLATION

Identify five important examples of water quality legislation and what they regulated.

preventing water pollution, obtaining discharge permits, meeting applicable water quality standards,
developing risk management plans, and.

maintaining records. temperature, acidity, dissolved solids, particulate matter, dissolved oxygen,
hardness and suspended sediment.

Why does the Clean Water Act need reauthorization to be effective?

It would provide a basis for other clean water acts

Vocabulary

atmospheric deposition 18.1

coliform bacteria 18.1

combined sewer overflow (CSO) 18.3

constructed wetlands 18.3

cultural eutrophication 18.1

dissolved oxygen (DO) content 18.1

eutrophic 18.1

nonpoint sources 18.1

oligotrophic 18.1

oxygen sag 18.1

point sources 18.1

primary treatment 18.3

red tide 18.1

secondary treatment 18.3

tertiary treatment 18.3

thermal plume 18.1

total maximum daily load (TMDL) 18.2

water pollution 18.1

CHAPTER 16 AIR POLLUTION

16.1 Identify natural and human-caused sources of air pollution.

Volcanoes, forest fires

Oil refining, Steel production

16.2 Explain how atmospheric circulation affects air quality.

It carries bad air from one place to another

16.3 Compare the effects of air pollution.

increases the risk of respiratory infections, heart disease, stroke, and lung cancer

16.4 Evaluate air pollution control efforts and progress.

The Clean air act has dramatically improved the quality of air and reduced emissions.

16.1 MAJOR POLLUTANTS IN OUR AIR

Define primary air pollutants and secondary air pollutants.

A primary pollutant is emitted directly from the source, a secondary pollutant comes from a pollutant

What are the six criteria pollutants in the original Clean Air Act? Why were they chosen?

Carbon Monoxide, Ground-level Ozone, Lead, Nitrogen Oxides, Particulate Matter, and Sulfur Dioxide
because they are the most common

List several additional hazardous air toxins that are regulated.

ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead. Chosen because they are particle
matter

16.2 ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES

What is an atmospheric temperature inversion, and how can it concentrate pollutants in a city?

A layer of warm air traps cold air below it. I can keep the pollutants all in the city instead of dispersing
them out.

What is the difference between ambient and stratospheric ozone? What is destroying stratospheric
ozone?

occurs when chlorofluorocarbon gases are released into the atmosphere

Ambient is natural ozone, stratospheric ozone is ozone trapped lower down that can harm vegetation.

What did the Montreal Protocol aim to accomplish?

protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-
depleting substances

16.3 EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION

List several illnesses that are made worse by dirty air.

stroke, ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer

What is acid deposition? Where does it come from, and how have regulations helped reduce it?

Acid rain comes from the combustion of fossil fuels.

16.4 POLLUTION CONTROL

How are sulfur and particulate matter removed from effluent?

chemical precipitation, oxidation, and direct air stripping.

What is the ratio of direct costs and benefits of the Clean Air Act? What costs are mainly saved?

about 1:30, reduced health costs, lost worker productivity, infant mortality, and damage to
infrastructure.

Which conventional pollutants have decreased most and least?

lead has decreased the most, while NOx has decreased least.

What are some sources of air pollution in developing areas? What causes the most deaths globally?

burning of municipal and agricultural waste; small industries and workshops whose emissions are often
unregulated; and natural sources which are difficult to control. Particle matter causes the most death.

Vocabulary

acid deposition 16.3

aerosols 16.1

ambient air 16.1

carbon monoxide 16.1

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 16.2

chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) 16.3

conventional or criteria pollutants 16.1

hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) 16.1

nitrogen oxides (NOx) 16.1

ozone 16.1

particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10) 16.1

photochemical oxidants 16.1

primary pollutants 16.1

secondary pollutants 16.1

stratospheric ozone 16.2

sulfur dioxide 16.1

temperature inversion 16.2

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) 16.1

unconventional pollutants 16.1

volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 16.1

CHAPTER 15.1 ATMOSPHERE and 15.2 REGIONAL WEATHER

15.1Describe the general composition and structure of the atmosphere.

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere

15.2Explain processes that shape regional and seasonal weather patterns.

the tilt of the Earth on its axis in space, and the position of the Earth in its orbit around the sun.

15.1 WHAT IS THE ATMOSPHERE?

Describe the troposphere and stratosphere.

The troposphere starts at the Earth's surface and extends 8 to 14.5 kilometers high, almost all weather is
in this region. The stratosphere is the next 50 km above the troposphere.

What is albedo, and why is it important?

albedo, the fraction of light that is reflected by a body or surface. It is commonly used in astronomy to
describe the reflective properties of planets, satellites, and asteroids.

Explain the idea of a greenhouse gas, and list four of them.

carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and certain synthetic chemicals, trap some of the Earth's
outgoing energy

Describe how atmospheric circulation redistributes energy and moisture.

warm air at the equator rises and then cools in the upper atmosphere, then circles back down towards
the tropics

15.2 REGIONAL PATTERNS OF WEATHER

Why does it rain?

When water droplets get too heavy to stay in the clouds, they fall to Earth as rain.
What is the Coriolis effect, and how might it cause trade winds?

The Coriolis effect is the apparent deflection of air as it circulates north-south along Earth's surface..

Describe a monsoon, a cold front, and a warm front.

A monsoon is a seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing, or strongest, winds of a region.

If colder air is replacing warmer air, it is a cold front, if warmer air is replacing cold air, then it is a warm
front.

What is a cyclonic storm?

a system of winds that rotates about a center of low atmospheric pressure, and advances at a speed of
20 to 30 miles an hour.

CHAPTER 15.3 NATURAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY and 15.4 HUMAN CLIMATE CHANGE
15.3 Outline some factors in natural climate variability.

changes in the circulation of the air and ocean, volcanic eruptions

15.4 Explain how we know that recent climate change is human-caused.

we know that humans are burning fossil fuels, releasing huge amounts of carbon pollution and trapping
more and more heat in the atmosphere

15.3 NATURAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY

What are some good material sources of data reconstructing past temperatures and atmospheric
composition for the Earth over the last ~800,000 years?

Looking at air trapped in ancient ice

What effects on the climate can volcanoes cause, and how consistent are they?

Volcanoes can lower the global temperature, with about one a week

Why can El Nino and La Nina complicate understanding climate trends?

They can affect not only ocean temperatures but also how much it rains on land..

How common, in the last 800,000 years, is a spike (increase) in CO2 the size of which we’ve seen in the
last 200 years?

Spikes were common and evenly spaced out until the industrial revolution

What Milankovitch cycle seems to make the greatest difference in the Earth’s climate, and why?

Obliquity helps to soften seasons. Keep them less harsh

Does the Earth system being a complex system explain any of the up-and-down irregularity of global
temperature and CO2 in the last 800,000 years? Why might we expect some irregularity?
Yes, a system as complex as the earth would have periodic irregularities from time to time. These
irregularities could be caused by outside influences, like an asteroid impact for example.

15.4 ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE

Approximately how much has atmospheric CO2 changed since 1959?

In 2021, 416.45 parts per million. In 1960, 316.91 parts per million

List four important greenhouse gases, and identify major sources.

Carbon Dioxide: Fossil fuel combustion; Deforestation; Cement production

Methane: Fossil fuel production; Agriculture; Landfills

Nitrous Oxide: Fertilizer, Fossil fuel and biomass combustion; Industrial processes

Chlorofluorocarbon: Refrigerants

How do we know recent climate change is human-caused?

We looked at what was causing climate change and saw that it was a large product of our
industrialization

aerosols 15.1

albedo 15.1

arctic amplification 15.4

climate 15.1

cold front 15.2

convection currents 15.1

Coriolis effect 15.2

cyclonic storms 15.2

El Niño 15.3

greenhouse effect 15.1

greenhouse gases 15.1

hurricanes 15.2

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 15.4

jet streams 15.2

La Niña 15.3

latent heat 15.1

Milankovitch cycles 15.3

monsoon 15.2

ozone 15.1

positive feedback loop 15.1

stratosphere 15.1

tornado 15.2

troposphere 15.1

warm front 15.2

weather 15.1

DR. ROB DAVIES LECTURE: DISRUPTION AND TIPPING POINTS

What is a tipping point, and how does Rob Davies describe it? What is an example he gives?

What has science identified as the danger line of global temperature increase?

What does Rob Davies identify as the amount of CO2 we have left to "spend" in our carbon budget?

When, on the current trajectory, will we "spend" that budget?

How much of the "proven reserves" of fossil fuels does the budget account for as a percentage?

What are the implications for global society's use of fossil fuels? Should we be expending energy and
effort on finding new fossil fuel resources?

Is following the Paris agreement sufficient for keeping below 1.5 C degrees warming?

What is the issue with waiting until the near future to reduce carbon emissions, so that our peak use of
fossil fuels is higher? (how does the decline we would need change?)

How much do we need to reduce emissions year over year to prevent above 1.5 C global warming?

How are emissions spread over the global populace?

What does Davies give as the moral implication for the very wealthy's emissions?

What does Davies give as the moral implication for those of us living in the developed world? What drop
in emissions year-over-year?

What does Davies and secretary-general of the United Nations Guterres mean by saying the climate
situation is an emergency?

Davies uses the idea of a personal carbon ration to consider Utahn's carbon emissions. How long, given
current consumption patterns, would it take the average Utahn to use up that carbon ration?

Davies gives a hypothetical where we all turn off all lights, eat no meat, and don't use cars or planes.
What is his point with this hypothetical?
Davies says we've gotten some broad takeaways from COVID-19. What are they?

What is Davies' reasoning about citizen engagement and public policy?

What are the personal actions that Davies suggests we do?

Can we all use personal actions, without systemic change, to reduce emissions sufficiently to avoid 1.5 C
warming?

IPCC LECTURE
What is the IPCC?

Does the IPCC fund new research that runs experiments or measures climate change?

Who writes and reviews the IPCC’s reports on climate change and related issues?

What good science principles and steps does the IPCC follow?

The IPCC release reports that show different scenarios. What does this mean?

Is the IPCC to be a reliable source of climate change information?

LECTURE ON GHG Sources, Globally and US

What is the biggest sector for GHG emissions?

When something is measured as “CO2 equivalent” what does that mean?

What fossil fuel generates the most CO2 (coal vs oil vs natural gas)?

What country generates the most CO2 from coal?

What country generates the most CO2 from oil?

What country generates the most CO2 from natural gas?

How does the US compare in CO2 emissions per capita to the other large-population countries in the
world (e.g. China, India)?

Why is cement production relevant to CO2 emissions?

What sector emits the most methane (CH4)?

What sector emits the most nitrous oxide (N2O)?

What food is responsible for the highest emissions?

Does food waste contribute to GHG emissions?

DR. PETER HOWE LECTURE ON MAPPING CLIMATE OPINIONS IN THE US

Do most Americans think global warming is happening?

How has that changed over the last 10 years?

Roughly, what is the belief of the majority of the populations in the US at the county level?
How many Americans think that global warming is mostly human-caused?

What seems to be the pattern (and correlation) with beliefs, by county, that global warming is mostly
human-caused?

How well do Americans do at estimating the scientific consensus of climate scientists on human-caused
global warming?

How does Americans' perceptions of consensus compare to actual (scientific) measures of consensus?

Does telling people about the true percentage of consensus have any impact? What is it?

Do Americans, overall, support renewable energy?

What about rebates for electric vehicles or solar panels? What about a carbon tax?

In what area does Utah lead the nation in preparing for the impacts of weather extremes?

How much are Americans talking about global warming?

Are Utahns talking about climate change more or less than the average in the United States?

What is Dr. Howe's advice on talking about climate change? (the "Big Five")

CLIMATE CHANGE, COGNITION, AND DISINFORMATION. PART 1.

What is the difference between misinformation and disinformation?

What is the difference between cognition and social cognition?

What is social identity?

For Americans, what are two big factors in climate change belief that are related to social cognition?

For Americans, what are the two variables related to social cognition that seem to be driving climate
skepticism and denial?

For Americans, what are two big factors in climate change belief that are related to non-social
cognition?

Why might restriction of greenhouse gas emissions through government regulation seem distasteful and
even wrong to people holding certain social identities?

What is confirmation bias?

What simple narrative about how the world works can be attractive to people and yet help lead to
conspiracy theories?

Why do elite cues about climate change matter?

What’s the issue with people hearing information that is false repeatedly, even if they view that
information as implausible?

Are social cognitive mistakes, tendencies to favor one’s social identity, and tendencies to listen to elites
that align with one’s identity more of an overall political problem or a fundamental human problem?
CLIMATE CHANGE, COGNITION, AND DISINFORMATION. PART 2.
What do people weigh very heavily in their beliefs, regardless of the strength of data shown to them in
reports, books, expert interviews, etc? What’s an example of this in action?

What is the issue with people trying to understand climate change as a stock-and-flow model where
GHG emissions go into the climate system, stay in the climate system, and leave the climate system?

Explain why human cognition and social cognition make accepting climate change science so
challenging.

Describe a few rhetorical strategies to increase climate change skepticism via disinformation.

What has been the biggest source of climate change disinformation?

Is there evidence that companies, especially Exxon, knew that burning fossil fuels would result in cause
climate change, and that climate change could harm the public?

Do companies have incentives to mislead the public and hide evidence of harm?

What does it mean to say there is selective pressure on companies that can lead to CEOs that protect
the company over the public?

Why is critical thinking important when considering the claims of companies about their products,
including “green” products?