Nanoscienceandtechnol

ogyi
sabr
oadandi
nter
disci
pli
nar
yar
eagr
owi
ngexpl
osi
vel
y
worl
dwideinthepastfewyear
s.

Nanosci
enceandnanot
echnol
ogy-Thesci
enceandtechnol
ogywhi
chdeal
swi
tht
hepar
ti
cles
i
nsizebet
ween1to100nm isknownasnanoscienceandnanot
echnol
ogy
.

Nanoscal emat eri

alsar edefinedasasetofsubst anceswhereatleastonedimensionisless
thanappr oximately100nanomet er
s.Ananomet erisonemil
li
onthofami l
l
imeter
,
approximat ely100,000.Nanomat er
ialsar
eofinter
estbecauseoftheiropti
cal,
magnetic,
electr
ical,andotherpr opert
ies.Theseemer gentproper
ti
eshavethepot enti
alf
orgreatimpacts
i
nel ectronics,medicine,andot herfiel
ds.

Pr
oper
ti
esofnanomat
eri
als:
Thevari
ouspr
operti
es,
whi
chgett
remendousl
yal
ter
edduet
othesi
zer
educt
ion
i
natl
eastonedi
mension,
are:

1.Chemi
cal
proper
ti
es:
React
ivi
ty;
Cat
aly
sis.

2.El
ect
roni
cpr
oper
ti
es:
Elect
ri
cal
conduct
ion.

3.Opt
ical
proper
ti
es:
Absor
pti
onandscat
ter
ingofl
i
ght
.

4.Magnet
icpr
oper
ti
es:
Magnet
izat
ion.

Chemi
calPr
oper
ti
es
∙
Basedont
hesur
facear
eat
ovol
umeef
fect
,nanoscal
emat
eri
alshav
e:

a)
Incr
easedt
otal
sur
facear
ea.

b)
Incr
easednumberofat
omsaccessi
bleont
hesur
face.

c)
Incr
easedcat
aly
ticact
ivi
tyoft
hosel
argenumbersur
faceat
oms.

d)Di
ff
erent/t
unabl
esur
facecat
aly
ticpr
oper
ti
esbyt
hechangei
nshape,
sizeand
compositi
on.

∙Hence,nanoscal
ecatal
yst
scani
ncr
easet
her
ate,
sel
ect
ivi
tyandef
fi
ciencyofv
ari
ous
chemicalreact
ions.

Opt
icalpr
oper
ti
es
Oneofthemostfascinat
inganduseful
aspectsofnanomater
ial
sist
hei
ropt
ical
pr
opert
ies.Theopt
icalpr
operti
esofnanomateri
alsdependonsomepar
ameterssuch
assize,shape,surfacecharact
eri
sti
cs,andothervari
abl
esincludi
ngdopingand
i
nteract
ionwitht hesurr
oundingenvir
onmentorothernanostructur
es.I
nCdSe
semiconductornanopar t
icl
es,asi
mpl echangeinsizeal
ter
stheopt i
calproper
ti
esof
thenanoparti
cles.

Magnet
icpr
oper
ti
es
Bulkgoldandpl ati
num ar enon- magnetic,
butatt henanosizet heyaremagnetic.
Surfaceatomsar enotonl ydi
fferentf
rom bulkatoms, buttheycanal sobemodi f
iedby
i
nteracti
onwi t
hot herchemi calspecies.Thisphenomenonopenst hepossi
bil
i
tyto
modi f
ythephy si
cal properti
esoft henanoparti
clesbycappi ngthem withappr
opr i
ate
molecules.Actuall
y,thenon- f
erromagnet i
cbulkmat er
ial
sexhibitfer
romagnet
ic-l
ike
behav i
orwhenpr eparedinnanor ange.Howev er
, goldnanoparticl
esbecome
fer
romagnet i
cwhent heyar ecappedwi thappropr i
atemolecules:thechar
gelocalized
attheparti
clesurfacegi vesri
set oferr
omagnet i
c- l
ikebehavior
.

El
ect
roni
cPr
oper
ti
es
∙Whent hescalei
sreducedtonanoscal
e,thequantum effectdomi
nat
es.Forzero
dimensionalnanomater
ial
s,al
lthedi
mensi onsareatthenanoscal
eandhencethe
elect
ronsareconfi
nedin3-Dspace.Thereforenoelectr
ondelocal
i
zat
ion(f
reedom t
o
mov e)occurs.

∙
Foronedi mensi
onal nanomateri
als,
elect
ronsconfi
nementoccur
sin2-
Dspaceand
henceelect
rondelocali
zati
ontakesplacealongtheaxi
sof
nanotubes/
nanorods/nanowir
es.

∙
Duetoel
ect
ronconfi
nement,
theenergybandsar
erepl
acedbydiscr
eteener
gystates
whi
chmaketheconduct
ingmater
ial
stobehaveli
keei
thersemi
conductor
sorinsul
ator
s.

Sy
nthesi
sofnanomat
eri
als:

Sol
-gelpr
ocess:
Thesol -gelprocess,involvestheev oluti
onofinor ganicnetworksthroughthe
format i
onofacol l
oidalsuspension( sol)andgel at
ionoft hesol t
of or
m anet workina
continuousl iquidphase( gel).Thepr ecursorsforsynthesizingthesecoll
oidsconsist
usuallyofamet alormet al
loidelementsur r
oundedbyv ariousreacti
veli
gands.The
starti
ngmat eri
al i
spr ocessedt of orm adispersi
bleoxideandf or
msasol incontact
withwat erordi l
uteacid.Remov al oftheliquidfrom t
hesol yi
eldsthegel,andthe
sol/gel t
ransiti
oncont r
olsthepar ticl
esizeandshape.Cal cinat
ionofthegel produces
theoxi
de.Sol-gelpr
ocessi
ngref
erstothehydrol
ysisandcondensat
ionofalkoxi
de-
basedprecursorssuchasSi(
OEt)
4.Thereact
ionsinvolvedi
nthesol
-gel
chemi st
ry
basedont hehydrol
ysi
sandcondensati
onofmet alalkoxi
descanbedescr
ibedas
fol
lows:

MOR+H2O→ MOH+ROH(
hydr
oly
sis)

MOH+ROM → M-
O-M +ROH(
condensat
ion)

Sol-
gelmet
hodofsynt
hesi
zi
ngnanomat
eri
alsi
sver
ypopul
arandi
swi
del
yempl
oyedt
o
prepar
eoxi
demater
ial
s.

Thi
nfi
l
m pr
epar
ati
onbychemi
calv
apordeposi
ti
on:
Pr
inci
ple:

Chemi calvapourdeposit
ion (CVD)method invol
ves a t r
anspor t of reactant gases
towardst hesubst ratekeptatsomet emperaturewherer eactant
scr ackintodi ff
erent
productswhi ch di
ffuseon thesurfaceand under go certai
n chemi calreactionsat
appropriat
esi tenucleat
eandgr owtoform desi
redfi
l
ms, coat i
ngs,wir
esandt ubes.

Pr
ecur
sor
s:

Thecommonpr
ecur
sor
susedi
nCVDr
eact
ionsar
e

Met
alhy
dri
des–Si
H4,
GeH4

Met
alhal
i
des-
TiCl
4,TaCl
5,
WF6

Met
alor
gani
cs-
AlMe3,
AlBu3,
Fe(
CO)
5,Ni
(CO)
4
CVDReact
ions:

(
i)
Ther
mal
Decomposi
ti
on(
Pyr
oly
sis)
:Si
l
icondeposi
ti
onf
rom Si
H4at650º
C

Si
H4(
g)→ Si
(s)+2H2(
g)

(
ii
)Reduct
ion:
W-deposi
ti
onat300º
C

WF6(
g)+3H2→ W (
s)+6HF(
g)

(
ii
i)
Oxi
dat
ion:
SiO2deposi
ti
onat450º
C

Si
H4(
g)+O2→ Si
O2(
s)+2H2(
g)

Mechani
sm:

Thesy
stem f
oll
owsaf
ivest
epmechani
sm f
oranyt
ypeofCVD.

a)Tr
anspor
tofpr
ecur
sor
sint
other
eact
ors

b)Absor
pti
onanddi
ff
usi
onofpr
ecur
sor
sont
hesubst
rat
e

c)Chemi
cal
react
ionsatt
hesubst
rat
e

d)Deposi
ti
onandgr
owt
hoff
il
m

e)Tr
anspor
tofunr
eact
edpr
ecur
sor
sandby
-pr
oduct
s

Car
bonNanot
ubes:
Def
ini
ti
on:

Car
bonnanot
ubeswer
efi
rstobser
vedbSunmi
noI
ij
i
mai
n1911.Car
bonexi
stsi
na
l
arge numberofal l
otropicfor
ms.CNT' sare one ofthem.Car bon nanot
ubesare
obtai
nedbyr ol
l
ingthegr aphi
tesheeti
ntotubeswiththebondsattheendsofthesheet
.
Thesebondsar eusedt ocloset hetube.General
ly
,thelengthofcar bonnanot
ubes
var
iesfrom sever
almi crometer
st omill
imeterandthediameterwillv
aryfrom 1t
o20
nm.

Pr
oper
ti
es:

● CNTshav
ehi
ght
her
mal
conduct
ivi
ty

● CNTshav
ehi
ghel
ect
ri
cal
conduct
ivi
ty

● CNTsaspectr
ati
o

● CNTsar
ever
yel
ast
ic~18%el
ongat
iont
ofai
l
ure

● CNTshav
ever
yhi
ght
ensi
l
est
rengt
h

● CNTsar
ehi
ghl
yfl
exi
ble—canbebentconsi
der
abl
ywi
thoutdamage

● CNTshav
eal
owt
her
mal
expansi
oncoef
fi
cient

● CNTsar
egoodel
ect
ronf
iel
demi
tt
ers

Appl
i
cat
ionsofnanot
ubes:
1.F i
eldemi ssion:-Whenasmal lelectr
icfi
eldisappli
edpar al
l
eltotheaxisofa
nanotube,elect
ronsareemi tt
edataver yhighr
atef r
om theendsoft hetube.Thi
sis
cal
ledfiel
demi ssion.Theelectr
onemissionofcarbonnanotubesisusedinelect
roni
c
i
ndustri
eslikefl
atpanel di
spl
ays.

2.Elect
ronics:-Thesingl
ewall
edcarbonnanot
ubecanbeactasat
ransi
stor
.Pairsof
car
bonnanot ubesshow aslogi
cstructur
es.Asingl
enanot
ubewit
hnaturaljunct
ion
act
sasar ect
ifyi
ngdiode.

3.Hydrogenstorage:
- Carbonnanot
ubescanst
orehy
drogenandal
so hel
i
um,
oxi
desandmet
alsl
i
kecopper
.

4.Mechani
calmachi
nes:
-Car
bonnanot
ubescanactasaaxel
sinnanomachi
nes.

5.Spaceel ev
ators:
-Likegraphi
te,carbonnanotubeswit
hstandhi
ght emper
atur
e,so
they ar
e used f
orthermalpr otecti
on ofspacecr af
tduri
ng re-
entry ofintothe
atmospher
e.Carbon nanot
ubes hav e high Young’
s modul
us,so theywith st
ands
aer
onaut
ical
str
ains.

6.Hospi
tal
s:
-Car
bonnanot
ubesar
ethi
n,sot
heycanpenet
rat
etheski
nwi
thoutpai
n.
Bloodcanbedrawnfr
om thepati
ent
sthr
oughnanost
rawst
oknowgl
ucosel
evel
sand
toinj
ecti
nsul
i
nwheneverr
equi
red.

7.Ch emicalSensor s/Bi

osensors:-Devicesusedtodet
ectchangesinphysicaland
chemicalquanti
ti
esar ecall
edsensors.CNTsactassensi ngmat er
ial
sinpr essure,
ther
mal,gas,opt
ical
,mass,posi
ti
on,st
ress,
strai
n,chemi
calandbi
ologi
calsensors.