4Lek ACTIVITY 3

CTIVE
Rig sids Fe
To
assemble
a household
circuit, comprising three bulbs, three
da ower source.
(onloff) switehes,
hse
PARATUS AND MATERIAL

watus. NO apparatus Tequired in assembling a

Three bulbs (6 V, 1 W) each, fuse of
circuit.
Material.

hree (on/off) switches flexible 0.6 A, main switch a power supply

s i m i n a t o r ) ,

connecting wire with red and black (battery

ftse wire. plastic covering,
nlementary. Main electric board with a two-pin socket and main
switch.
nAGRAM (Fig. 11.04))

Se B -o
S O- B O
A.C. ammeter ( )
C
SO A (A.C.)

M.S. F
Power 2 4
6g 10
SOurce
0 to 10 V Source of supply
Fuse (0 to 0.75 A)
(a)
(b)
Fig. 11.04. (a) Circuit diagram, (b) Actual layout.
THEORY
teuit,Electricity
mit. alty
all
sup to us for domestic purposes is 220 V A.C. and 50 Hz. The
supplied
with appliances
hieswilPpliances
ies ea ar
are connected in household
"parallel" with mains. The switches are connected in
ulbs, Lappliances in live wire. 5 A switches are required for normal
thuorescent tubes
e, refrigerator, air fans etc. 15 A sockets and switches are appliances like,
led jvdOr,
led live, air conditioner, geyser, hot plates etc. All required must
for heavy load appliances
,neutral and the earth. Total appliances have three wires
power consumption P" ata time
 212
COMPREHENGIVE PRAGTICA. PHYu
P=P+P2 +Pst.
Where P, Pa, Pa are the powers drawn by applianegs,
To
little protect the applianc from damage when unduly high eurren are drawn
higher ating, 10 to 20% higher than the eurrent normally drawn by all applíane fus
further safety, a suitable value MAINS PUSE like rating 32 A is connected in seri "
supply source.
PROCEDURE
1.Connect the bulbs B,, B, and B, in series with
Connect each set
switehes S, 9, and M, respectively a .
of B-S in parallel with each other (Pig, 11,04).
2. Connect main
supply to a step-down transformer battery eliminator) to get
voltage from 0 to 10 V (0, 2, requiro
3. Connect the
4,6,8and 10 V).
mains fuse M.S. in series with the power supply
4. Connect an A.C. (hattery eliminatori
ammeter in series with the B-S set
5. Connect one end of power
supply to one end of B-S set.
6. Check the circuit one
7. Gradually increase
again to ensure that household cireuit is complete.
the current to 0.75 A, the fuse must burn off at about
0.6 A.

ACTIVITY 4
OBJECTIVE
To assemble the
components ofa given electrical eircuit (Say Ohm's law
cireuit).
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL
Apparatus. A voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate
one way key. range, a
battery, a rheostat,
Material. An unknown resistance or resistance coil,
paper. connecting wires, a piece of sand
PROCEDURE
1. Connect thecomponents (Resistors, inductors etc.) in series with each other as
in Fig. 11.05 and then in series with the D1 shown
battery.
2. Connect the ammeter in series with the H /-
circuit, to measure the current.
3. Connect the voltmeter in parallel to the resis-
tor, to measure the potential difference.
R
4. Connect the switch in series with the bat w-
tery.
5. Assembly of the electrical components in
electrie cireuit is complete.
Connect the items as shown in Fig. 11.05. Fig. 11.05.
T uau;Ladxg 9as) 3ue]s[saI uMouyun ue
uunseauu 1oj pasn s II
ALITILN
ALLIALIAV
 ACTIVITY 6
OBJECTIVE
a battery,
To draw the diagram of a circuit comprising at least
given open
that a r e not
and voltmeter. Mark the components
resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter
circuit diagram.
connected in proper order and correct
the circuit and also the

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL

resistance box (0 to 100 2), two or
A battery eliminator or a battery (0 to 6 V), rheostat,
voltmeter (0-3) V.
D.C. ammeter (0-3) A and a D.C.
one way key.

THEORY circuit in a such a

electric
the combination of primary components of
An open circuit is current is drawn from the battery.
circuit no
on closing the
m a n n e r that
 216 cOMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSiO.
SICS-KI
Battery
w
HH Rheostat

A
Unknown reslstanoe
wire
w-

Fig. 11.08.

DIAGRAM (Fig. 11.08A)

Resistance coil

ww
One way key

Battery
Rheostat

uwlinlgel
unldaaal

Voltmeter Ammeter
Fig. 11.08A.
Open circuit diagram (Components not connected in proper order).
above in Fig. 11.08A. It is given

PROCEDURE
Ammeter. It should be connected in
series, with the
Voltmeter. It should be connected in parallel to the battery eliminator.
resistor.
Rheostat. It should be connected in series (in
eliminator. place of resistance coil) with the battery
Resistance coil. It should be connected in parallel (in
One way key. It should be connected in series to the place rheostat).
of

Correct circuit diagram (Components connected in battery eliminator.

proper order)
 ACTIVITY 4
OBJECTIVE

To observe refraction and laterul deviation

eident obliquely on a glass alab. (dizplacement) of u beam of light

APPARATUS
GHass slab, drawing board, white paper sheet, drawing pins, offiepins, protractr
 cOMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYsins

226

DIAGRAM (Fig. 11. 15)

P
m

roilr B

Calci kotrom Car

D /d
-.

Fig. 11.15. Refraction through a glass slab.

THEORY
then it bends towards the
When a ray of light (PQ) incident on the face AB of glass slab,
normal since refraction takes-place from rarer to denser medium. "The refracted ray (QR) travel
alongstraight line and incident on face DC of slab and bends away from the normal since
refraction takesplacefrom denserto rarermedium.Theray tRS out throughrface DC is called
emergent ray.
From Fig 11.15J)
() The incident ray isparallel te-theemergent ray i.e.i=e.
Aii) The emergent rayis laterally deviated from its original path (incident ray) by a distance
d = t sec r sin (i - r).

PROCEDURE
Fix a white paper sheet by drawing pins on a drawing board.
Take a glass slab and put it symmetrically in the middle of the paper and mark its
boundary ABCD.
Draw a normal at point Q on face AB and draw a line PQ making an angle i with the
normal. PQ will represent an incident ray.
Fix two pins at points 1 and 2 on the line PQ at distances 1 cm or
more between them
selves.
S. See images of these pins through face DC and fix two more pins at points 3 and 4 (1 Cm
or more apart) such that these two pins cover the images of first two pins, all being along a
straight line.
 227
ACTIVITIES

3 and 4 to represent emer-

. Remove the glass slab. Draw straight line RS through points
to represent refracted ray.
ray. Join QR
gent
to angle t.
m e a s u r e angle e. It comes to be equal
1 Draw normal at point R on face DC and
to RS. TU measures lateral
Produce PQ forward to cut DC at T. Draw TU perpendicular
displacement d.
incident and the lateral displace
N o w take another set for different angle of
measure

ment.
Tal
Difference
S.No. Angle of incident (i) Angle of emergence i-e)
(degree) degree)

1 30
2. 45

CONCLUSION l
of incidence (i) Angle of emergence (e).
1. Angle =

in the thickness of the slab.

increases with the increase
2. The lateral displacement
increases with the angle of incidence ().
3. The lateral displacement
 ACTIVITY 6

OBJECTIVE

due to thin slit between sharp edges of r a z o r

To observe diffraction of light a

blades.

APPARATUS
(laser pencil)
s c r e e n a source of monochromatic light
Two razor blades,
adhesive tapes, a

black paper and a glass

plate.

fine
THEORY
around the corners or edges of a
of light
Diffraction phenomenon of bending
is a is comparable or
small
when order of wavelength
Diffraction takes place if the size of the aperture
opening or aperture. effect is m o r e pronounced
diffraction arises due to
aperture. The diffraction pattern
to the size of slit The
or
wavelength of the
waves.
of wavefront. The
is of the order of the same
or the obstacle symmetrical point dark
waves
from different band having altermate
of light a central bright
interference
to a
consists
single slit of
diffraction pattern due intensity on both sides.
bands of decreasing
and weak bright nd
d sin 9 =

For diffraction,
or slit
d size of aperture
Here
a n g l e of diffraction

n
ofdiffraction
order

wavelength of light.
=

adhesive.
glass plate by using
P R O C E D U R E

on the close to
the black paper are parallel
and extremely
1. Fix so that their sharp
edges
blades
2, Place
two r a z o r shown in Fig. 11.18,
narrow
inslit between, as
to form a
each other
 230 cOMPREHENSIVE PRACTICAL PHYSICSV

-Glass plate

Black paper

Fig. 11.18. A thin slit made by using two razor blades, black paper and a glass plate.

3. Cut the small slit in between the sharp edges of blades and place at a suitable dis.
tance from a wall or screen of a dark room.
4. Throw a beam of light on the slit by the laser pencil.
5. A diffraction pattern of alternate bright and dark bands is seen on the wall as sho
in Fig. 11.18(a).

AIntensity

I21 I62 I/121

3
d

Fig. 11.18(a)

CONCLUSION
When light waves are incident on a slit or aperture then it bends away (spread) at tne
corners of slit showing the phenomena of diffraction of light.

PRECAUTION
(i) Air gaps should not be left between glass plates and black paper.
ii) The razor blades should be placed extremely closed as possible.
(ii) Diffraction pattern should be seen on a wall of a dark room.
(iv) A point source of monochromatic light like laser torch should be used.
ACTIVII

SECTION-B

ACTIVITY 1
OBJECTIVE

diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor from

To identify a

mixed collection of such items.

a

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL

Apparatus. Multimeter.

Material. Above mixed collection of items.

THEORY
of each item will have to be considered.
For identification, appearance and working
does not
It conducts when forward biased and
1. A diode is a two terminal device. it does
emit light while conducting. Hence,
conduct when r e v e r s e biased. It does not
not glow. when
is alsotwo terminal device. It also conducts
2. A LED (light emitting diode)
a
while
conduct when r e v e r s e biased. It emits light
forward biased and does not
conducting. Hence, it glow. emitter (E), base
terminal device. The terminals represent
3. A transistor is a three
(B) and collector (C). 11.09
circuit) is a multi-terminal device in form of a chip. [See Fig.
4. An IC (integrated
Generator)]
(UM 3482 IC Tone when either forward biased or reverse
terminal device. It conducts
5. A resistor is a two bias for a resistor). It conducts even
is no forward or r e v e r s e
biased. (Infact there
with A.C. voltage.
when operated
device. It does not conduct when either forward
a two terminal
A capacitor is also
When a capacitor 1s connected to a D.C. source, then multi
6.
biased or reverse biased. but it decay to zero quickly. It is because that
scale current initially
meter shows full
draw a charge.
initially a capacitor
identified are shown in Fig. 11.09.
to be
The components

PROCEDURE
or more ternminals and has form of a chip, it is an IC (integrated
four
1 Tf the item has
circuit).
terminals, it is a transistor.
has three
2. If the item
has two terminals, it may
be diode, a LED, a resistor or a capacitor.
3. If the item ahead.
proceed a s
differentiate
To
for The probe
marked on thechecking
selector
P t the se on re in terminalnutimeter continuity. the
4.
APut are inserted multimeter as common and P (or

+ ve).
 cOMPREHENSIVE PRACTICALI
MNGDINORINLGOORANNROAIA L A A N A A R A L A N A L A A G R A A R R E R E R

218
1000 uF
6V
1234
Wire (0.47F
Paper Electrolytic
(b) Capacitors
Rings
Mica
(a) Carbon resistor

pnp or npn

LED

(d) Transistor

(c) Diodes

12 3 4 5 6 7 8
(e) Integrated circuits

circuits (ICS).
Fig. 11.09. Some of the commonly available integrated

If such that the black one and red probe is in P

is in common (or + ve). On touching the
two ends of the device to the two other metal ends of probes.
when reversed
1. Ifpointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move
and there is no light emission, the item is a diode.
when re-
2. f pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move

versed and there is light emission, the item is a LED.

3. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and also when reversed, the item

is a resistor.
4. If pointer does not move when voltage is applied in one way and also when reverseuy
the item is a capacitor.

OBSERVATIONS

No. of Number of legs Name of device No. of Possible current Name of device
Obs. Obs. flow
1. More than 3 IC 4. Unidirectional Diode
emit no light
2. Three Transistor . Unidirectional LED
emit light
3. Two Capacitor, Diode, 6. Both direction Resistor
LED or resistor
(steady)
Initial high but Capacitor
decays to zero