CHI INTRODUCTION

ROTATIONAL MOTION NEWTON'S LAWS 4 POWER RELATIONSHIPS

1 Sign convention for rotation

Angular Position 0 Rad or Degrees

Angular VelocityDOw Rad per second

If p w
dt
radlsec
nm Effwn
revanin

Angular Acceleration a Rad per second

a did p a diff

Torque T Newtonmeters
T Applied ForceCLdistance

Newton's Law of Rotation

f ma p T Jx

Work W
W f Fdr P WfTdO
Fr TO
Power P Watts
P da dat fr Fddf F V
def TO Tff TO

THE MAGNETIC FIELD

4 Basic Principles explaining how magnetic fields are used in energy
conversion devices
 A MAGNETIC FIELD
PRODUCTION OF
Ampere's Law govern production of a magnetic field current
by a

HdI Inet
MN't
B MH ee
H Mag field intensity
Ifsirmeasheeting fihityofns.mgteriaY
Perm.mg

7
No 417 10 HIM
permeability of freespace
used to calculate relative permeability
if Mr Imo 2000 it means that in in the given material 2000 more
flux is established measure of magnetizability

Total flux 0 SABIA

BA
UNIA
be

MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
F Ni V IR equiv
magnetomotive force
v Reluctance of a circuit
to theresistance
of I
Equivalent

u of a circuit
P Permeance equiv of conductance
Got Fcp

Reluctance works like Resistance when adding together

CR Yao
a Total Reluctance of flux Path 0

Rc Lac M m Ac RecoreRetiro
0.4M
4000417 107 0,002 Jr Ni I
RacReluc Air
66300Aturnstwb

Theeffective air is 1.05 12cm 12,6cm

R la gap
MoAo
0,0005
4x.io7.000126
316000Aturns Wb

Req Ret Ra
663001316000
382300 A turns Wb

b The current Required to produce a flux density of 0.5T in the air

F OR P Ni BAR
BAR
N
as 0,00126383200
400
0,602A
I 1
REMIUA 20009
io o.ooiz l66000AtuvnsWb
Stator
er
Rr MvMoA 2088.54T
io aoaz 1660OAtums Wb
Rotor

Ra GIA 4 99 00,4 284000 AturnstWb

Req Rst Ra Rrt Ra

751000Aturns Wb

F Ni 200turns IA 200Aturns
3880 0,00266Wb

Mag Flux in airgap B In 0888786 am 1

Generator Example
It o
Petrol DC
Engine Vi ZRload
gener
vi T o
Dross

V1 120U Question T Torque

It 50A n Efficiency
n 1800rimin
Ross 1000W

Pout V I 1 120.50 6000W 6kW

Pin Pout Ross 7000W 7kW WT
7000
T 1800 37.1 Nm
Pont
n pinHoot 85,7
 Magnetic Behaviour of Ferromagnetic Materials
Magnetic Permeability B MIT
Permeability of ferromagnetic material is very high
Permeability is not constant in ferromagnetic materials
0 BA
toeneauxenaecanbe induced
thereisalimit
e v
knee

Hsien

H ne F
lo

Permeability µ
Relative Pearm P Mr Mao

a Mr Ana
µ 74n.io 3980

0,72
b Mr Fro µ too t.io 7 5730

i4
c Mr Fro Ifµ goo t.io 7 2230

d Mr Fro Ifµ ooo44 7 1200

Energy losses in a ferromagnetic Core

Initially zero
Currentincreases for firsttime ab
Whencurrent falls different path followed bad
Whencurrent increases path deb followed

flux present depends on

current applied to windings
hysteresis History offlux in core
loop Hysteresis dependence on preceeding fluxhistory failure
to retrace fluxpath
Notice that one loop has been entered Y Magnetoforce is removed
the flux in the core does NOT go down to zero
RESIDUAL FLUX fluxleft
behind
Remove Residual Apply F in opposite direction

Hysteresis loss energy req to accomplish reorientation of domains during

each cycle of the AC current cause heating in material

loss cause heating in material

teddyfgjrg.gg

FARADAY'S LAW Induced V from time changing machine

Gif flux passes through a turn of coil of wire a voltage will be induced
in the turn of the wire
e nd Nd N of turns

Negsign Voltage buildup is such that if coil ends were

short circuited current would cause a flux
the original flux change opposing

if the flux is a eind

strength
will tend to establish a flux
that will oppose increase

Why Accounts for the fact that the

fluxvaries fromcoil tocoil
can useotherequation ifcoils are twisted
More accurate formula tightly enough thatno fluxleaks to air

and
I DIE adf.I.fi
Mag of Volt in ithterm
end dat k 410

Eddy Currents
time fluxinduces Voltage
changing incore
These Voltages causeswirls of current toflow within core
eddy currentsflow in a resistive material energy dissapated informof heat
lost depends on eddy size 3 resistive material
t.atAmart
Tswirl Pend Ti TI R losses
Id79YiuaemYnaIEin4Eetaiuamax
size of eddy
 Production of induced Force on a wire

f ilTxB
i Mag of current
ftp.knmgtghnef direction
offow
wefYujondisnsfeuyrrefeta

F Bei ei IB.li v

Resultant Force on Wwe

fVe
BlVPconv ej FV
acting deo Tech

F il Bsino O angle between wire tf flux density vector

B 0,25T F ailBsino
l I 015 1710125 81490 0,125N F 01125N to the
right
1 0,5

Induced voltage on a conductor moving in a

magnetic field
If a wire with proper orientation moves through a magnetic field a
voltage is induced in it

end Tx B E v velocity
Beinfnaginftonfedonendsuittainmag
field

end Ex B I T
135m90 looso into
BL
5 0,5 1
2,5 V
 Cind 0 15 I
v 135m90 lcos30
10.015 I COS30
4i33V

The linear DC machine

Bemiddies
constant
find Bl Findanumb uniform
Yandex Wh µ X X x x x
B density
yiggdnetic
pgnaj.at
explained

e thumb quffations D XX tix X

e
eind Bev n
o
X x x x x x
Newton'sLaw oth
Find Fapp ma Battery 7 Resistance frictionless
Rails
a O
find fapp
Kirchoff's voltage law
VB IR end O
VB eindt iR 0
Ron eind i find MOTOR

STARTUP o
R Ea
Wn tI
S
VB eind
v v
find
 LINEAR MACHINE
7
STARTING LOPER GENERIATOR
NO LOAD MOTOR
vo eind 0
Load toad is applied in Force applied in
TOstart close FindFapp opposite direction direction of motion
switch Kirchoff'svoltage
If 0 of motion Fapp will cause
eind VB Ri
Eyrie.IE gwfIows fneet.inafggduf'maybe L.aefaYa9 tiTmBe
flows down NOload end VB
through bar i O 7Find O i reverses dire
e

Force is induced VB end Find 9 ill lB

Find il B Inenton V Vnoloadspeed Overall result
Accel toRight V YEE eindauntil it is Newforce in
When velocity9 beopposite to load Bar find _ilB
a voltage appears Force Vssreached
end _vBl
Voltage then Tower is converted
reduces i eindi consumed
Y replacedby
Motor
mechPower
i Bar will reach Poon eindi FindV
steady state
speedknee o ftp.ERI.t.eeinad
VBeind VssBl R
find Bla
BeLuz BE
VBB
e RvisB
EB V
const
find.eu.gs
Motor
vIts
sv
Gene
rator

Powerflow diagram

Fitapp
email now

v
i2R
Note Startup current is problematically high in these machines
Solve this problem
by adding a resistor in the circuit for
V IHRfb
startup phase

a Starting conditions V
nd
VB Ri D i VB4 f 400A
Steady State find O Y w 0
einD
VB VB VssBb
Vss Be 120 120m15
0.1 10
b fapp Find rlB
zd EE
i Fein 30A
eind VB IR 120 300,3 129

Vss Ende 01,790 129m15

P 129.30 3870W Producing
P 120 so 3600W Battery Consum
i270 Losses in Resistor
Generator
C fapp Find ilB
i fiefs Ffa 30A
eind VB IR 120 30.013 111 V
e
Vss de al't o 111 Mls

Machine now acts as motor

d

e VB eind UssBl
Vss YI o.org
io 150ms

Suggested Questions

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