Instantaneous Power the power at anyinstanttime onlytime domain timevarying

pits EvmImcosOvOis I'Um

Imhawt OutOil

When Pits 0 poweris absorbed bythecircuit

when Plt Lo power is absorbed by the source

Average Power the instantaneous poweraveraged over a period I frequeny timedomain

P thnImWsLov Oi I P f Pundt
when Or Oi current voltagebothinphase circuitis purelyresistive

when Or Or tho the want absorbs nopowerand it's purely reactive

0 Aresistiveload42 absorbs power all thetime while a reactive load 40 absorbs zeroaverage power

Example I Vit 120cos3777 650V ict 23777 107A

locos findthe instantaneous averagepower

Answer Pet Exroxtocos1454109 4 120 10coscut 450100 344.24boo ant 359W

P EX120X Io xcos145 t 100 34412W

Example 2 Calculatetheaverage powerabsorbed by Z 30 jor when v120200isappliedacross

Answer I 76 6 6 8 1.58266go

P EX120 158XWSLO 6680 3735W

3 Determine theaveragepowergenerated Fassite

Example by eachsource theaveragepowerabsorbedbyeach
Answer 40A
if
40A I y 3 I I go j5Iz j1021 602307 0
5572 540 51.96 530 0
52.912169110
5196 go 2 510.39

I g
52900 10158279.110A

V1 2011 t 510LI Iz 80 51014 2 so 1849826.210

j10.39 520 103.9 183.9 520 V

Pisupply IX184.98 4XWsl6.210 0 367 8W

 V2 20 4 SOV

Palabsorb IX 80 4 0500 160W purelyresistive

V3 JOLI Iz 520 103.9 1058821019 v 2 72 2 51039 10.582 79.10A

PEE x 105.8 10.58xcos110.90 79 19 OW

V4 15 12 52900 10.5827911 52.9 10.890V

Py absorb X52.9 10,58xcost 10.890 79.110 OW

Prot 160W tow tow 207.77W 367.8W a 0W totalsupply total absorb

Maximum Average
iii PowerTransfer

when ZL Z'TH Pmax YET

when the load is purely neat Xu o theloadimpedance isequaltothemagnitudeoftheThereminimpedance

Example 4 Determine Zi formaxaveragepower Whatisthemaxaveragepower

4023687
Mr mi mim FindZin Zylegg 31134 13.422a no sight u
t
wow I a
I I 7TH 2.93 50.53 55 2.93 j4.47 5 34256.769h

Findvin lox cox's3 iii ii EE 3

ZL Z H 2.93 54.47 N
7.4572
Pmax 181 8 2.93 2 37W

Effective RMS Value theeffectiveness ofthetimevaryingsource ondeliveringpowertoa resistive load

rootMeansquare KmsvalueistheDocumentthatdeliversthesameaveragepowerto a resistorastheperiodicamen

Xrms d foxat
Urns ME Irms EE or Um o707Um forsinusoidsonly
AveragepowerusingRMS D UrmstrmscosLou Oi P TimsR ME
Example 5 Determine the rmsvalueof thecurrent waveform Tearpart
ofthe cement ispassedthrua 2 or resistor findtheaveragepowerabsorbed byresistor

Answer
to
t lo tea T 4
ss st
Iactoy
o
arms I Etat t dE f Lloret
Jtf zstadt IfEloodt
Ex8 t I loot I
Ex5 8 4 400 200 I 8.165A

P I'rmsR 18.16512 2 133.3W

Apparent power whatthepower in thecrustwouldseemtobe

S Vrmstrms VAIwit amperes 205

Tums

Averagepower realpower P Spf

Powerfactor cosine ofthephasedifference between witagedcurrent cosineofangleoftheloadimpedence

pf tou
cos fi Pf I
g
when Pf 0 currentleadsvoltage

whenpfco voltage leadscurrent

Purely reactiveloads will have pf o Ov 05 90

I purely resistive loads willhave pf1 Ou Oi P VrmsIrms

Example 6 Aseries connected loaddraws a current at 4nslootutt109A when theapplied voltage B

uts Docostwont 200 v Findtheapparent power thepowerfactorof theload
Determine theelement valuesthatfrom theseries connected load

Se VrmsIms EzXEz 240VA

pf costOv Ois cost w 100 0.866 leading

 If W Or 08 g
Ziad E 14 5 302300 N 25.98 515 N

The loadimpedence Zcan bemodeledby a 25.98or resistor inserieswith a 212.2nFcapacitor

Xc 15 Wtc

Ew is loot 212.2mF

Example 7 Determine the pf of theentire want a calculatetheaveragepowerdeliveredhigh

Zbt 411ja 6 12 64 64 bt 0.8 j1.6 6.8 ji 6 7213.24 s

why 34
µ Irms 1 340 4.29213240A

pf cost00 13.240 0.9734 leading

P VmsImspf 30 4.29 0.9734 12528W

complex power totaleffectof parallel loadson power

s Vms2msLouOi

LemscosLovOil t jurmstrmsSinLouOi
s apparentpower magnitude
ofcomplexnumber
S VrmsIris Emsz VEI
S I'rms Rt jx Pt jQ VAunits

where D I'rmsR W real power

Q I'MsX VAR reactive power

reactivepower B a measureofenergyexchange betweensourceandreactiveload

Q0 for resistive loads canitypf

Qco forcapacitiveloads cleadingpf1

Q 0 for inductive loads lagging Pf

Summary PowerTriangle
 complexPower is Vms ms Wmd m Lov Oi IQ tociaggingpf
Apparent Power s 1st NrmslIrma JP'tQ2 242 govor
y
RealPower Swslov Oi with RMS acleaningPt
P average power

ReactivePower

Power Factor
Q

I
SsmOvOil

costov Oil efficiency

LY Yf

www
1 theaverage dreactivepowers deliveredtotheload

b thepeak current Im
d the load impedence

Answer a P Spf 124 0.856 10272W Or Or cos10.8567 31.130

Q SxsinLou Qi 124 0.52 620371VAR

b s Urmstrms 10272 56203.71 14231.13VA

14 31.130
I'rms 120200 100231.130A Irms 100 L31.13A

Irma IF 1200
Im TzIrms 52 100 1414A

a Z Yms a 1002
3113 122311390 inductiveimpedance

Conservation
of AC Power
S SitSaySst TSN onlycomplexneatreactivepower notforapparentpower

Example 9 my men findtherealandreactivepowerabsorbedby

z
acorns I
go asthesource b the line istheload

22020 22020
Vmf
Answer a Ims 19 jg 22.830
20.622 1067222.830A

P VrmsIrms 220200 10.67222.830 2347.42 22.830VA

P 2347.4 x cost22.839 2163.5W

 Q 2347.4Xsine22.830 910.8VAR Qco leading
b Vine Irons
Zine 1067222.85 4 52 830
10.67222
4472226570 47.6924940Ums

p 4769 1067 xcos14940 22837 455.11W

Q 47.69 1067Xsin149.40 22.839 227.6VAR lagging

C Vioad IronsZ
load 1067222.830 18.03233.690 192.382 10.86Ums

P 192.38 10.67xcost 10.860 22.837 1708W

Q 192.38 10.67XSmt10.86022.839 1139VAR leading

PowerFactorConnection process
ofincreasing thepowerfactor whochangingthevoltageorcementtotheoriginalloadiii
Acapacitorwillbeadded inparallelwiththeinductiveloadto makethepfdosetounity

Je a

V 02 01 largerpt reduced a
maggia
11

Adding a capacitor

a aPiano Q2Ptanor Qc QiQ2 Potano tank

s a
go.to Qc worms

P'tank tanks
Thecapacitor shifts o to a a gym WV'ms

Example to whenconnectedtoa noVms bothpowerline aloadabsorbs4kW atalaggingpfofo.se

thevalue
Find ofcapacitance necessarytoraisethepfto0.95
Answer Wso 0.8 01 36.870 02 0.95
cos 02 18.190
QI Ptano 3000VAR

Q2 Ptan02 1314.36VAR
Qc 3000 1314.4 16856VAR
Qc 1685.6
warms xxbox11205 310.6nF
 U Im sdk
S tt
111

Sgm gon
im