Answers of Previous Session

Q1

B. Prussian victory

Q2

A. The Act of Union, 1707

HW

B. Large landowners
 I
Visualising the
Nation
N
Nationalism &
Imperialism
D

A Dateline
E
Most Important One
Mark Questions
X
Visualising the Nation
 Allegory

❖ Female figure became an allegory

of the nation in 18th and 19th
century.

❖ For Example: French Revolution

artists used the female allegory to
portray ideas such as Liberty,
Justice and the Republic
 Allegory: An
abstract idea
expressed
through a
person or a
thing

Did you know?

 Marianne Personifying a nation
representing France

● It represent the idea of a people’s

nation.

● Characteristics: the red cap, the

tricolour, the cockade.

● Erected in public squares to remind the

public - national symbol of unity

● Marked on coins and stamps.

 Nations were portrayed
as female figures

Germania
Was the
allegory for
German
Nation.

She was first

time used in
Frankfurt
Parliament by
the liberals.
 The fallen Germania -
Julius Hubner, 1850

Germany guarding the Rhine -

Lorenz Clasen (1860)
Meanings of the symbols
Attribute Significance

Broken chains Being freed

Breastplate with eagle Symbol of the German

empire – strength

Crown of oak leaves Heroism

Sword Readiness to fight

Olive branch around the Willingness to make peace

sword

Black, red and gold tricolour Flag of the liberal-nationalists

in 1848, banned by the
Dukes of the German states

Rays of the rising su Beginning of a new era

Nationalism & Imperialism
 Features of
last quarter
of the 19th
Century

Nationalism
was no longer Major
Nationalist
retained its European
groups
idealistic powers
become
liberal-democra manipulated
increasingly
tic sentiment, aspirations of
intolerant of
but became other nationals
each other
narrow creed to boost their
with limited imperialist aims
ends
Conflicts over Balkans - 1871

❖ Region of geographical and ethnic variation

❖ Consists of modern-day Romania, Bulgaria,

Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and
Montenegro

❖ Inhabitants were known as the Slavs

● Under the control of Ottoman Empire

● Ideas of romantic nationalism spread, made

this region very explosive

● One by one, European subject nationalities

broke away from Ottoman Empire control

● Claimed for independence or political rights on

nationality
 Intense Rivalry
● Fiercely jealous of each other

● Each wanted to gain more

territory at the expenses of others

● Rivalry between big European

powers (Russia, Germany,
England, Austro-Hungary) over
trade, colonies, naval & military
might

● This led to a series of wars in the

region and finally led to the First
World War
 1. Nationalism
aligned with
imperialism,
led Europe to
disaster in 1914 2.
Colonised
4. nations began
‘Nation-states’ to oppose
came to be imperial
accepted as domination
natural and
universal
3.
Anti-imperial
movements
developed
everywhere
A Dateline
1797 Napoleon invades Italy; Napoleonic
wars begin

1814-15 Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna Peace

Settlement

1821 Greek struggle for independence

begins

1848 Paris Revolution & Revolution of

Liberals

1859-70 Unification of Italy

1866-71 Unification of Germany

1914 First World War

Most Important One Mark
Questions
1. What is an "allegory'?

A. Idealistic state

B. Abstract idea

C. Art form

D. Song
2. The most serious source of
nationalist tension in Europe,
after 1871, was an area called:

A. Ottoman

B. Prussia

C. Balkans

D. Macedonia
Home Work
Q. The allegory of the German
nation who wears a crown of
oak leaves was a

A. Marianne

B. Britannia

C. Germania

D. Winged woman