Logical Reasoning Toolkit

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Important Legal Passages
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PASSAGE 1
With the focus moving to delivering vaccines in difficult to reach areas, the Centre and state
governments are taking the drone route to get to such terrains. On one hand, the Indian Council of
Medical Research (ICMR) has sought bids from drone operators to supply medicines and vaccines;
on the other, the Telangana government has launched ‘Medicines from Sky Project’ to check
delivery feasibility of medical supplies. Companies with logistics experience
including Flipkart and Dunzo have announced their consortia under Telangana’s drone delivery
scheme to develop and execute drone deliveries there.
As per ICMR’s June 11 tender document, floated by HLL Infra Tech Services on its behalf, the
aim is to develop a “feasible” model for vaccine delivery to ensure last-mile coverage of “difficult”
terrains in “selected” locations. It was floated using the preliminary results of a “successfully”
conducted feasibility study with IIT-Kanpur to deliver vaccines using unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs).
In April, the Ministry of Civil Aviation had granted a conditional exemption to ICMR for its study
with IIT-Kanpur on feasibility of beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) operations for vaccine
deliveries. Based on the experience from this study, ICMR is seeking UAVs capable of operating
BVLOS and can cover distances of 35 km at “minimum” altitudes of 100 m. It should be capable
of carrying a minimum payload of 4 kg and adhere to the DGCA and the Ministry of Civil
Aviation’s safety and weight standards. The feasibility study has made it clear that parachute-
based deliveries will not be preferred. However, while 20 consortia have been picked by the
Ministry for experimental BVLOS operations, none have been cleared to carry out these operations
as yet. Current rules stipulate that drone operators only fly their UAVs when in line of sight.
On the lines of the conditional exemption granted to ICMR, the Centre also exempted Telangana
from the BVLOS restrictions to allow drone operations to test feasibility for vaccine deliveries.
[Excerpt from an Article by Pranav Mukul and Prabha Raghavan, The Indian Express, June 15,
2021 (https://indianexpress.com/article/business/drones-for-vaccines-icmr-seeks-bids-telangana-
explores-medicines-from-sky-7359316/)]

1. Which of the following can be inferred from the above passage?

(a) The technological development can make logistics work easier.
(b) Vaccine delivery through drones is the only “feasible” model for vaccine delivery to ensure last-
mile coverage of “difficult” terrains in “selected” locations.
(c) Both A and B
(d) Neither A nor B
2. Which of the following is the author most likely to agree with?

(a) The trials that is being carried out by ICMR and Telangana government will succeed because trials
carried out by IIT-Kanpur earlier succeeded.
(b) HLL Infra Tech Services, which floated tender on behalf of ICMR, is a government enterprise.
(c) If the trials turned out to be effective, last-mile coverage of vaccines to “difficult terrains” will be
ensured.
(d) If ‘drones’ turned out to be ineffective for vaccine delivery, transporting vaccines to last-mile of
“difficult” terrains in “selected” locations will be impossible.
3. Why did the authors talk about the drone trials?

(a) Because if the present trials succeeds, then drones can also be used to deliver food.
(b) Because it is important to find a means to transport vaccines to last-mile of “difficult” terrains in
“selected” locations and ‘drones’ are a potential means for such transportation.
(c) Both A and B
(d) Neither A nor B
4. Which of the following strengthens the Author’s argument?

(a) The safest means to transport vaccines to last-mile of “difficult” terrains in “selected” locations is
through drones.
(b) The study showed that delivery of vaccines through parachute was inaccurate because vaccines
often got damaged as a result of landing at unintended place.
(c) The combination of parachute and drone based deliveries will ensure transportation of vaccines to
last-mile of “difficult” terrains in “selected” locations.

(d) None of the above
5. Which of the following is the main idea behind the passage?

(a) The success of drone trails by ICMR and Telangana government is important to ensure delivery
of vaccines to last-mile of “difficult” terrains in “selected” locations.
(b) As the central government exempted ICMR for drone trials, it was obligated to exempt Telangana
government for the same.
(c) It is important to identify potential means to ensure transportation of vaccines to last-mile of
“difficult” terrains in “selected” locations.
(d) Both a) and b)
Answers and Explanations
1. Option (a). It can be inferred from the paragraph that ‘drones’ (which are result of technological
development) can be a potential means to deliver vaccines in difficult terrains like mountain areas
which cannot be easily covered in lesser time through land vehicles.
2. Option (c). The trials are being conducted to check effectiveness of ‘drones’ in delivering
vaccines to last-mile of “difficult terrains” in “selected locations”. So trials will turn out to be
effective only when this is ensured.
3. Option (b). Self-explanatory. (a) is not the correct option because nothing in the passage suggest
so. Similarly (c) and (d) are incorrect
4. Option (b). The author talks about how feasibility study has made it clear that parachute-based
delivery will not be preferred. Therefore, option (b) strengthens this claim.
5. Option (c). The main idea of the passage is the potential of drones as a means to ensure
transportation of vaccines to last-mile of “difficult” terrains in “selected” locations.
PASSAGE 2

Seldom has a relationship experienced the kind of friction seen in the ties between the United
States of America and Iran. Over the last 40 years, especially after the Islamic Revolution in Iran,
the US and Iran have remained staunch nemeses. The actions taken by the administration of the
former US president, Donald Trump, exacerbated the animosity between the two international
actors to the point of open confrontation. However, the ostensible relaxation in ties, with the
opening up of talks in Vienna regarding Iran re-joining the nuclear accord, has raised hopes of the
restoration of normalcy. In this context, if any nation can help both countries resuscitate the
robustness in their ties, it is India.
India has the potential and the strategic depth to not only bring the two countries face to face but
also mediate. This can help bring the nuclear accord back on track three years after it was abruptly
jettisoned. But why India? It is not even a party to the Iran nuclear accord; it is essentially a third
party. But it is the advantage of being a third party that has allowed India to become an impartial
observer. Historically, India has been an ardent supporter of the accord which helped bring
nominal stability to the tumultuous Middle East. India enjoys robust ties with both Iran and the
US. It has the advantage of being a neutral site for conducting diplomatic negotiations because of
its stated commitment to the principles of non-alignment.
However, the task is easier said than done. India will face vociferous opposition from two of its
most important allies — Israel and the United Arab Emirates — because they are wary of Iran’s
‘destabilizing’ actions in different countries of West Asia and its support for local militias. They
can ask New Delhi why it is attempting outreach to a hostile republic at the expense of its existing
allies. Another elephant in the room is China, with which Iran has signed a $400 billion agreement.
New Delhi should know that China will not want to play second fiddle.
[Excerpt from an Article by Pranay Kumar Shome, The Telegraph India, June 18, 2021
(https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/get-involved-usa-and-iran/cid/1819178)]
1. Which of the following conveys the main idea expressed in the passage?
(a) Many countries in West Asia derive benefits from the hostile relations between US and Iran.
(b) India’s relations with its allies like Israel and UAE, and competitor China may get affected if it
tries to resolve dispute between US and Iran.

(c) India should take advantage of its warm relations with US and Iran and seize the opportunity to
become a mediator to resolve their disputes.
(d) All of the above
2. In this line, “India has the potential and the strategic depth to not only bring the two countries face
to face but also mediate.” the Author assumes that:
(a) Even though India is a third party to the accord, it can act as a mediator to resolve disputes between
members of the accord.
(b) India’s friendly relations with US and Iran can possibly help India to resolve disputes between
them.
(c) India has past experience of mediating the dispute between two countries.
(d) Both (a) and (b)

(a) If India acts as a mediator to resolve disputes between US and Iran, it will be against the diplomatic
interest of China.
(b) The present US administration is more accommodative as compared to former US administration.
(c) India should ignore the opposition of its two most important allies — Israel and the United Arab
Emirates.

(a) Resolving disputes between countries is quite an easy task.
(b) Only India can act as a mediator to resolve dispute between US and Iran.
(c) A country committed to the principles of non-alignment will act as a neutral mediator while
performing diplomatic negotiations.
5. What did the author assumes when he said that ‘the task is easier said than done’?
(a) Resolving disputes between countries takes a lot of time and resources.

(b) A country could possible endanger its diplomatic relations with its allies and competitors while
trying to resolve disputes between two other countries.
(c) West Asian countries want the continuation of hostile relations between US and Iran.
(d) Both (b) and (c)

1. Option (c). The passage primarily talks about India’s potential to act as a mediator to resolve
disputes between US and Iran. It furthers takes about pros and cons for India to grasp this
opportunity.
2. Option (d). Self-explanatory. Further, c) is not the correct answer as it is nowhere mentioned in
the passage about India’s past experience as a mediator.
3. Option (a). The authors argues that China will not act as a silent spectator if India tries to take
the position of mediator between US and Iran.
4. Option (c). The author talks about India’s commitment to the principles of non-alignment
because of which it will act as a neutral mediator.
5. Option (b). It can be inferred from the passage that if India tries to act as a mediator between
US and Iran, it can risk endangering India’s relation with its allies and competitors.
PASSAGE 3
Three weeks after Cyclone Tauktae battered Mumbai, the southwest monsoon arrived in the city
on June 9, two days before the official onset. The city came to a standstill, with waterlogging and
traffic snarls and train services partially hit.
While the India Meteorological Department has downgraded the “red alert” warning of “extremely
heavy rain” to “orange alert” warning of “heavy to very heavy rain”, monsoon flooding has been
a recurring challenge for India’s financial capital. Climate scientists attribute this pattern of intense
rainfall within a short timeframe, resulting in flooding, to the climate crisis. According to a
ministry of earth sciences report, the Mumbai region is highly vulnerable to the climate crisis due

to sea-level rise, storm surge, and extreme precipitation. Was it an annual climate crisis reminder
for Mumbai?
But the climate crisis is certainly not the only driver of environmental risk in Mumbai. The
phenomenon’s impact is aggravated by continuous and brazen development on its most
ecologically sensitive zones — lakes, rivers, mudflats, wetlands, woods and coastline, and
mangroves that create a sort of buffer zone against floods and storm surges. The increase in hard
surfaces and loss of tree cover has prevented rainfall from seeping into the groundwater. Poor
sewage and drainage systems also exacerbate the health risks of flooding. The poor are usually the
worst-hit since they often live in dense settlements that lack essential services and infrastructure
that could reduce risk. But that’s not all; climate-induced heavy rainfall, floods, cyclones, water
shortage and rising temperature are also affecting business, and will dent plans of eradicating
poverty and achieving economic development. Mumbai offers a warning every year. It is high time
to act on it.
[Excerpt from an Article titled ‘For Mumbai, an annual climate crisis reminder’, The Hindustan
Times, June 13, 2021 (https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/for-mumbai-an-annual-
climate-crisis-reminder-101623592959969.html)]
1. In the above passage, the author uses a/an__________ to strengthen his argument.
(a) Metaphor
(b) Analogy
(c) Personification
2. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage above?

(a) If proper steps are not taken to address the climate crisis and deterioration of ecologically sensitive
zones, the flooding in Mumbai could worsen in the coming years.
(b) If development on ecologically sensitive zones is stopped, the flooding in Mumbai will stop taking
place.

(c) Only the government can address the climate crisis.

3. Which of the following statements weakens the argument that ‘It is high time to act in order to
address the flooding crisis in Mumbai’?
(a) The steps taken earlier failed to achieve the intended results.
(b) The government has already formed a task force to address the crisis.
(c) Many NGOs have been proactively spreading awareness about the crisis among public.
4. Which of the following is true as per the passage above?

(a) Only the government is responsible for addressing the flooding crisis, and private entities and
public does not have any responsibility.
(b) Planting more trees and maintaining the remaining once in the form of buffer zones can be a
possible solution to address the flooding crisis in Mumbai.
(c) If the flooding crisis is not addressed, plans of eradicating poverty and achieving economic
development will get affected as the poor people are worst-hit by it.

(a) Adopting the use of greener fuels is a possible solution to the flooding crisis.
(b) Climate crisis is often aggravated by the deterioration of ecologically sensitive zones of a place.
(c) Only the flooding crisis is responsible for spread of water-borne diseases in Mumbai.

1. Option (c). The author attributes human characteristics to Mumbai and talks about how ‘Mumbai
offers a warning every year’.
2. Option (a). The author identifies two problems i.e. climate crisis and development on
ecologically sensitive zones which are responsible for excess flooding in Mumbai. Therefore, it
steps are not taken to address them they could worsen.

3. Option (d). (a) is not the correct answer because even though the earlier steps failed but it does
not mean that newer steps cannot be taken, (b) is not the answer because only task force formation
will not mitigate the crisis and (c) is also not the answer as substantial steps needs to be taken and
only spreading awareness will not resolve the crisis.
4. Option (d). Self-explanatory
5. Option (b). It can be inferred from the passage that the deterioration of ecologically sensitive
zones which acts as a natural buffer zone results in access flooding which is a result of climate
crisis.
PASSAGE 4
June 15 marks a year of the Galwan clash, the bloodiest encounter between India and China at the
border in over four decades. 20 Indian armed forces personnel, and an unknown number of
People’s Liberation Army (PLA) personnel were killed as India bravely sought to repel Chinese
encroachment. China had already breached all border-related understandings between the two
countries when it crossed the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in May. But with Galwan, the entire
framework of maintenance of peace and tranquillity at the border was shattered. The understanding
that India and China would proceed to deepen other elements of their bilateral relationship, and
agree to disagree on the border, broke down comprehensively.
Galwan introduced strategic clarity in India. To be sure, China is a close neighbour. India wants
friendly relations, not a conflict. There remains room for deep developmental cooperation,
equitable economic exchange, even political cooperation. And New Delhi’s establishment is
acutely conscious of the power asymmetry that exists between the two countries and has no desire
to be a frontline State in a new geopolitical battle. But Galwan showed harmony cannot come at
the cost of territorial integrity and sovereignty.
India attempted a mix of four measures — economic restrictions on Chinese companies;
international opinion-building and diplomatic mobilisation about China’s actions, including giving

momentum to Quad; acquiring a military edge by occupying the Kailash heights (in August 2020);
and constant bilateral negotiations with Beijing across the military and diplomatic domain — to
drive home the message that restoring status quo ante was essential. This strategy partially
succeeded when China agreed to pull back in the Pangong Tso area, and there was both a degree
of de-escalation and demobilisation.
But while there is greater strategic clarity, it has not translated into consistent policy. There have
been attempts to underplay the extent of Chinese aggression, especially at the political level. There
are questions about tactical wisdom of letting go of India’s advantage in Kailash range in exchange
for concessions at Pangong Tso — has India left itself with no leverage to push the Chinese back
from other areas such as Gogra, Hot Springs and Depsang? And there remains the absence of an
overarching framework to deal with the new reality of a more competitive and perhaps even
adversarial relationship. Galwan is a reminder that India cannot let its guard down on its northern
borders.
[Excerpt from an Article titled ‘Galwan: One year later’, The Hindustan Times, June 14, 2021
(https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/galwan-one-year-later-101623675884855.html)]
1. The author will agree with which of the following:

(a) Restoration of status quo ante that existed before confrontation of Indian and Chinese troops in
May.
(b) Maintaining a consistent policy to deal with China at both political and diplomatic level.
(c) Trying to ensure friendly relations with China and also being prepared to deal with the new reality
of a more competitive and perhaps even adversarial relationship.
2. What did the author intended when he said that ‘But while there is greater strategic clarity, it has
not translated into consistent policy’?
(a) Economic restrictions on Chinese companies along with constant bilateral negotiations with
Beijing across the military and diplomatic domain.
(b) The differences in responses by India at various forums which includes diplomatic mobilisation

against China’s actions at international level and attempts to underplay the extent of Chinese
aggression at the domestic political level.
(c) Political cooperation between India and China along with trade differences.
3. Which of the following can be inferred from the author’s description of recent India- China border
confrontation?
(a) The recent confrontation was result of Chinese troop intrusion in Indian territories.
(b) The confrontation happened because Chinese government wanted to shift the focus of its citizen
from the mismanagement of the pandemic in China.
(c) Through border confrontation, Chinese government wanted to demonstrate its power and leverage
its position with respect to India.
4. Which of the following, based on the author’s arguments, would be the best approach to deal with
China?
(a) Maintaining a consistent policy at all levels to maintain equitable leverage.
(b) Constantly reforming policies keeping in view the new reality of a more competitive and perhaps
even adversarial relationship.
(c) Keeping constant view on Chinese presence along the northern borders.
5. Why power asymmetry exists between India and China according to author?
(a) The Chinese economy is second largest in the world. This enabled greater economic leverage to
China.
(b) The Chinese army is the strongest army in the world because it has the most advanced weapons.
(c) The power asymmetry exists because China has a dictatorial form of government while India has
a democratic form of government.

1. Option (d). Self-explanatory.
2. Option (b). The author talks about differences in India’s response at international and domestic
level. Further, he encourages maintaining a consistent policy in order to ensure an equitable
leverage.
3. Option (a). The author talks about how China had already breached all border-related
understandings and occupied certain Indian territories.
4. Option (d). self-explanatory.
5. Option (d). Option (a), (b) and (c) are not the correct answer because author does not give any
reasons for the power asymmetry that exists between India and China.
PASSAGE 5
Diego Armando Maradona has bid goodbye to the world on 25 November 2020 as he leaves behind
a legacy rife with scandals, riddled with joy and despair and most importantly, some of the most
enchanting memories associated with the ‘beautiful game’.
The dazzling, mazy seventy-yard sprint with the ball glued improbably to his left foot, as English
defenders flail helplessly to the side. The iconic Argentine-television narration sums up the feeling:
“Diego,” the breathless announcer shouts, “what planet are you from?” This one particular run from
the magician in the 1986 world cup was one of the most vividly remembering memory for any sports
aficionado? 1982 world cup was his story all the way but with the tragic end, it was an anti-climax.
1986 world cup was his entire fight back story with a perfect ending where he single-handedly led a
mediocre team to win the football world cup.
Number 10 wore by many but the number and the jersey suited him the best. I thought GOD gifted
who was born in a poor family in Buenos Aires, Argentina on 30 October 1960 was the gift of GOD
just not to football but to the sports fraternity worldwide. What kind of enigma one would have been

who inspires the phenomenon called Messi? “Even if I played for a million years, I’d never come
close to Maradona. Not that I’d want to anyway. He’s the greatest there’s ever been.” quoted Messi.
King Cantona putting up the full stop on Pele and Maradona debate by quoting “Some say Pele was
the greatest player of all time, but not me. Maradona will always be the greatest. He won World Cup
in 1986, narrowly lost in the final in 1990 and then in 1994 maybe would have won it again had he
not been banned. The crucial difference with Pele is that Maradona wasn’t surrounded by great
players; he had to carry the team himself. If you took Maradona out of Argentina they would not win
the World Cup, but I think Brazil without Pele would still have won.”
Every time the world cup approaches my heart always wanted Argentina to win the world cup as I
don the black striped jersey no 10 supporting the south American country called Argentina as an
Indian sitting miles away and I have only one reason for that that is Diego Maradano that is why the
champion was such an enigma worldwide with his sheer ability and talent he made football look so
simple. What Hercules was to battlefield, Maradona was to the football pitch? The legend was the
testimony to human excellence.
[Excerpt from an Article by Naved Ahmad, The Times of India, November 26, 2020
(https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/naivesopine/god-gifted-was-the-gift-of-god-to-sports-
fraternity/)]
1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

(a) According to King Cantona, a player winning World Cup with his efforts even with a weaker
team is the greatest player of all time.
(b) According to King Cantona, a player performing better than the great players in his team is the
greatest player of all time.
(c) According to King Cantona, a player going through a difficult journey because of his weaker team
but finally winning a World Cup because of his performance is the greatest player of all time.

2. Which of the following forms the premise for the author’s argument that ‘Diego was gift of GOD
just not to football but to the sports fraternity worldwide’?
(a) Diego was admired by sports fraternity across the world.
(b) Diego was well versed with the sport of football and he played the sport with finesse.
(c) Diego was the greatest football player, football will ever have.
3. In the above passage, the author uses a/an __________ to strengthen his argument.
(a) Analogy
(b) Metaphor
(c) Synecdoche
(d) Metonymy
4. Which of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the passage?
(a) The passage argues that Maradona is a better football player as compared to Pele and thus, he is
the greatest player of all time.
(b) The passage argues that Maradona is the greatest football player of all time and provides reasons
to substantiate it.
(c) The passage argues that Brazil is a better team as compared to Argentina.
(d) The passage argues that Maradona is the greatest player because his finesse in football can be
compared to that of Hercules in battlefield.
5. If author‘s arguments in the passage above are correct, which of the following is most likely to be
true?
(a) The Argentina team would not have won World Cup without Maradona.
(b) The Argentina team was not comprised of all great players as Brazil team was.
(c) Neither of the above

1. Option (a). King Cantona argues that Maradona is the greatest player of all time because he won
the World Cup even though he was not surrounded by all great player like Pele was.
2. Option (d). Self-explanatory. (c) is not the correct answer because football can probably get
some better player as compared to Maradona in future.
3. Option (a). The authors draws analogy and compares Maradona with Hercules.
4. Option (b). The passage majorly argues that Maradona is the greatest player of all times and
provides various reasons to prove the same.
5. Option(c). The author does not comments on the above issues. The passage only includes
specific views of King Cantona on these issues.
PASSAGE 6
One can feel it in the air – a sense of relief that India’s brutal second Covid wave is waning. But there
are also those damned other things in the air – droplets and aerosols. That’s why it’s so distressing
that just as states begin to unlock, the complacency, neglect and recklessness that followed the first
wave are returning. Monday saw too much crowding and too little social distancing or double masking
in both Delhi and Mumbai. And the other mistake post-first wave is also getting repeated – India had
sub-1 lakh cases on Monday, the first time in 68 days, but that came on the back of testing having
fallen to less than half the previous day’s count.
Let’s remember: In the first wave India never crossed 1 lakh cases a day, but today we clutch at this
number for comfort. What really changed in the interim was that Covid mutated prodigiously. While
we dropped the guard on mass gatherings, testing, genome sequencing and vaccinations, new variants
made rapid advances. Our healthcare system was shattered, our healthcare workers exhausted. A
searing memory of the second wave is how it brought cities down. But as the virus penetrated rural
India, helplessness was on an entirely different scale, with a doctor or a hospital being altogether

absent in many villages. Therefore, all official talk of preparing for the third wave must be backed by
concrete learning from the second.
Rigorous and on-going disease surveillance is critical. Testing apace across cities and villages, slums
and high-rises, enables us to identify outbreaks early and isolate them effectively. Regular sero-
surveys help track population immunity and alert us to fresh vulnerabilities. High genome sequencing,
as done by the UK, enables timely identification of new variants of concern. That several states are
still suffering double-digit test positivity rates is a reminder that all of our vast population will not
experience the pandemic on the same timeline. Governments know everything that needs to be done,
including the learning that Centre-state fights leave everyone worse off. Vaccination will pick up. But
we are in a race against mutations.
The waning of the first wave was followed by official hubris. And that ushered in the second wave.
The waning of the second wave must be followed by hyper-alertness. That will give us a fighting
chance against the third wave.
[Excerpt from an Article titled ‘Beating the third wave’, The Times of India, June 8, 2021
(https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/beating-the-third-wave-early-signs-of-
complacency-as-second-wave-wanes-can-govts-learn-from-mistakes-and-get-india-battle-
ready/)]
1. Which of the following is the main idea expressed in the passage?

(a) Proper steps need to be taken urgently to address gaps in healthcare infrastructure and spread public
awareness about the pandemic to avoid going through the crisis again which India faced as a result of
second Covid wave.
(b) Centre-state fights were the main cause behind worsening of crisis during second Covid wave.
(c) None of the above
2. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s arguments in the passage above?

(a) The only reason behind the disaster cause by second Covid wave was mutation of the virus.
(b) The third wave is inevitable and any preparation will not be helpful to mitigate its effects.
(c) The government was well prepared to address the second wave but it was dropping off guard by
masses which was the main reason behind worsening of crisis during second Covid wave.
3. Which of the following can be inferred from the author’s arguments in the passage above?
(a) The number of newly Covid infected patients might be even greater than the 1 lakh cases reported
on Monday.
(b) The government show charge heavy fines from individuals to make them use double masks and
follow social distancing.
(c) Using a single mask is not an effective solution to protect an individual from getting affected by
the newly mutated virus.
(d) Both (a) and (c)
4. Which amongst the following most accurately explains why preparing in advance to tackle third
Covid wave is important?
(a) Because UK successful tackle the new mutations as it prepared for them in advance. So, we should
learn from them and we should also prepare in advance.
(b) Because the healthcare infrastructure is not well prepared and if preparations are not done, it could
lead to worsening of pandemic in both rural and urban areas as was experienced during second
wave.
(c) Because our healthcare system was shattered, our healthcare workers exhausted due to second wave
and therefore, we need more healthcare workers to tackle the third wave.
(d) Because Centre-state fights leave everyone worse off and therefore, the Central government should
start negotiating with state government in advance to maintain friendly relations.
5. If the underlined sentence in the passage is true, which of the following must also be true?
(a) The official talk of preparing for the third wave must be backed by concrete learning from the second
in order to not repeat the mistake which lead to worsening of pandemic during second wave.
(b) The official talk of preparing for the third wave must be backed by concrete learning from the second

because not doing so might lead us to repeat the mistake done during second wave.

1. Option (a). Self-explanatory.
2. Option (b). The author throughout the passage argues that undertaking preparations in advance
based on learning from second wave is important. So, if the third wave is inevitable and any
preparation will not be helpful to tackle it then this weakens author’s argument.
3. Option (d). The author argues that 1 lakh cases were reported as the testing fell to less than
halve as compared to the previous day therefore, the actual cases might be even more. Thus, a)
is correct. Similarly, c) is also correct because wearing double mask is important to protect
yourself from the newly mutated virus.
4. Option (b). The passages suggests how the second wave brought cities down and helplessness
was experienced in rural India because of lack of proper healthcare infrastructure and facilities.
Therefore, proper preparations needs to be done to stop that from happening again.
5. Option (d). The underlined sentence embodies the proposition that only official talk of preparing
for the third wave will not help us to tackle the third wave. It should be backed by upgrading health
care infrastructure and spreading awareness about safety measure i.e. learning from second wave
to stop the worsening of pandemic as happened during the second wave. Therefore, if these
measures are properly undertaken we will not be repeating mistakes done during the second wave.
PASSAGE 7
It’s a make-or-break moment for our world. A race is on between the virus and its variants, and
vaccination. The speed at which the novel coronavirus is mutating means that nobody is safe until
everyone is safe. According to World Health Organization (WHO), the world needs some 11
billion doses of vaccines and these needs to reach the poorest and the remotest places as quickly

as possible. Otherwise, there is a fear that the virus will spread and it will return in a mutated form
and make even the protected vulnerable to the new variant.
The issue is not about the vaccine, or even the ability of the world to manufacture it. As of June
2021, there are over 200 vaccine candidates in the offing — with 102 reaching the stage of clinical
trials. According to WHO, the world will be able to manufacture some 14 billion doses by the end
of 2021.
The problem is related to the cost of the vaccine; it needs to be affordable to a vast number of
people in the world. The on-going price of the vaccines is extremely opaque as companies are
seeking profits wherever they can make them. WHO does not track the price and the only sources
are media reports.
So, the way ahead has two options. One, which Germany and the UK favour, is to buy the vaccine
from their companies and supply it to WHO’s COVAX facility — set up to distribute COVID-19
vaccines worldwide. Boris Johnson, host of the recently concluded G7 Summit has with much
fanfare said his country will donate 100 million surplus vaccines — they bought in excess of their
needs — of which they will dispatch five million by September 2021.
Altogether, with the US contributing another 500 million, the G7 has said it will provide 1 billion
doses by mid-2022. This is too little, too late — cases in Africa are already on the rise. There is
also no plan on how the world will, in this strategy of buying and donating, be able to afford the
cost of universal vaccination. COVAX is already facing shortages and broken promises of supply.
This is where the second option of providing a temporary waiver on intellectual property rights
(TRIPS) comes in. It will allow other companies to mass produce the vaccine. And, as it happened
in the case of HIV / AIDS drugs, the price would go down when this waiver is given. The reduced
price will allow for increased availability and access. This makes the pandemic response truly
global — and the vaccines a global good.
[Excerpt from an Article by Sunita Narain, Down to Earth, June 16, 2021
(https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/health/re-embrace-democracy-free-world-77507)]

(a) The vaccinated people are also vulnerable to mutated virus as they might have not developed
antibodies fully when a newer mutated form of virus starts spreading.
(b) The world should make all efforts to make vaccines available everywhere to stop the spread of
mutated form of virus.
(c) The vaccinated people are also vulnerable to mutated virus as vaccine could be ineffective against
a newer mutated form of virus.
(d) The rich countries should pay for the vaccines purchased by poorer countries on ethical grounds.
(a) All the countries of the world need to come up with a solution in order to make vaccines affordable
to a vast number of people in the world.
(b) All the countries of the world need to come up with a solution in order to manufacture vaccines
for a vast number of people in the world.
(c) WHO should act proactively and make agreement of all the countries on one of two suggested
solutions in the passage.
3. Which of the following is the author most likely to agree with?

(a) Vaccination of all people across the world is important to make everyone safe from the virus and
its variants.
(b) Steps need to be taken proactively to make vaccines affordable to a vast number of people in the
world otherwise the vaccinated people will also remain vulnerable to mutated form of virus.

(a) Some countries have bought more vaccines than what is required to vaccinate their population.
(b) Manufacturing vaccines is not an issue but making it available at affordable price is the main issue.
(c) Rise of cases in Africa projects the dire need of the situation based on which world needs to come

up with a solution as proactively as possible.

5. In this line, “This is too little, too late”. The Author assumes that:
(a) Vaccine should be made available proactively to a vast number of people in the world and it can’t
be delayed if we want to control the spread of mutated virus.
(b) The rich countries are more concerned about themselves and not about other poorer countries.
1. Option (c). The passage suggests that nobody is safe until everyone is safe as even the vaccinated
people can be vulnerable to mutated virus as vaccines could be ineffective against them.
2. Option (a). The author throughout the passage argues that vaccine production is not the problem
but make it available at affordable price is the main problem.
3. Option (d). Self-explanatory (refer first three paragraphs)
4. Option (d). Self-explanatory
5. Option (a). The author rejects the plan of G7 to supply 1 billion doses by mid-2022 because
virus is spreading fast and even the vaccinated population will be vulnerable to mutated virus until
all people across the world are vaccinated.
PASSAGE 8
India’s middle class is under enormous stress. A recent report by Pew Research Centre said 2020’s
first Covid wave saw India’s middle class shrink from 99 million to 66 million. Obviously, the second

wave, which hit the middle class with brute force, will have a more severe impact. Pew’s definition
of the middle class is not sacrosanct. Many economists, including Nobel Laureates Abhijit Banerjee
and Esther Duflo, have concluded India’s middle class is bigger. They redefine class markers to better
align with India’s low per capita income.
But whatever the size of India’s middle – and upper middle – class, the basic story is the same after
two waves of Covid and the economic slowdown that preceded them. This vital class is smaller in
size, its incomes are lower, its capacity and inclination to consume and save are down. India’s first
recession in 40 years has left its middle class, which experienced upward mobility for 30 years since
the early 1990s, fearful of the future.
Economic consequences of a shrinking and hurting middle class are manifold. Consumption is just
under 60% of GDP. The middle and upper middle classes are aspirational consumers willing to pay
for high-value products and services. And it is only when these classes buy more mobile phones,
computers, TVs, washing machines, ACs, homes and cars that GoI’s plans to boost local industrial
production and housing will succeed, and non-farm employment of low-income classes will rise.
That’s not all. The middle class is where India’s entrepreneurs and professionals come from. From
start-up whiz kids to district magistrates, from doctors who did Covid duty to telecom engineers who
kept networks running, from army officers at Galwan to teachers taking online classes – they are all
products of middle class values that emphasise education and striving for a better life.
So, what can be done immediately to shore up the middle class? GoI has to spend, and spend big to
kick-start economic activity. A fiscally engineered turnaround, combined with consistently high
vaccination rates, will bring zest back to a class that must flourish if India is to recover.
[Excerpt from an Article titled ‘The shrinking middle’, The Times of India, June 4, 2021
(https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-editorials/the-shrinking-middle-middle-class-is-
hurting-goi-must-act-quickly/)]

(a) Middle-class people play a major role towards the growth of Indian Economy.
(b) Middle-class people should have the highest place in the society.
(c) Middle-class people are the unacknowledged class which should be taken care of by the
government.
2. Which of the following statements weakens the argument that ‘The middle and upper middle classes
are aspirational consumers willing to pay for high-value products and services’.
(a) The middle and upper middle classes are no more aspirational consumers as their income got badly
affected by the pandemic.
(b) The savings of middle and upper middle classes are the largest part of savings present in the economy
and they spend their money only on essential goods.

(a) The economy performed badly due to the pandemic because income of middle classes people got
badly affected by it.
(b) When the income and living standard of middle classes people grows, the Indian economy also
grows.
(c) When the income and living standard of middle classes people decreases, the Indian economy also
decreases.
4. The author will agree with which of the following:

(a) The high income class also plays a major role for the growth of Indian economy as they spend
large money on luxuries good.
(b) The Atmanirbhar Bharat scheme will play a major role to rebound the Indian economy.
(c) In order to ensure rebound of Indian economy, the government should adopt measures to ensure
the growth of middle class.

5. Which of the following is true as per the passage above?

(a) Only the middle class people are responsible for the growth of Indian economy.
(b) Total consumption in the economy fell as a result of economic hardships faced by the middle class
people during the pandemic.
(c) Middle class people are responsible for more than 50% consumption that takes place in the
economy.

1. Option (a). Self-explanatory
2. Option (b). If the middle class people spend their income only on essential goods, then this
weakens author’s claim that they are aspirational consumers willing to pay for high-value products
and services.
3. Option (d). The author argues that middle class people play a vital role in the economy and all
the given option strengthens this claim.
4. Option (c). The author argues that middle class places a vital role in the economy and there
growth is important to ensure rebound in the economy. (b) is not the correct answer because
passage does not talks about
5. Option (b). the passage suggests that economic consequences of a shrinking and hurting middle
class resulted in fall in the total consumption that takes place in the Indian economy.
PASSAGE 9

Much has been said about the brutal military coup in Myanmar. But one question remains
inadequately addressed. Why is Myanmar so prone to military coups? Indeed, it has been under
military rule for most of the country’s postcolonial years since Independence in 1948. Beyond the
popular explanation of power hungry military leaders, could it also have something to do with the
false sense of the military being the guardian of the political establishment, an inherited DNA from
the military’s roots as freedom-fighting activists? Can an army with such a history be purely
professional fighters driven by the motto, “Theirs not to reason why, theirs but to do and die”? A
hypothetical scenario should illustrate this point. If, in 1947, it was the Indian National Army that
liberated India, would the Indian army with the INA’s genes in it have been the same?
The war diary of Field Marshal Viscount William Slim, Defeat Into Victory, which became an
important book on the history of the Second World War in the Burma theatre, has some interesting
clues buried deep inside its 540 pages, describing how he twice met General Aung San, father of
Aung San Suu Kyi and leader of Myanmar’s freedom struggle as well as founder of a militiamen
army that first called itself Burma Defence Army and, later, the Burma National Army, to negotiate
terms for the latter switching sides to the British after some years of fighting alongside the Japanese
and the INA. This was in May 1945 after Slim managed to turn the tables against what had seemed
like an unstoppable push towards India by the Japanese, and the Japanese were then the losing
side. Whether this was opportunism or whether Aung San developed irreconcilable differences
with the Japanese is another question. Slim took the step after much discussion on the British side,
with many being of the opinion that this would be pointless militarily and that the group’s Burmese
nationalism would be a headache for the British after the war. The Supreme Allied Commander in
the Pacific theatre, Lord Mountbatten, however, favoured Slim’s proposal.
At the time of Burmese independence, it was Aung San’s provisional government that inherited
the British administration. Quite understandably, such a government would carry plenty of the
DNA of its past avatar as a resistance movement under the AFPFL with no clear separation
between military and political responsibilities. The writer and Burma watcher, Bertil Lintner, has
also observed in an article that the Myanmar army presumes “the dwifungsi, or dual function,
doctrine of the Indonesian army that stated that the military has both a defence and social-political
role.”

[Excerpt from an Article by Pradip Phanjoubam, The Telegraph India, May 25, 2021
(https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/myanmar-the-tatmadaws-political-genes/cid/1816616)]
1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

(a) Like Myanmar, Indonesia is also prone to military rule because its army also follows dual function
doctrine.
(b) Myanmar will be prone to military rule until its army is exorcised of its political genes.
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(a) Aung San is responsible for the problem of military coups faced by Myanmar.
(b) It was Viscount William Slim and Lord Mountbatten who encouraged Myanmar’s army to perform
dual role after Burmese independence.
(c) Myanmar is so prone to military coups because of the dual function performed by its military since
Burmese independence.
3. If the Author’s arguments are true, which of the following is also true?
(a) A country X is prone to military coups because top authorities of the army have continued to play
major role in the politics of country X.
(b) A country Y is prone to military coups because top authorities of the army have continued to hold
substantial power over the army.
(c) A country Z is prone to military coups because some ex-officers of the army have held some major
role in some of the government that were formed in country Z.
(d) Both (b) and (c).
4. In this line, “Quite understandably, such a government would carry plenty of the DNA of its past
avatar as a resistance movement.” the Author assumes that:
(a) The DNA of Myanmar’s army is responsible for the present military coup.
(b) The Burma Defence Army and AFPFL had the similar aims.

(c) It is the important role which Myanmar’s army played in the freedom struggle and political power
it enjoyed since Burmese independence which are responsible for creation of dual function for it.
(d) Both (a) and (c)
5. In the above passage, the author uses a/an__________.

(a) Metaphor
(b) Analogy
(c) Personification

1. Option (b). The political role of Myanmar’s army is responsible for making Myanmar prone to
military coup. So until Myanmar’s army is not isolated out of its military role, the problem will
exist.
2. Option (c). self-explanatory
3. Option (a). The situation given in the option is similar to the situation of Myanmar where army
enjoys dual function and that makes it prone to military coup.
4. Option (c). The passage clearly express that it was the past role played by Myanmar’s army in the
freedom struggle which made it gain political power after Burmese independence. This led to army
performing a dual function in Myanmar.
5. Option (b). The author draws an analogy between Burma Defence Army and Indian National
Army, and ask question whether INA would have done the same thing if it would have played a
major role in liberation of India like BDA did.
PASSAGE 10
AFTER HOLDING 29 matches across four weeks in the middle of a Covid surge that has caused
havoc across the country, the IPL’s bio-bubble was breached with two Kolkata Knight Riders

(KKR) players and two non-playing members of the Chennai Super Kings (CSK) contingent
testing positive.
The development led to Monday night’s game between KKR and Royal Challengers Bangalore in
Ahmedabad being postponed and a cloud of uncertainty over the on-going T20 league that ends
on May 30.
With KKR spinner Varun Chakravarthy and medium pacer Sandeep Warrier testing positive,
cricketers from four other teams that played against Kolkata side over the last 14 days have been
asked to self-isolate by their franchises. On Monday, an IPL media advisory informed that
Chakravarthy and Warrier have tested positive “in the third round of testing”. It also confirmed
the rescheduling of the KKR versus RCB game.
The BCCI is keeping its options open, including the postponement of the on-going IPL, although
that would be an extreme measure. “We are watching the situation closely. I can’t say at the
moment if postponement is an option. We are hoping that the situation will get better. We will
decide as per the situation,” a top BCCI official said.
“We will have an internal meeting (of office-bearers). We haven’t yet decided if we will call an
IPL governing council meeting. More double-headers are an option, but we will look into all the
options and possibilities,” said the official. The official, however, ruled out the possibility of the
rest of the tournament being held in the United Arab Emirates, which was the venue last year.
Only last week, BCCI’s interim CEO Hemang Amin had assured all the teams that they were
“totally safe” in the IPL bio-bubble. According to a source, Chakravarthy left the bio-bubble
through the official channel to have a scan on his shoulder, with permission from the BCCI and
his franchise.
“We will look into how players inside the bubble contracted the virus. Varun Chakravarthy might
have got himself exposed during the scan, but we don’t want to pinpoint without verifying the
details. We will take necessary steps to address the situation,” said the BCCI official.
Over the past 14 days, KKR has played against Delhi Capitals, Rajasthan Royals, Punjab Kings
and CSK. As per the IPL’s Covid-19 guidelines, “close contact” of an affected person should
“isolate for six days” and return “3 negative tests on Day 1, 3 and 6”. This puts a question mark
over KKR’s matches, and will involve at least four other franchises as well.

[Excerpt from an Article by Shamik Chakrabarty, The Indian Express, May 4, 2021
(https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/after-4-weeks-29-matches-covid-cloud-over-ipl-4-
positive-several-in-isolation-7300904/)]
1. It can be inferred from the passage that IPL was conducted last year in UAE because:
(a) The government did not grant the permission to conduct IPL.
(b) The cricket fields of UAE were better to conduct the tournament as compared to that of India.
(c) India was affected by Covid first wave and UAE was a safer place to conduct the tournament
because of its good Covid management.
(a) If the rest of the tournament could not be conducted in India due to Covid surge, it would be
conducted at some other country.
(b) If the rest of the tournament could not be conducted in India due to Covid surge, the office-bearers
will look at all the options and possibilities.
3. Which of the following is the main idea expressed in the passage?

(a) As Covid breached IPL bio-bubble and, infected some player and staff, conducting rest of the
tournament will not be possible.
(b) IPL is responsible for Covid surge in India.
(c) IPL has been exposed to some difficulties after Covid breached its bio-bubble and, infected some
player and staff.
(d) IPL’s Covid-19 guidelines were made stricter then the government guidelines to ensure that Covid
could not breach its bio-bubble.
4. What are the possible options in case rest of the tournament could not be conducted in India due
to Covid surge?
(a) Rest of the IPL tournament can be relocated to some other venue.

(b) The IPL tournament can be postponed till the situation comes under control and cases reduce.
(c) The IPL tournament will then be cancelled.
5. What have been the implications of some KKR players test Covid positive?
(a) A need can arise to reschedule some matches because KKR has played against four teams recently
and players from all the teams will have to isolate themselves for six days.
(b) The remuneration of players from KKR and four teams will have to be reduced as they cannot play
some matches scheduled for the six days.
(c) BCCI will be sued under disaster management act.

1. Option (d). The passages does not mentions any reasons regarding why the IPL was conducted last
year at UAE.
2. Option (b). The office-bearers should a willingness to look at all options and possibilities according
to the prevailing situation. (a) is not the correct answer because passage does not speaks about
whether venue for rest of the tournament can be located it only rules out possibility of conducting
it at UAE.
3. Option (c). Self-explanatory
4. Option (d). The passage only talks about office-bearers willingness to look at all the possible
options but did not gives a list of such options. (c) is not the answer because cancelling the
tournament is called an extreme option in the passage and there is no certainty about it as of now.
5. Option (a). According to IPL Covid-19 guidelines, “close contact” of an affected person should
“isolate for six days” and return “3 negative tests on Day 1, 3 and 6”. Therefore as KKR played
recently against four teams and two of KKR’s player tested positive, all the player will have to
isolate themselves for six days according to guidelines. Thus, a need to reschedule some matches
can arise.

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1. Which of the following can be inferred from the above passage?

2. Which of the following is the author most likely to agree with?

3. Why did the authors talk about the drone trials?

4. Which of the following strengthens the Author’s argument?

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(d) None of the above

5. Which of the following is the main idea behind the passage?

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3. Which of the following strengthens the Author’s argument?

4. Which of the following can be inferred from the above passage?

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Answers and Explanations

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2. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage above?

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(c) Only the government can address the climate crisis.

4. Which of the following is true as per the passage above?

5. Which of the following strengthens the Author’s argument?

Answers and Explanations

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4. Option (d). Self-explanatory

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1. The author will agree with which of the following:

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1. Option (d). Self-explanatory.

4. Option (d). self-explanatory.

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1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

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Answers and Explanations

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1. Which of the following is the main idea expressed in the passage?

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Answers and Explanations

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3. Which of the following is the author most likely to agree with?

4. Which of the following can be inferred from the above passage?

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up with a solution as proactively as possible.

Answers and Explanations

3. Option (d). Self-explanatory (refer first three paragraphs)

4. Option (d). Self-explanatory

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1. Which of the following can be inferred from the above passage?

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3. Which of the following strengthens the Author’s argument?

4. The author will agree with which of the following:

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5. Which of the following is true as per the passage above?

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