DELPHY & LEONARD

Feminist perspective

Men benefit the most from

women’s labour in the home

The family plays a central

role in maintaining patriarchy

Women are oppressed due to

family responsibilities
GCSE FAMILIES
 OAKLEY
Feminist perspective

Addresses the idea of a

conventional “cereal packet”
family

Stereotypes are now felt to be

increasingly archaic (out of
date)

GCSE FAMILIES
 PARSONS
Functionalist perspective

Nuclear family provides two

irreducible functions

1. Primary socialisation
2. Stabilisation of adult
personalities

GCSE FAMILIES
RAPOPORT & RAPOPORT
Described five different
aspects of family diversity

1. Organisational
2. Cultural
3. Social class
4. Life course
5. Cohort

GCSE FAMILIES
WILLMOTT & YOUNG
Symmetrical families

Conjugal roles are more

shared and are of equal
importance

Husband and wife more likely

to share roles and leisure
time together

GCSE FAMILIES
 ZARETSKY
Marxist perspective

The family serves the needs of

capitalism and is a unit of
consumption

Women reproduce future workers

and look after current workers

GCSE FAMILIES
 BALL
Case study, observations

Setting in secondary schools

Students conform to the

expectations their band

Band 1 were the most able,

band 3 the least able

GCSE EDUCATION
BALL, BOWE & GERWITZ
Market forces and parental
choice

Middle class parents have

more choice in the education
market due to their cultural
and economic capital

League tables

GCSE EDUCATION
 BOWLES & GINTIS
Marxist perspective

Correspondence principle; school

mirrors the workplace such as
uniforms or routines

Education prepares working class

children for exploitation in the
workplace

EDUCATION GCSE
 DURKHEIM
Functionalist perspective

Education transmits the value

consensus

Rules should be strictly

enforced to learn self
discipline and benefit society

Social cohesion
GCSE EDUCATION
HALSEY, HEATH & RIDGE
Class inequalities

Sample of 8000 males

found that working class
children were much less
likely to attend university

Home encouragement and

parental attitudes

GCSE EDUCATION
 PARSONS
Functionalist perspective

Education is a bridge
between family and society

Schools are meritocratic and

help to select individuals for
their future role in society

GCSE EDUCATION
 WILLIS
Marxist perspective

Mixed methods

The 12 lads were part of a

counter school culture

More interested in having a

laugh than going to lessons

GCSE EDUCATION
 BECKER
Interactionist/labelling
An act becomes deviant when
others define it as such

Agents of social control can

make a label stick. This can
cause a self-fulfilling prophecy,
leading to a deviant
career/master status

GCSE CRIME AND DEVIANCE

 CARLEN
Feminist perspective
Control theory

Unstructured interviews with

working class women

When they cannot achieve

rewards promised in the class
deal or gender deal, crime
becomes a viable alternative
GCSE CRIME AND DEVIANCE
GCSE A.COHEN
Functionalist perspective

Status frustration

Lack of opportunity means

working class boys can’t
achieve educational success

Deviance allows them to gain

status from their peers

CRIME AND DEVIANCE

GCSE HEIDENSOHN
Feminist perspective

Control theory

Patriarchal societies control

women more so they have
fewer opportunities for crime

Public, private and workplace

CRIME AND DEVIANCE

GCSE MERTON
Functionalist perspective

Means
Goals
Strain theory
Conformity ✓ ✓
Not everyone can achieve the Innovation ✓ ✖
American Dream in the Ritualism ✖ ✓
legitimate means Retreatism ✖ ✖
✓ ✓
Rebellion
Anomie ✖✖

CRIME AND DEVIANCE

GCSE DAVIS & MOORE
Functionalist perspective

Inequality is a ‘universal
necessity’ in all societies

Functionally important roles

attract the highest rewards
due to the sacrifices made for
education

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
GCSE DEVINE
Unstructured interviews

Affluent workers revisited

Found evidence of rising living

standards but many continued
to resent the privileges of
inherited wealth

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
GCSE MARX
Capitalism – the bourgeoisie
control means of production

Political power comes from

economic power

Ideology allows for exploitation

Polarisation of social classes

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
 MURRAY
New Right perspective

Underclass emerged due to

government policy

Benefits meant people lost

interest in getting jobs

Loss of traditional values

GCSE SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

 TOWNSEND
Questionnaires – 6000
participants

Ways of defining poverty

1. State’s standard (official

statistics)
2. Relative income standard
3. Relative deprivation

GCSE SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

 WALBY
Feminist perspective

Patriarchal structures:
1. Household
2. Paid work
3. The state
4. Male violence
5. Sexuality
6. Cultural institutions

GCSE SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

 WEBER
Market situations and life chances

Expansion of the middle class

Sources of power: traditional, legal

rational, charismatic

Social closure

GCSE SOCIAL STRATIFICATION