PROTOTYPE OF THE

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Invention Made Out of The Discovery of The Wave- Particle Duality of Electrons
BY:TRISHA PILA
G11- ABM A KEPLER

-The Inventors!-

MAX KNOLL
Knoll was born in Wiesbaden and
studied in Munich and at the
Technical University of Berlin,
where he obtained his doctorate in
the Institute for High Voltage
Technology. In 1927 he became the
leader of the electron research
group there, where he and his co-
worker, Ernst Ruska, invented the
electron microscope in 1931.
ERNST AUGUST FRIEDRICH RUSKA
Ruska is a German physicist who
won the Nobel Prize in Physics in
1986 for his work in electron
optics, including the design of
the first electron microscope.
-History-
Hans Busch invented the first
electromagnetic lens in 1926 and,
although he allegedly filed a patent
for an electron microscope in 1928,
he did not construct the
microscope.
It was Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll, a
physicist and an electrical engineer,
respectively, from the University of
Berlin, who created the first
electron microscope in 1931. This
prototype was able to produce a
magnification of four-hundred-
power and was the first device to
show what was possible with
electron microscopy.

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-The Invention-
Prototype of the Electron Microcope

We routinely use
many electronic devices that exploit wave-
particle duality without even realizing the sophistication of
the physics underlying their operation.
An example in which the wave properties of electrons is
exploited is an electron microscope.
In 1931, physicist Ernst Ruska—building on the idea that
magnetic fields can direct an electron beam just as lenses
can direct a beam of light in an optical microscope—
developedR the first prototype of the electron microscope.
This development originated the field of electron microscopy.
In the transmission electron microscope (TEM), shown in
electrons are produced by a hot tungsten element and
accelerated by a potential difference in an electron gun,
which gives them up to 400 keV in kinetic energy. After
leaving the electron gun, the electron beam is focused by
electromagnetic lenses (a system of condensing lenses) and
transmitted through a specimen sample to be viewed. The
image of the sample is reconstructed from the transmitted
electron beam.
The entire setup consisting of the electron gun, the lenses,
the specimen, and the fluorescent screen are enclosed in a
vacuum chamber to prevent the energy loss from the beam.
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-Relevance Up To Date- -DYK?-

Although modern electron microscopes can magnify
objects up to two million times, they are still based Electron microscopy, considered
upon Ruska's prototype. The electron microscope is an one of the major scientific
integral part of many laboratories. Researchers use it advances of the 20th century,
to examine biological materials (such as
microorganisms and cells), a variety of large molecules, has important applications in
medical biopsy samples, metals and crystalline many fields of science, including
structures, and the characteristics of various surfaces. biology and medicine. It has been
The electron microscope is also used extensively for used to study metals, viruses,
inspection, quality assurance and failure analysis proteins, and molecules.
applications in industry, including, in particular,
semiconductor device fabrication.

-SUMMARY- •Wave-particle duality exists in nature: Under some experimental conditions, a

particle acts as a particle; under other experimental conditions, a particle acts as a
wave. Conversely, under some physical circumstances, electromagnetic radiation
acts as a wave, and under other physical circumstances, radiation acts as a beam of
photons.
-REFERRENCES-

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