SIMPLE MICROSCOPE

SIMPLE MICROSCOPE

A convex lens of short focal length produces magnified images of

small objects when placed at a specific position in front of the lens,
is called a magnifying glass or a simple microscope.

Principle: When an object is placed between the optical centre and the focus of a convex
lens, a virtual, erect and magnified image is formed on the same side as that of the
object.
The lens is held close to the eye, and the distance between the object and the lens,
which we call as the object distance, is adjusted so that the magnified image is
formed at the least distance of distinct vision, i.e., 25 cm for normal human eye.

B’

B
Q

|
𝜶 𝜷
A’ F A C F

𝑢
𝑓

𝐷
Magnifying Power It is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended by the image at
the eye to the angle subtended by the object seen directly,
when both lie at the least distance of distinct vision. B
Q
From the diagram, it is clear that the magnifying
power will be given by, 𝛼 𝛽
|
A’ F A C F
𝛽
𝑀=
𝛼
Actually, the angles 𝛼 and 𝛽 are very small. Hence 𝑢
we can replace them by their tangents.
𝑓
Thus,
tan 𝛽 𝐷
𝑀=
tan 𝛼
Now,
𝐴𝐵
tan 𝛽 = 𝐷
𝐶𝐴 ∴𝑀=
& 𝑢
𝐴′ 𝑄 𝐴𝐵
tan 𝛼 = = From lens equation,
𝐶𝐴′ 𝐶𝐴′ 1 1 1 𝐷 𝐷
− + = 𝑜𝑟, =1+
𝑢 𝑣 𝑓 𝑢 𝑓
𝐴𝐵ൗ
∴𝑀= 𝐶𝐴 = 𝐶𝐴′
𝐴𝐵ൗ 1 1 1
𝐶𝐴 𝑜𝑟, − + =
𝐶𝐴′ −𝑢 −𝐷 𝑓
𝐷 𝐷
Applying cartesian sign conventions, we get ⇒𝑀= =1+
1 1 1 𝑢 𝑓
𝐶𝐴 = −𝑢 & 𝐶𝐴′ = −𝐷 𝑜𝑟, − =
𝑢 𝐷 𝑓

𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
𝑜𝑟, − =
𝑢 𝐷 𝑓
Magnifying Power (when the image is formed at infinity) From ∞
It is defined as the ratio of the angle formed by the image at infinity at the eye
to the angle formed by the object at the eye, when situated at the least
distance of distinct vision. B’ B
𝛽
∴𝑀=
𝛼 A 𝛼 𝛽
Practically, 𝛼 & 𝛽 are small. So, they can be replaced by their tangents. A’ F C F

tan 𝛽 𝐴𝐵ൗ
∴ 𝑀= = 𝐶𝐹
tan 𝛼 𝐴𝐵ൗ𝐶𝐴′ 𝑢=𝑓

𝐶𝐴′ D
𝑜𝑟, 𝑀=
𝐶𝐹

Using sign conventions, we get

𝐶𝐴′ = −𝐷 ; 𝐶𝐹 = −𝑓

𝐷
∴ 𝑀=
𝑓
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
 EYE PIECE

OBJECTIVE

B Q

A’’ A’ 𝛼
A 𝐹𝑜 C 𝐹𝑜 𝐹𝑒 𝛽 C’

𝑢𝑜 B’
𝑓𝑜

𝑢𝑒
B’’
𝑓𝑒
𝑣𝑜

D
 COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

It is an optical instrument to measure extremely small objects. It consists of

two lenses (convex). EYE PIECE

OBJECTIVE (Object Lens) Small aperture & short focal length

OBJECTIVE

EYE PIECE (Eye Lens) Large aperture & short focal length B Q
A’’ A’ 𝛼
A 𝐹𝑜 C 𝐹𝑜 𝐹𝑒 𝛽 C’
PRINCIPLE: When a small object is placed just outside the focus of the
objective, its real, inverted and magnified image is formed on the
other side of the lens between F and 2F. This image acts as the
𝑢𝑜 B’
object for the eyepiece. The distance of the object from the 𝑓𝑜
objective is so adjusted that the final image is formed at the least
distance of distinct vision from the eye.
𝑢𝑒
B’’ 𝑓𝑒
MAGNIFYING POWER: It is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended by the final 𝑣𝑜
image at the eye to the angle subtended by object seen
D
directly, when both are placed at the least distance of distinct
vision.
By definition, the magnifying power is given by
EYE PIECE
𝛽 tan 𝛽
𝑀= =
𝛼 tan 𝛼

𝐴′′ 𝐵′′ൗ OBJECTIVE

𝐶′𝐴′′ 𝐴′′ 𝐵′′
𝑀 = ′′ =
𝐴 𝑄ൗ 𝐴𝐵 B Q
𝐶′𝐴′′
A’’ A’ 𝛼
A 𝐹𝑜 𝐹𝑜 𝐹𝑒 𝛽
Multiplying & dividing by A’B’, we get C C’

𝐴′′ 𝐵′′ 𝐴′ 𝐵′
𝑀= × ′
𝐴𝐵 𝐴 𝐵′ 𝑢𝑜 B’
𝑓𝑜
𝐴′ 𝐵′ 𝐴′′ 𝐵′′
𝑜𝑟, 𝑀= × ′
𝐴𝐵 𝐴 𝐵′ 𝑢𝑒
B’’ 𝑓𝑒
𝑜𝑟, 𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜 × 𝑚𝑒
𝑣𝑜
𝐼 𝑣𝑜 D
Now, 𝑚𝑜 = = → 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑂 𝑢𝑜

𝑣𝑒
𝑚𝑒 = → 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑦𝑒𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒
𝑢𝑒
For the eyepiece, the lens equation may be written as In practice
𝑢𝑜 ≈ 𝑓𝑜
1 1 1 &
− + =
𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑒 𝑣𝑜 ≈ 𝐿 → 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒

𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒
𝑜𝑟, =1−
𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑒

Applying new cartesian sign conventions, we get Applying sign conventions, we get

𝑣𝑒 = −𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑒 = + 𝑓𝑒 𝑢𝑜 = − 𝑓𝑜 & 𝑣0 = +𝐿
𝑣𝑒 𝐷
∴ =1+
𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑒 𝐿 𝐷
∴ 𝑀=− 1+
𝑓𝑜 𝑓𝑒
𝑣𝑜 𝐷
∴ 𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜 × 𝑚𝑒 = 1+
𝑢𝑜 𝑓𝑒
The negative value of the magnifying power indicates that the final
image formed is inverted.
TELESCOPE
A telescope is an instrument for seeing distant objects clearly and magnified.
Types:
1. Astronomical telescope: A telescope used to see the heavenly bodies is called astronomical
telescope. It produces a real and inverted image.

2. Terrestrial telescope: A telescope used to observe objects on Earth, is called terrestrial telescope. It
produces erect images.

ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE

It is also called refracting type telescope. It has two convex lenses. The lens facing the object is called objective and that
facing the eye is known as eyepiece. Objective has a large aperture and a large focal length, whereas eyepiece has a small
aperture and is of short focal length.
Both the lenses are mounted coaxially in two metallic tubes.
Principle: The objective forms a real, inverted image of the object on its focal plane. The distance of the
eye-piece is so adjusted that the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision.
If the final image is formed at infinity, then the telescope is said to be in normal adjustment.

Case1: When the image is formed at infinity. (Normal Adjustment)

OBJECTIVE

EYE PIECE

𝛼 A’
C 𝛼 𝛽 C’

B’
A parallel beam of light enters the objective from the distant astronomical object and after refraction, forms a
real and inverted image is formed on the other side of the objective, at the focus 𝐹𝑜 .

If the image 𝐴’𝐵’, forms on the focus of the eyepiece, then its final magnified image is formed at infinity.
OBJECTIVE
MAGNIFYING POWER:
EYE PIECE
Magnifying power of a telescope in normal
adjustment is defined as the ratio of the angle
subtended by the image at the eye as seen through
the telescope to the angle subtended by the object 𝛼 A’
seen directly, when both the object and the image lie C 𝛼 𝛽 C’
at infinity.
Mathematically, we may write
B’
𝛽
𝑀=
𝛼
Since the angles 𝛼 & 𝛽 are very small, they can be replaced by
their tangents.

tan 𝛽
∴𝑀=
tan 𝛼

𝐴′ 𝐵′ 𝐴′ 𝐵′
tan 𝛼 = & tan 𝛽 = ′
𝐶𝐴′ 𝐶 𝐴′
 𝐴′ 𝐵′ 𝐶𝐴′ 𝐶𝐴′
∴𝑀= ′ × ′ = ′
𝐶 𝐴′ 𝐴 𝐵′ 𝐶 𝐴′

Applying new cartesian sign conventions we get,

𝐶𝐴′ +𝑓𝑜
𝑀= =
𝐶 ′ 𝐴′ −𝑓𝑒

𝑓𝑜
𝑜𝑟, 𝑀=−
𝑓𝑒

The negative sign indicates that the final image formed is real & inverted.
Case2: When the image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision

OBJECTIVE

EYE PIECE

𝛼 A’’ 𝐹𝑒 A’ C’
𝛼 𝛽
C

B’

B’’ 𝑓𝑒

D
Magnifying Power:

It is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the OBJECTIVE
image formed at the least distance of distinct vision to the angle
subtended at the eye by the object lying at infinity.
EYE PIECE
𝛽 tan 𝛽
𝑀= =
𝛼 tan 𝛼
A’’ 𝐹𝑒 A’ C’
𝐴′ 𝐵′ /𝐶 ′ 𝐴′ 𝐶𝐴′ 𝛼
𝛼 𝛽
𝑜𝑟, 𝑀= ′ ′ = ′ C
𝐴 𝐵 /𝐶𝐴′ 𝐶 𝐴′
B’
According to new cartesian sign conventions,
B’’ 𝑓𝑒
𝐶𝐴′ = +𝑓𝑜 & 𝐶 ′ 𝐴′ = − 𝑢𝑒
D
𝑓𝑜
∴𝑀=− 1 1 1
𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑟, = +
𝑢𝑒 𝐷 𝑓𝑒

Lens equation for the eyepiece is 1 1 𝑓𝑒

𝑜𝑟, = 1+
𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑒 𝐷
1 1 1
− + =
𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑒 𝑓𝑜 𝑓𝑜 𝑓𝑒
⇒𝑀=− =− 1+
1 1 1 𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑒 𝐷
𝑜𝑟, − + =
−𝑢𝑒 −𝐷 𝑓𝑒