Chapter I

Indefinite integral
Problem 1: Integrate the following integrals
i)  sin 4 xdx ii)  sin 2 x cos2 xdx iii)  sin 2 x cos 2 xdx
1 1
Solution: i)  sin 4 xdx =
4  (2 sin 2 x) 2 dx =  (1 − cos 2 x) 2 dx
4
1 1 1
=  (1 − 2 cos 2 x + cos2 2 x)dx =  (1 − 2 cos 2 x)dx +  2 cos2 2 xdx
4 4 8
1 1 1 1 sin 4 x
= ( x − sin 2 x) +  (1 + cos 4 x)dx = ( x − sin 2 x) + ( x + )+c
4 8 4 8 4
3x sin 2 x sin 4 x
= − + +c
4 4 32
1 1
ii)  sin 2 x cos2 xdx =  2 sin 2 x.2 cos2 xdx =  (1 − cos 2 x)(1 + cos 2 x)dx
4 4
1 x 1 x 1 x x sin 4 x
=  (1 − cos2 2 x)dx = −  2 cos2 2 xdx = −  (1 + cos 4 x)dx = − − +c
4 4 8 4 8 4 8 32
x sin 4 x
= − +c
8 32
1 1 1
iii)  sin 2 x cos 2 xdx =  2 sin 2 x cos 2 xdx =  (1 − cos 2 x) cos 2 xdx =  (cos 2 x − cos2 2 x)dx
2 2 2
sin 2 x 1 sin 2 x 1 sin 2 x x sin 4 x
= −  2 cos2 2 xdx = −  (1 + cos 4 x)dx = − − +c
4 4 4 4 4 4 16

Chapter IIA
Method of substitution

Problem 1: Integrate the following integrals

sin 2 xdx tan xdx sin 2 xdx a+x x
i) 
a sin x + b cos x
2 2
ii) 
a + b tan x
2
iii)  2
(a cos2 x + b 2 sin 2 x) 2
iv)  a−x
dx v)  a−x
dx

 1− x  dx
vi)  cos 2 cot −1 dx vii) 
1+ x  
 x x 4 −1
sin 2 xdx 2 sin x cos xdx 2 sin x cos xdx
Solution: i)  = =
a sin x + b cos x
2 2
a sin x + b(1 − sin x)
2 2
(a − b) sin 2 x + b
1 dz 1 1
=  =
( a − b) z ( a − b)
ln z + c =
( a − b)
ln[( a − b) sin 2 x + b] + c Put
sin x (a − b) sin 2 x + b = z
tan xdx
( )dx
sin x cos xdx  2(a − b) sin x cos x = dz
ii) 
a + b tan 2 x  b sin 2 x  a cos2 x + b sin 2 x
= cos x =
a+
cos2 x
1 2 sin x cos xdx 1
=  = ln[( b − a ) sin 2 x + a ] + c similar as ( i)
2 (b − a) sin x + a 2(b − a)
2
 sin 2 xdx
iii)  (a
cos2 x + b 2 sin 2 x) 2
2

2 sin x cos xdx 2 sin x cos xdx Put

= 2 2 = 2 (a 2 − b 2 ) sin 2 x + b 2 = z
[a sin x + b (1 − sin x)]
2 2 2
[( a − b 2 ) sin 2 x + b 2 ]2
 2(a 2 − b 2 ) sin x cos x = dz
1 dz 1 1
2  2
= 2 = 2 (− ) + c
(a − b ) z (a − b ) z
2

1 1
=− 2 +c
(a − b ) (a − b ) sin 2 x + b 2
2 2 2

a+x a + a cos 2t Put

iv)  a−x
dx = − 
a − a cos 2t
2a sin 2tdt
x = a cos 2t
 dx = −2a sin 2tdt
2a cos2 t cos t
= − 2
2a sin 2tdt = −  2a.2 sin t cos tdt
2a sin t sin t
= −2a  2 cos2 tdt = −2a  (1 + cos 2t )dt = −2at − a sin 2t + c
x
= −a cos−1 − a2 − x2 + c
a
x a sin 2 t Put
v)  dx =  2a sin t cos tdt
a−x a − a sin 2 t x = a sin 2 t
 dx = 2a sin t cos dt
a sin 2t
=  2a sin 2 tdt = a  (1 − cos 2t )dt = at − +c
2
x x a−x
= at − a sin t cost + c = a sin −1 −a +c
a a a
x
= at − a sin t cost + c = a sin −1 − x( a − x) + c
a
 1− x   1 − cos t  Put
vi)  cos 2 cot −1 dx = −  cos 2 cot −1
 
 sin tdt
 x = cost
 1 + x   1 + cos t   dx = − sin tdt
 sin t / 2 
= −  cos 2 cot −1  sin tdt = −  cos(2 cot tan t / 2) sin tdt
−1

 cos t / 2 
= −  cos(2 cot cot( / 2 − t / 2)) sin tdt = −  cos(2( / 2 − t / 2)) sin tdt
−1

cos2 t x2
= − cos( − t ) sin tdt =  cost sin tdt = − +c = − +c
2 2
dx sect tan tdt sect tan tdt Put
vii)  = =
x x −1
4
2 sect sec − 1
2 2 sect tan t x 2 = sect
 2 xdx = sect tan tdt
dt t sec−1 x 2
= = +c = +c  dx =
sect tan tdt
2 2 2 2x
 Chapter IIB
Method of substitution with some formulae
Problem 1: Integrate the following integrals
dx dx a+x x−a
i)  ( x −  )( − x)
ii)  (1 + x) 1 + 2x − x 2
iii)  x
dx iv)  x
dx

dx 2 zdz
Solution: i)  ( x −  )( − x)  z 2 (  −  − z 2 )
= Put
x − = z2
2dz dz z  dx = 2 zdz
= = 2 = 2 sin −1 +c
 − − z 2
( 2
 − − z 2
)  − 

x −
= 2 sin −1 +c
 − Put
dx − 1 / z dz
2
1 + x = 1/ z
ii)  (1 + x) 1 + 2x − x
=
1 / z 1 + 2(1 / z − 1) − (1 / z − 1)
2 2  dx = −1 / z 2 dz

dz dz dz
= − = − = −
z 1 + 2 / z − 2 − 1/ z + 2 / z − 1
2
z 4 / z − 2 − 1/ z 2 4z − 2z 2 −1
z
z2
dz 1 dz 1 dz
= − =−  =−  − 1 + 2 z − z 2 − 1/ 2 + 1
4z − 2z −1 2
2 2 z − z − 1/ 2
2
2
1 dz 1 dz
=−  =− 
2 − (1 − 2 z + z ) + 1 / 2
2
2 2
(
1 / 2 − ( z − 1) 2 )
1
−1
1 −1 z − 1 1 −1 1 + x 1 − 2x 1 2x
=− sin +c = − sin +c = − sin −1 +c = sin −1 +c
2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2 2 1+ x 2 1+ x
a+x a+x a+x a+x 1 a + 2x 1 a
iii)  dx =  dx =  dx =  dx +  dx
x x a+x x 2 + ax 2 x 2 + ax 2 x 2 + ax

1 1 a 1 adx
= .2 x 2 + ax +  dx = x 2 + ax + 
2 2 a2 a2 2  2
a a
2
x 2 + ax + − x +  − 
4 4  2 2

a  a   a  
2 2
a  a  a 
= x + ax + ln  x + +  x +  −    + c = x 2 + ax + ln  x + + x 2 + ax  + c
2

2 

2  2 2 

2  2 

a  2x + a + 2 x x + a  a x + x + a + 2 x x + a 
= x 2 + ax + ln  + c = x( x + a) + ln +c
2  2  2  2 
 a 
= x( x + a) + ln
( x + x+a )  + c =
2
a
( 2
)
a
x( x + a) + ln x + x + a − ln 2 + c
2  2  2 2
 
= x( x + a ) + a ln ( x + x + a + c0 )
x−a x−a x−a x−a
iv) 
x
dx = 
x x−a
dx = 
x x−a
dx
Put (2nd integral)
x a dx a x − a = z2
= dx −  dx =  − dx  dx = 2 zdz
x x−a x x−a x−a x x−a
2azdz 2adz
= 2 x−a − = 2 x−a −
(a + z ) z
2 2 a + z2
dz 1 z
= 2 x − a − 2a  = 2 x − a − 2a. tan −1 +c
( a) + z 2 2 a a
x−a x−a
= 2 x − a − 2 a tan −1 + c = 2 x − a − 2 a tan −1 +c
a a
Chapter III
Integration by parts
Problem 1: Integrate the following integrals
x ex x2 +1 x −1
i)  sin −1 dx ii)  (1 + x log x)dx iii)  e x dx iv)  e x dx
x+a x ( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) 3
v)  2ax − x 2 dx vi)  ( x −  )( − x) dx vii)  ( x + 2) x 2 + 2 x + 10dx

x 𝑎 tan2 𝜃
Solution: i)  sin −1 dx = ∫ sin−1 √𝑎+𝑎tan2 𝜃 . 2𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
x+a Put 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
= 2𝑎 ∫ sin−1 sin 𝜃. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 2𝑎 ∫ 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
tan2 𝜃 1
= 2𝑎 [𝜃 − ∫ tan2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃]
2 2
tan2 𝜃 1
= 2𝑎 [𝜃 − ∫(sec 2 𝜃 − 1)𝑑𝜃]
2 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑎[𝜃 tan2 𝜃 − (tan 𝜃 − 𝜃)] = 𝑎 [ tan−1 √ − √ + tan−1 √ ]
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑒𝑥 1
ii) ∫ (1 + 𝑥 log 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ( + log 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 log 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
(𝑥 2 +1) (𝑥 2 −1+2) 𝑥−1 2
iii) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥+1)2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑥+1 + (𝑥+1)2] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1
= 𝑒𝑥
𝑥+1
(𝑥−1) (𝑥+1−2) 1 2
iv) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥+1)3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥+1)3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [(𝑥+1)2 − (𝑥+1)3] 𝑑𝑥
 1
= 𝑒𝑥
(𝑥 + 1)2
v) ∫ √(2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √{𝑎2 − (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 } 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑎2 (𝑥−𝑎)
= 2 (𝑥 − 𝑎)√{𝑎2 − (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 } + sin−1
2 𝑎
2
1 𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)
= (𝑥 − 𝑎)√(2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) + sin−1
2 2 𝑎

vi) ∫ √(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑏𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑎𝑏𝑑𝑥

𝑎+𝑏 2 𝑎+𝑏 2
√
= ∫ −( 2
) + (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑏 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2

𝑎+𝑏 2 𝑎+𝑏 2
√
=∫ ( 2
) − 𝑎𝑏 − {𝑥 − (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + ( ) } 𝑑𝑥
2 2

𝑎−𝑏 2 𝑎+𝑏 2
= ∫ √( ) − (𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑎+𝑏 √ 𝑎−𝑏 2 𝑎+𝑏 2 𝑎−𝑏 2 𝑎+𝑏
(𝑥 − ) ( ) − (𝑥 − ) ( ) (𝑥 − 2 )
2 2 2 2
= + sin−1
2 2 𝑎−𝑏
( 2 )
(2𝑥 − 𝑎 − 𝑏)√(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑏 − 𝑥) (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 −1 (2𝑥 − 𝑎 − 𝑏)
= + sin
4 8 (𝑎 − 𝑏)
1
vii) ∫(𝑥 + 2)√𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 10𝑑𝑥 = ∫(2𝑥 + 2)√𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 10𝑑𝑥 + ∫ √𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 10 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1 1
= ∫ √𝑧𝑑𝑧 + ∫ √(𝑥 + 1)2 + 9𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 + ∫ √32 + (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 3 2
2 (𝑥 + 1)√𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 10 9
= 𝑧2 × + + log {(𝑥 + 1) + √𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 10}
2 3 2 2
1 3 2
(𝑥 + 1)√𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 10 9
= (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 10)2 + + log {(𝑥 + 1) + √𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 10}
3 2 2

Chapter IV
Integration of trigonometric function

𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Problem 1: 𝑖) ∫ 1+tan 𝑥 𝑖𝑖) ∫ 2 sin 𝑥+3 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫ 𝑎+𝑏 tan 𝑥 𝑖𝑣) ∫ 5+4 sin 𝑥 𝑣) ∫ 5+4 cos 𝑥

Solution:
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥) + (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)
𝑖) ∫ =∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + tan 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
1 1 (cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) 𝑥 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = + log(sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)
2 2 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 2 2
 2
cos 𝑥 3 (3 cos 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥) + 3 (2 cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥)
𝑖𝑖) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 13 2 sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥
3 2 (2 cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥) 3𝑥 2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = + log(2 sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥)
13 13 2 sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 13 13
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫ =∫
𝑎 + 𝑏 tan 𝑥 acos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥
𝑏
𝑎 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥) + 𝑎 (𝑏 cos 𝑥 − 𝑎 sin 𝑥)
= 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 + 𝑏2 acos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥
𝑎 𝑏 (𝑏 cos 𝑥 − 𝑎 sin 𝑥)
= 2 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 2 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 +𝑏 𝑎 +𝑏 acos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥
𝑎𝑥 𝑏
= 2 2
+ 2 log(acos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥)
𝑎 +𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏2
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 sec 2 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑖𝑣) ∫ =∫ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥=∫ 𝑥 𝑥
5 + 4 sin 𝑥 5 cos 2 2 + 5 sin2 2 + 8 sin 2 cos 2 5 + 5 tan2 2 + 8 tan 2
𝑥
Put tan = 𝑧
2
𝑥
sec 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑑𝑧
2
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
= 2∫ = ∫ = ∫
5 + 5𝑧 2 + 8𝑧 5 𝑧 2 + 8 𝑧 + 1 5 (𝑧 + 4)2 + 1 − 16
5 5 25
2 𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
= ∫ = ∫
5 (𝑧 + 4)2 + 9 5 4 2 3 2
5 25 (𝑧 + ) + ( )
5 5
4 𝑥
2 5 (𝑧 + ) 2 5𝑧 + 4 2 5 tan 2 + 4
= × tan −1 5 = tan −1
= tan −1
5 3 3 3 3 3 3
5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣) ∫ =∫ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
5 + 4 cos 𝑥 5 cos 2 2 + 5 sin2 2 + 4 (cos2 2 − sin2 2)
𝑥 𝑥
sec 2 2 𝑑𝑥 sec 2 2 𝑑𝑥
=∫ 𝑥 𝑥=∫ 𝑥
5 + 5 tan2 + 4 − 4 tan2 tan2 + 9
2 2 2
𝑥
Put tan = 𝑧
2
𝑥
sec 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑑𝑧
2

𝑑𝑧 2 −1
𝑧
= 2∫ = tan
𝑧 2 + 32 3 3
𝑥
2 tan 2
= tan−1
3 3
 Chapter V
Rational function
𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Problem 1: 𝑖) ∫ (𝑥−2)(𝑥−3) 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑖) ∫ (𝑥−1)2(𝑥+1) 𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫ 𝑥 4 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑣) ∫ 𝑥 4 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑣) ∫ 𝑥 4 −1

Solution:
𝑥−1 2 1
𝑖) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ { − } 𝑑𝑥 = 2 log(𝑥 − 3) − log(𝑥 − 2)
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 − 3) (𝑥 − 2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑖𝑖) ∫
(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)
Now,
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)
1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)2
Put 𝑥 = 1
1
𝐵=
2
Put 𝑥 = −1
1
𝐶=
4
Equating the coefficient of 𝑥 2
1
𝐴+𝐶 = 0∴ 𝐴 = −
4
𝑑𝑥 1 1 1
∫ 2
= ∫ {− + 2
+ } 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 1) 4(𝑥 − 1) 2(𝑥 − 1) 4(𝑥 + 1)
1 1 1
= − log(𝑥 − 1) − + log(𝑥 + 1)
4 2(𝑥 − 1) 4
𝑥 𝑥 1 1 𝑥
𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ { + − 2
}
𝑥 −1 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) 4(𝑥 − 1) 4(𝑥 + 1) 2(𝑥 + 1)
1 1 1
= log(𝑥 − 1) + log(𝑥 + 1) − log(𝑥 2 + 1)
4 4 4
𝑥 1 4𝑥 3
𝑖𝑣) ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 4 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −1 4 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1)
Put 𝑥 4 = 𝑧, 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧
1 𝑑𝑧 1 1 1 1 1
= ∫ = ∫{ − } 𝑑𝑧 = [log(𝑧 − 1) − log 𝑧] = [log(𝑥 4 − 1) − log 𝑥 4 ]
4 𝑧(𝑧 − 1) 4 𝑧−1 𝑧 4 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 1 1 1 1 1+𝑥
𝑣) ∫ 4 =∫ 2 2
= ∫{ 2 − 2 } 𝑑𝑥 = [ log − tan−1 𝑥]
𝑥 −1 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) 2 (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 1) 2 2 1−𝑥

CHAPTER VI
Definite integral
1 𝑎 2𝑥 𝜋⁄2 𝑑𝑥
Problem 1: 𝑖) ∫0 𝑥(tan−1 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑖) ∫0 sin−1 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫0 (𝑎2 cos2 𝑥+𝑏 2 sin2 𝑥)2
Solution:
1 1
−1 2
𝑥2 −1 2
1 1 2 tan−1 𝑥
𝑖) ∫ 𝑥(tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [ (tan 𝑥) ] − ∫ 𝑥 . 2 𝑑𝑥
0 2 0
2 0 1 + 𝑥2
2 1 2
𝜋 𝑥 +1−1
= −∫ 2
tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
32 0 1 + 𝑥
1 1
𝜋2 −1
tan−1 𝑥
= − ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
32 0 0 1+𝑥
1 1
𝜋2 1 tan−1 𝑥
= − [𝑥 tan−1 𝑥]10 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
32 0 1 + 𝑥2 0 1+𝑥
2
1
𝜋2 1 1
= − [𝑥 tan 𝑥]0 + [ log(1 + 𝑥 ] + [(tan−1 𝑥)2 ]10
−1 1 2
32 2 0 2
2
𝜋 𝜋 1
= − + log 2
16 4 2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
−1
2𝑥 −1 −1 𝑎
2𝑥
𝑖𝑖) ∫ sin 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [2𝑥 tan 𝑥] 0 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + 𝑥2 0 0 1+𝑥
2

= 2𝑎 tan−1 𝑎 − [log(1 + 𝑥 2 )]𝑎0 = 2𝑎 sin−1 𝑎 − log(1 + 𝑎2 )

𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄2
𝑑𝑥 sec 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫ =∫
0 (𝑎2 cos2 𝑥 + 𝑏 2 sin2 𝑥)2 0 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 tan2 𝑥)2
Put 𝑏 tan 𝑥 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃, 𝑏 sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑎2 2 𝑎 2 𝑎
𝜋⁄2 (1 + 2 tan 𝜃) sec 𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝜋⁄2 (𝑏 2 + 𝑎 2 tan2 𝜃) sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑏 𝑏 1 𝑏
=∫ 2 + 𝑎 2 tan2 𝜃)2
= 3 3∫ 2 𝜃)2
0 (𝑎 𝑎 𝑏 0 (1 + tan
𝜋⁄2 (𝑏 2 2 2 2 𝜋⁄2 (𝑏 2
1 + 𝑎 tan 𝜃) sec 𝜃𝑑𝜃 1 + 𝑎2 tan2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
= 3 3∫ = ∫
𝑎 𝑏 0 sec 4 𝜃 𝑎3 𝑏 3 0 sec 2 𝜃

𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄2
1 2 2 2 2
1
= ∫ (𝑏 cos 𝜃 + 𝑎 sin 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = ∫ (𝑏 2 2 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑎2 2sin2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
𝑎3 𝑏 3 0 2𝑎3 𝑏 3 0
𝜋⁄2
1
= 3 3 ∫ (𝑏 2 (1 + cos 2𝜃) + 𝑎2 (1 − cos 2𝜃))𝑑𝜃
2𝑎 𝑏 0
1 2
sin 2𝜃 2
sin 2𝜃 𝜋⁄2 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )𝜋
= 3 3 [𝑏 (𝜃 + ) + 𝑎 (𝜃 − )] =
2𝑎 𝑏 2 2 0 4𝑎3 𝑏 3

First principle of integral calculus:

Area of region by the curve f(x) with the x-axis bounded by x=a and x=b is
lim [ℎ𝑓(𝑎) + ℎ𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ) + ℎ𝑓(𝑎 + 2ℎ) + ⋯ + ℎ𝑓(𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)ℎ)]
ℎ→0
𝑛−1

lim ℎ ∑ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ)

ℎ→0
𝑟=0
𝑏
Symbolically this area is represented as ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 implies that
𝑏 𝑛−1 𝑛−1
𝑏−𝑎 𝑏−𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = lim ℎ ∑ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟ℎ) = lim ∑ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑟 )
𝑎 ℎ→0 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑟=0 𝑟=0
If 𝑎 = 0 and 𝑏 = 1 then
1 𝑛−1
1 𝑟
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = lim ∑ 𝑓( )
0 ℎ→0 𝑛 𝑛
𝑟=0
𝑏
Problem 2: Evaluate from first principle ∫𝑎 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑏 𝑛−1

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim ℎ ∑ 𝑒 𝑎+𝑟ℎ
𝑎 ℎ→0
𝑟=0
= lim ℎ[𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑎+ℎ + 𝑒 𝑎+2ℎ + ⋯ + 𝑒 𝑎+(𝑛−1)ℎ ]
𝑎
ℎ→0
= lim ℎ𝑒 𝑎 [1 + 𝑒 ℎ + 𝑒 2ℎ + ⋯ + 𝑒 (𝑛−1)ℎ ]
ℎ→0
𝑛
(𝑒 ℎ ) −1 𝑒 𝑛ℎ −1 𝑒 𝑏−𝑎 −1
= lim ℎ𝑒 𝑎 𝑒 ℎ −1 = lim ℎ𝑒 𝑎 = lim ℎ𝑒 𝑎
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 𝑒 ℎ −1 ℎ→0 𝑒 ℎ −1
ℎ
= 𝑒 𝑎 (𝑒 𝑏−𝑎 − 1)lim 𝑒 ℎ −1 = 𝑒 𝑎 (𝑒 𝑏−𝑎 − 1) = 𝑒 𝑏 − 𝑒 𝑎
ℎ→0
 1
Problem 3: Evaluate from first principle ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution:

1 𝑛

∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim ℎ ∑(𝑟ℎ)2
2
0 ℎ→0
𝑟=1
= lim ℎ[1 ℎ + 22 ℎ2 + 32 ℎ2 + ⋯ + 𝑛2 ℎ2 ]
2 2
ℎ→0
= lim ℎ3 [12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑛2 ]
ℎ→0
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1) 1
= lim ℎ3 = 6 lim (2𝑛3 ℎ3 + 3𝑛2 ℎ2 . ℎ + 𝑛ℎ. ℎ2
ℎ→0 6 ℎ→0
1 2 2 1
= 6 lim (2 + 3ℎ + ℎ = 6 = 3
ℎ→0

Problem 4: Evaluate
1 1 1 1
i) lim [ + + + ⋯+ ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 𝑚 𝑛 + 2𝑚 𝑛 + 3𝑚 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑚
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
ii) lim [ 2 2
+ + + ⋯ + ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 1 𝑛2 + 22 𝑛2 + 32 𝑛2 + 𝑛2
12 22 32 𝑛2
iii) lim [ 3 + + + ⋯+ 3 ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 13 𝑛3 + 23 𝑛3 + 33 𝑛 + 𝑛3

2 4 6 2𝑛
12 𝑛2 22 𝑛2 32 𝑛2 𝑛 2 𝑛2
iv) lim [(1 + 2 ) + (1 + 2 ) + (1 + 2 ) + ⋯ + (1 + 2 ) ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

Solution:
1 1 1 1
i) lim [ + + + ⋯+ ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 𝑚 𝑛 + 2𝑚 𝑛 + 3𝑚 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑚
1 1 1 1 1
= lim [ + + + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑚]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 1 + 𝑚 2𝑚 3𝑚 1 +
𝑛 1 + 1 + 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
𝑛 1 1
1 1 1 1
= lim ∑ 𝑟𝑚 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [ log(1 + 𝑚𝑥)]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 0 1 + 𝑚𝑥 𝑚
𝑟=1 1 + 𝑛
0

1
= log(1 + 𝑚)
𝑚
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
ii) lim [ 2 2
+ + + ⋯ + ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 1 𝑛2 + 22 𝑛2 + 32 𝑛2 + 𝑛2

𝑛 1 1 1 1
= lim [ 2 + 2 + 2 + ⋯+ ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 2 1 2 3 𝑛2
1+ 2 1+ 2 1+ 2 1+ 2
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
 𝑛 1
1 1 1
= lim ∑ =∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [tan−1 𝑥]10
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑟2 0 1 + 𝑥2
𝑟=1 1 +
𝑛2
𝜋
= tan−1 1 − tan−1 0 =
4
12 22 32 𝑛2
iii) lim [ 3 + + + ⋯+ 3 ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 + 13 𝑛3 + 23 𝑛3 + 33 𝑛 + 𝑛3
12 22 32 𝑛2
𝑛2 2 2 2 2
= lim 3 [ 𝑛 3 + 𝑛 3 + 𝑛 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛 3 ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 1 2 3 𝑛
1+ 3 1+ 3 1+ 3 1+ 3
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
2
𝑛 𝑟 1
1 𝑛 2 𝑥2 1
= lim ∑ 3 = ∫ 3
𝑑𝑥 = [log(1 + 𝑥 3 )]10
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑟 0 1 + 𝑥 3
𝑟=1 1 + 3
𝑛
1
= log 2
3

2 4 6 2𝑛
12 𝑛2 22 𝑛2 32 𝑛2 𝑛 2 𝑛2
iv) lim [(1 + 2 ) + (1 + 2 ) + (1 + 2 ) + ⋯ + (1 + 2 ) ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛 2𝑟
𝑟 2 𝑛2
= lim ∑ (1 + 2 )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑟=1
Let
𝑛 2𝑟
𝑟 2 𝑛2
𝐴 = lim ∑ (1 + 2 )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑟=1
𝑛 2𝑟 𝑛 𝑛
𝑟 2 𝑛2 2𝑟 𝑟2 1 2𝑟 𝑟2
log 𝐴 = log lim ∑ (1 + 2 ) = ∑ lim 2 log (1 + 2 ) = ∑ lim log (1 + 2 )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑟=1 𝑟=1 𝑟=1
1
= ∫ 2𝑥 log(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0
Put 1 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑧, 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧, 𝑥 → 0, 𝑧 → 1; 𝑥 → 1, 𝑧 → 2
2
= ∫ log 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = [𝑧 log 𝑧 − 𝑧]12 = 2 log 2 − 2 + 1
1
4
= log 22 − 1 = log 4 − log 𝑒 = log
𝑒
4
∴𝐴=
𝑒
Chapter VII
General properties and reduction fomula
Some properties of definite integral:
 𝑏 𝑏
𝑖) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑎
𝑖𝑖) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎
𝑖𝑣) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑛𝑎 𝑎
𝑣) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
0 0
𝑎 𝑎
𝑣𝑖) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
−𝑎 0
= 0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋⁄2 √sin 𝑥
Problem 1: Integrate 𝑖) ∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑖) show that ∫02 log sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫02 log cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
√sin 𝑥+√ cos 𝑥
𝜋 1 1 log(1+𝑥) 𝜋
log 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖) show that ∫0 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 8 log 2
2
Solution:
𝜋
𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄4 √sin ( − 𝑥)
√sin 𝑥 2
I=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 √sin 𝑥 + √cos 𝑥 0 𝜋 𝜋
√sin ( − 𝑥) + √cos ( − 𝑥)
2 2
𝜋⁄2
√cos 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 √sin 𝑥 + √cos 𝑥
𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄2 𝜋⁄2
√sin 𝑥 √cos 𝑥 √sin 𝑥 + √cos 𝑥
∴ 2I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 √sin 𝑥 + √cos 𝑥 0 √sin 𝑥 + √cos 𝑥 0 √sin 𝑥 + √cos 𝑥
𝜋⁄2
⁄ 𝜋
2I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥]𝜋0 2 =
0 2
𝜋
I=
4
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
𝑖𝑖) 𝐼 = ∫ log sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ log cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 2 sin 2𝑥 2 2
2𝐼 = ∫ log sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ log cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ log (sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ log ( ) 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0 0 2
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
= ∫ log sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ log 2 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑑𝑧 𝜋
Put 2𝑥 = 𝑧, 𝑑𝑥 = , 𝑥 → 0, 𝑧 → 0; 𝑥 → 2 , 𝑧 → 𝜋
2
𝜋
𝜋
1 𝜋 2 𝜋
= ∫ log sin 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 − [xlog 2]02 = ∫ log sin 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 − log 2
2 0 0 2
 𝜋
2 𝜋 𝜋
= ∫ log sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − log 2 = 𝐼 − log 2
0 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 1
∴ 𝐼 = − log 2 = log
2 2 2
1
log(1 + 𝑥)
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + 𝑥2
𝜋
Put 𝑥 = tan 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃, 𝑥 → 0, 𝜃 → 0; 𝑥 → 1, 𝜃 → 4
𝜋 𝜋
4 4 𝜋
𝐼 = ∫ log(1 + tan 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ log [1 + tan ( − 𝜃)] 𝑑𝜃
0 0 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
4 tan 4 − tan 𝜃 4 1 − tan 𝜃
= ∫ log [1 + 𝜋 ] 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ log [1 + ] 𝑑𝜃
0 1 + tan 4 tan 𝜃 0 1 + tan 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
4 1 + tan 𝜃 + 1 − tan 𝜃 4 2
= ∫ log [ ] 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ log [ ] 𝑑𝜃
0 1 + tan 𝜃 0 1 + tan 𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
4 4 4
= ∫ log 2𝑑θ − ∫ log(1 + tan 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ log 2𝑑θ − 𝐼
0 0 0
𝜋
𝜋
2𝐼 = [𝜃 log 2]04 = log 2
4
𝜋
𝐼 = log 2
8
Theorem: state and prove walli’s formula for definite integral or show that
If 𝑛 be positive integer
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
∫ sin𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛−5 3 1 𝜋
= ∙ ∙ ⋯ ∙ ∙
𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛−4 4 2 2
Or
𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛−5 4 2
= ∙ ∙ ⋯ ∙ ∙1
𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛−4 5 3
According as 𝑛 is even or odd.
Proof:
𝐼𝑛 = ∫ sin𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin𝑛−1 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin𝑛−1 𝑥 (− cos 𝑥) + (𝑛 − 1) ∫ sin𝑛−2 𝑥cos2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= sin𝑛−1 𝑥 (− cos 𝑥) + (𝑛 − 1) ∫ sin𝑛−2 𝑥(1 − sin2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

= −sin𝑛−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1) ∫ sin𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1) ∫ sin𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= −sin𝑛−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1) ∫ sin𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛

𝑛𝐼𝑛 = −sin𝑛−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1) ∫ sin𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

 𝜋 𝜋
−sin𝑛−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 2 (𝑛 − 1) 2 𝑛−2
𝐼𝑛 = [ ] + ∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑛 0
𝑛 0
(𝑛 − 1)
𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛
Similarly if we proceed we get
𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛−5 3 1
𝐼𝑛 = ∙ ∙ ⋯ ∙ ∙𝐼
𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛−4 4 2 0
𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛−5 4 2
= ∙ ∙ ⋯ ∙ ∙𝐼
𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛−4 5 3 1
according as 𝑛 is even or odd.
𝜋
𝜋
2 𝜋
𝐼0 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥]02 =
0 2
𝜋
𝜋
2
𝐼1 = ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [− cos 𝑥]02 =1
0
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
∴ ∫ sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑛
0 0
𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛−5 3 1 𝜋
= ∙ ∙ ⋯ ∙ ∙
𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛−4 4 2 2
Or
𝑛−1 𝑛−3 𝑛−5 4 2
= ∙ ∙ ⋯ ∙ ∙1
𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛−4 5 3
according as 𝑛 is even or odd.

Theorem: If both m and n are even

𝜋
2 (𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 3) ⋯ 3 ∙ 1(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 3) ⋯ 3 ∙ 1 𝜋
∫ sin𝑚 𝑥 cos𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∙
0 (𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2) ⋯ 6 ∙ 4 ∙ 2 2
If m is even and n is odd
(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 3) ⋯ 3 ∙ 1(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 3) ⋯ 4 ∙ 2
= ∙1
(𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2) ⋯ 5 ∙ 3 ∙ 1
If both m and n are odd
(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 3) ⋯ 4 ∙ 2(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 3) ⋯ 4 ∙ 2 1
= ∙
(𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2) ⋯ 6 ∙ 4 ∙ 2 2

1
Problem 2: Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 6 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Put 𝑥 = sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃, 𝑥 → 0, 𝜃 → 0, 𝑥 → 1, 𝜃 → 𝜋/2
𝜋 𝜋
1
2 2
6√
∫ 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
6
0 0 0
5∙3∙1∙1 𝜋 5𝜋
= ∙ =
8 ∙ 6 ∙ 4 ∙ 2 2 256
1
Problem 3: Evaluate ∫0 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)3⁄2 𝑑𝑥
Solution: Put 𝑥 = sin2 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃, 𝑥 → 0, 𝜃 → 0, 𝑥 → 1, 𝜃 → 𝜋/2
𝜋 𝜋
1 3
2 2
2 3⁄2 4 2
∫ 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 2 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃 cos 4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0 0 0
4∙2∙3∙1 16
=2 =
9 ∙ 7 ∙ 5 ∙ 3 ∙ 1 315
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Problem 4: Evaluate 𝑖) ∫02 sin9 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑖) ∫02 sin10 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫02 sin5 𝑥 cos 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝜋
2 8∙6∙4∙2 128
𝑖) ∫ sin9 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = =
0 9 ∙ 7 ∙ 5 ∙ 3 ∙ 1 315
𝜋
2 9 ∙ 7 ∙ 5 ∙ 3 ∙ 1 𝜋 63𝜋
𝑖𝑖) ∫ sin10 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∙ =
0 10 ∙ 8 ∙ 6 ∙ 4 ∙ 2 2 512
𝜋
2 4∙2∙6∙4∙2 1 1
𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫ sin5 𝑥 cos 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∙ =
0 12 ∙ 10 ∙ 8 ∙ 6 ∙ 4 ∙ 2 2 240

𝜋 𝑥𝑑𝑥 (𝑎2 +𝑏 2 )𝜋 2
Problem 5: show that ∫0 (𝑎2 cos2 𝑥+𝑏 2 sin2 𝑥)2
= 4𝑎3 𝑏 3
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋 (𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝐼=∫ 2 2 2 2 2
= ∫ 2 2 2 2 2
0 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥) 0 (𝑎 cos (𝜋 − 𝑥) + 𝑏 sin (𝜋 − 𝑥))
𝜋 (𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝜋 𝜋
𝜋𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥
=∫ 2 2 2 2 2
= ∫ 2 2 2 2 2
− ∫ 2 2 2 2 2
0 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥) 0 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥) 0 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥)
𝜋
𝜋𝑑𝑥
∫ 2 2 2 2 2
−𝐼
0 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥)
𝜋
1 𝜋 𝜋𝑑𝑥 2 𝜋𝑑𝑥 (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )𝜋 2
∴𝐼= ∫ =∫ =
2 0 (𝑎2 cos2 𝑥 + 𝑏 2 sin2 𝑥)2 2 2 2 2
0 (𝑎 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑥)
2 4𝑎3 𝑏 3
(Solution See problem 7 (iii))
𝜋⁄4
Problem 6: Obtain reduction formulae for 𝑖) ∫ tan𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑖) ∫0 tan𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 hence deduce
𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫ tan5 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑣) ∫ tan6 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑖) 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ tan𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥 tan2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥 (sec 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
tan𝑛−1 𝑥
= ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛−1
tan𝑛−1 𝑥
∴ 𝐼𝑛 = − 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑛−1
𝜋⁄4 𝜋⁄4
tan𝑛−1 𝑥
𝑖𝑖) 𝐽𝑛 = [ ] − ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑛−1 0 0
1
∴ 𝐽𝑛 = − 𝐽𝑛−2
𝑛−1
 tan4 𝑥
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐼5 = ∫ tan5 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝐼3
4
tan2 𝑥
𝐼3 = ∫ tan3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝐼1
2
𝐼1 = ∫ tan x 𝑑𝑥 = log sec 𝑥

5
tan4 𝑥 tan2 𝑥
∴ 𝐼5 = ∫ tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − + log sec 𝑥
4 2
6
tan5 𝑥
𝑖𝑣) 𝐼6 = ∫ tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝐼4
5
4
tan3 𝑥
𝐼4 = ∫ tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝐼2
3
𝐼2 = ∫ tan2 x 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (sec 2 x −1)𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 − 𝑥
tan5 𝑥 tan3 𝑥
∴ 𝐼6 = ∫ tan6 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − + tan 𝑥 − 𝑥
5 3
Problem 7: Obtain reduction formulae for 𝑖) ∫ sec 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 hence deduce 𝑖𝑖) ∫ sec 6 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫ sec 7 𝑥𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑖) 𝐼𝑛 = ∫ sec 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sec 𝑛−2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= sec 𝑛−2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ∫(𝑛 − 2) sec 𝑛−3 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= sec 𝑛−2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ∫(𝑛 − 2) sec 𝑛−2 𝑥 (sec 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥

= sec 𝑛−2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2) ∫ sec 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑛 − 2) ∫ sec 𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= sec 𝑛−2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − (𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝑛 + (𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝑛−2
(1 + 𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝑛 = sec 𝑛−2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 2)𝐼𝑛−2
sec 𝑛−2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑛 − 2
𝐼𝑛 = + 𝐼
𝑛−1 𝑛 − 1 𝑛−2
sec 4 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 4
𝑖𝑖) 𝐼6 = ∫ sec 6 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐼4
5 5
2
sec 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 2
𝐼4 = ∫ sec 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐼2
3 3
𝐼2 = ∫ sec 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
sec 4 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 4 sec 2 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 4 2
𝐼6 = ∫ sec 6 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
5 5 3 53
sec 5 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 5
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐼7 = ∫ sec 7 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐼5
6 6
3
sec 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 3
𝐼5 = ∫ sec 5 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐼3
4 4
 sec 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 1
𝐼3 = + 𝐼1
2 2
𝐼1 = ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)

7
sec 5 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 5 sec 3 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 5 3 sec 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 5 3 1
𝐼7 = ∫ sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + + + log(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)
6 6 4 64 2 642
∞
Problem 8: Obtain reduction formulae for ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 hence deduce ∫0 𝑒 −4𝑥 cos5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑎𝑥 𝑛
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝐼𝑛 = ∫ 𝑒 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos𝑛−1 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
= + [ cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
1
− ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 {(𝑛 − 1) cos𝑛−2 𝑥(− sin 𝑥) sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥}𝑑𝑥]
𝑎
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos𝑛 𝑥 𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
= + 2 cos𝑛−1 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 {(𝑛 − 1) cos 𝑛−2 𝑥(1 − cos 2 𝑥) + cos 𝑛 𝑥} 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑒 cos 𝑥 (acos 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑛
= 2
+ 2
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 {(𝑛 − 1) cos𝑛 𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑛
+ cos 𝑥}𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑒 cos 𝑥 (acos 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑎𝑥 𝑛−2
𝑛2
= + ∫ 𝑒 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑛2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos𝑛−1 𝑥 (acos 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
(1 + 2 ) 𝐼𝑛 = + 𝐼𝑛−2
𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos𝑛−1 𝑥 (acos 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
𝐼𝑛 = + 2 𝐼
𝑎 2 + 𝑛2 𝑎 + 𝑛2 𝑛−2

∞
Now the reduction formula for ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 is
∞
𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 cos𝑛−1 𝑥 (−acos 𝑥 + 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
𝐼𝑛 = [ ] + 2 𝐼
2
𝑎 +𝑛 2
0
𝑎 + 𝑛2 𝑛−2
𝑎 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
𝐼𝑛 = 2 + 2 𝐼
𝑎 +𝑛 2 𝑎 + 𝑛2 𝑛−2
4 20
∴ 𝐼5 = + 𝐼
41 41 3
4 6
𝐼3 = + 𝐼
25 25 1
∞
4 4
𝐼1 = ∫ 𝑒 −4𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 2
=
0 4 +1 17
708
∴ 𝐼5 =
3485
Chapter VIII
Gama beta function
Gama function: The second Eulerian integral is called gama function and is defined as
 ∞
Γ(𝑛) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥, and 𝑛 > 0 but need not be integer.
Beta function: The first Eulerian integral is called beta function and is defined as
1
β(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫0 𝑥 𝑚−1 (1 − 𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥, and 𝑚, 𝑛 > 0 but need not be integer.
Problem 1: Show that 𝑖) β(𝑚, 𝑛) = β(𝑛, 𝑚) 𝑖𝑖) Γ(1) = 1 𝑖𝑖𝑖) Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛Γ(𝑛)
∞ Γ(𝑛)
𝑖𝑣) ∫0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑛
Solution:
1 1
𝑖) β(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫ 𝑥 𝑚−1 (1 − 𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − 𝑥)𝑚−1 (1 − 1 + 𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
0 0
1
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑛−1 (1 − 𝑥)𝑚−1 𝑑𝑥 = β(𝑛, 𝑚)
0
∞
𝑖𝑖) Γ(1) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1
0
∞ ∞
𝑖𝑖𝑖) Γ(𝑛 + 1) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛+1−1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥
0 0
∞ ∞
= [−𝑥 𝑛 𝑒 −𝑥 ]∞ −𝑥 𝑛−1
0 +𝑛∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 + 𝑛 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛Γ(𝑛)
0 0
When 𝑛 is positive integer Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛!
∞
𝑖𝑣) Γ(𝑛) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦
0
Put 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑘𝑑𝑥, 𝑦 → 0, 𝑥 → 0; 𝑦 → ∞, 𝑥 → ∞
∞ ∞
Γ(𝑛) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 (𝑘𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑘𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑘 𝑛 𝑑𝑥
0 0
∞
Γ(𝑛)
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
𝑘𝑛 0
1
∞ 2 ∞
Problem 2: show that 𝑖) Γ(𝑛) = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑖) Γ(𝑛 + 1) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥
1
1 1 𝑛−1 ∞ 2 ∞ 1 1 5
𝑖𝑖𝑖) Γ(𝑛) = ∫0 (log 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 hence integrate 𝑖𝑣) ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣) ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑖) ∫0 (log 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑖) we know
∞
Γ(𝑛) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦
Put 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥; 𝑦 → 0, 𝑥 → 0, 𝑦 → ∞, 𝑥 → ∞
∞ 2 ∞ 2
Γ(𝑛) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑛−2 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
𝑖𝑖) we know
∞
Γ(𝑛) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
Put 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥, 𝑛𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥, 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦 = ; 𝑦 → 0, 𝑥 → 0, 𝑦 → ∞, 𝑥 → ∞
𝑛
1 ∞ −𝑥 𝑛1 ∞ 1
Γ(𝑛) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑛Γ(𝑛) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 0 0
∞ 1
−𝑥 𝑛
⇒ Γ(𝑛 + 1) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑖𝑖𝑖) we know
∞
Γ(𝑛) = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦
1 1
Put 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 , 𝑦 = log 𝑥 , 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥; 𝑦 → 0, 𝑥 → 1, 𝑦 → ∞, 𝑥 → 0
0 1 𝑛−1 1 1 𝑛−1
Γ(𝑛) = − ∫1 (log 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 (log 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑖𝑣) we know
∞ 2
Γ(𝑛) = 2 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
1
Put 𝑛 = 2
∞ ∞
1 2 2 1 1 1
Γ ( ) = 2 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = Γ ( ) = √𝜋
2 0 0 2 2 2
𝑣) we know
∞ 1
−𝑥 𝑛
Γ(𝑛 + 1) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
0
Put 𝑛 = 4
∞ 1 ∞ 1
Γ(5) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = Γ(5) = 24
0 0
𝑣𝑖) we know
1 1 𝑛−1
Γ(𝑛) = ∫0 (log 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Put 𝑛 = 6
1 1 5 1 1 5
Γ(6) = ∫0 (log 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫0 (log 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = Γ(6) = 120
∞ 𝑦 𝑛−1 ∞ 𝑦 𝑚−1 ∞ 𝑦7
Problem 3: Show that 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫0 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 𝑑𝑦 hence integrate ∫0 𝑑𝑦
(1+𝑦)𝑚+𝑛 (1+𝑦)𝑚+𝑛 (1+𝑦)14
Solution: we know
1
β(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫ 𝑥 𝑚−1 (1 − 𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
0
1 1 1 1
Put 𝑥 = 1+𝑦 , 1 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1, 𝑑𝑥 = − (1+𝑦)2 𝑑𝑦, 𝑥 → 0, 𝑦 → ∞, 𝑥 → 1, 𝑦 → 0
1 𝑚−10
1 𝑛−1 1
β(𝑚, 𝑛) = − ∫ ( ) (1 − ) 𝑑𝑦
∞ 1+𝑦 1+𝑦 (1 + 𝑦)2
∞
1 𝑚−1 𝑦 𝑛−1 1 ∞
𝑦 𝑛−1
=∫ ( ) ( ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
0 1+𝑦 1+𝑦 (1 + 𝑦 )2 0 (1 + 𝑦 )
𝑚+𝑛

Similarly
∞
𝑦 𝑚−1
β(𝑛, 𝑚) = ∫ 𝑚+𝑛
𝑑𝑦
0 (1 + 𝑦)
Since β(𝑚, 𝑛) = β(𝑛, 𝑚)
∞ 𝑦 𝑛−1 ∞ 𝑦 𝑚−1
𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫0 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 𝑑𝑦 (proved)
(1+𝑦)𝑚+𝑛 (1+𝑦)𝑚+𝑛
We know
∞
𝑦 𝑛−1
𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
0 (1 + 𝑦)𝑚+𝑛
Put 𝑚 = 7, 𝑛 = 8
∞
𝑦7 Γ(7)Γ(8) 1∙2∙3∙4∙5∙6∙1∙2∙3∙4∙5∙6∙7
∫ 14
𝑑𝑦 = 𝛽(7,8) = =
0 (1 + 𝑦) Γ(7 + 8) 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14
1
=
2 ∙ 3 ∙ 2 ∙ 11 ∙ 13 ∙ 14
Problem 4: Show that
Γ(𝑚)Γ(𝑛)
𝑖) 𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) =
Γ(𝑚 + 𝑛)
𝜋 𝑝+1 𝑞+1
2 Γ( 2 )Γ( 2 )
𝑝 𝑞
𝑖𝑖) ∫ sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 =
𝑝+𝑞+2
0 2Γ ( )
2
Solution:
𝑖) we know
∞
Γ(𝑚) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑚−1 𝑑𝑥
0
And
∞
Γ(𝑛)
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑛 0
∞
Γ(𝑛) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥𝑦 𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦
0
∞ ∞ ∞
−𝑥(1+𝑦) 𝑚+𝑛−1 𝑛−1
Γ(𝑚 + 𝑛) 𝑛−1
∴ Γ(𝑚)Γ(𝑛) = ∫ {∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥} 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0 0 0 (1 + 𝑦)𝑚+𝑛
∞ 𝑛−1
𝑦
= Γ(𝑚 + 𝑛) ∫ 𝑚+𝑛
𝑑𝑦 = Γ(𝑚 + 𝑛)𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛)
0 (1 + 𝑦)
Γ(𝑚)Γ(𝑛)
𝛽(𝑚, 𝑛) =
Γ(𝑚 + 𝑛)
𝑖𝑖) we know
1
β(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫ 𝑥 𝑚−1 (1 − 𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥
0
2 𝜋
Put 𝑥 = sin 𝜃 , 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃, 𝑥 → 0, 𝜃 → 0, 𝑥 → 1, 𝜃 → 2
𝜋
2
β(𝑚, 𝑛) = ∫ (sin2 𝜃)𝑚−1 (1 − sin2 𝜃)𝑛−1 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
2𝑚−2 2𝑛−2
= ∫ (sin 𝜃) (cos 𝜃) 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 2 ∫ sin 𝜃 2𝑚−1 cos 𝜃 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝜃
0 0
Or
𝜋
2 β(𝑚, 𝑛) Γ(𝑚)Γ(𝑛)
∫ sin2𝑚−1 𝜃 cos2𝑛−1 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = =
0 2 2Γ(𝑚 + 𝑛)
𝑝+1 𝑞+1
Put 2𝑚 − 1 = 𝑝 and 2𝑛 − 1 = 𝑞 ∴ 𝑚 = ,𝑛 =
2 2
 𝜋 𝑝+1 𝑞+1 𝑝+1 𝑞+1
2 Γ( 2 )Γ( 2 ) Γ( 2 )Γ( 2 )
∫ sin𝑝 𝜃 cos 𝑞 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = =
𝑝+1 𝑞+1 𝑝+𝑞+2
0 2Γ ( 2 + 2 ) 2Γ ( )
2
Example:
𝜋 5+1 4+1 5 3 1 1
2 Γ ( 2 ) Γ ( 2 ) Γ(3)Γ (2) 2 ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 2 Γ (2) 8
∫ sin5 𝜃 cos 4 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = = = =
5+4+2 11 9 7 5 3 1 1
0 2Γ ( ) 2Γ ( 2 ) 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 2 Γ (2) 315
2

𝜋
Problem 5: Show that Γ(𝑛)Γ(1 − 𝑛) = sin 𝑛𝜋
Solution: We know
∞
Γ(𝑚)Γ(𝑛) 𝑥 𝑛−1
β(𝑚, 𝑛) = =∫ 𝑚+𝑛
𝑑𝑥
2Γ(𝑚 + 𝑛) 0 (1 + 𝑥)
Let 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 1
∞ 𝑛−1 1 𝑛−1 ∞ 𝑛−1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Γ(𝑛)Γ(1 − 𝑛) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1+𝑥 0 1+𝑥 1 1+𝑥
1 𝑛−1
𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐼
0 1+𝑥
Here
∞ 𝑛−1
𝑥
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 1+𝑥
1 1
Put 𝑥 = , 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑦, 𝑥 → 1, 𝑦 → 1; 𝑥 → ∞, 𝑦 → 0
𝑦 𝑦2
1 𝑛−1 1 𝑛+1 1 𝑛+1 1 𝑛
0(
) 1( ) 1( ) 𝑦 1 ( )
𝑦 1 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝐼 = −∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
1 1+
1 𝑦2 0
1+𝑦 0 1+𝑦 0 1+𝑦
𝑦 𝑦
1 −𝑛 1 −𝑛
𝑦 𝑥
𝐼=∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1+𝑦 0 1+𝑥
1 𝑛−1 1 1 𝑛−1
𝑥 𝑥 −𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑥 −𝑛
∴ Γ(𝑛)Γ(1 − 𝑛) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1+𝑥 0 1+𝑥 0 1+𝑥
1
= ∫ (𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑥 −𝑛 ) (1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + ⋯ )𝑑𝑥
0
1 1
= ∫ (𝑥 𝑛−1 − 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑥 𝑛+1 − 𝑥 𝑛+2 + ⋯ ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 −𝑛 − 𝑥 −𝑛+1 + 𝑥 −𝑛+2 − 𝑥 −𝑛+3 + ⋯ ) 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3 1 −𝑛+1 1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 −𝑛+2 𝑥 −𝑛+3 𝑥 −𝑛+4
=[ − + − +⋯] +[ − + − +⋯]
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3 0
−𝑛 + 1 −𝑛 + 2 −𝑛 + 3 −𝑛 + 4 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=[ − + − +⋯]−[ − + − +⋯]
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3 𝑛−1 𝑛−2 𝑛−3 𝑛−4
We know
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = ( − + − +⋯)−( − + − +⋯)
𝜃 𝜃 + 𝜋 𝜃 + 2𝜋 𝜃 + 3𝜋 𝜃 − 𝜋 𝜃 − 2𝜋 𝜃 − 3𝜋 𝜃 − 4𝜋
If 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 then
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛𝜋 = ( − + − +⋯)− ( − + − +⋯)
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3 𝜋 𝑛−1 𝑛−2 𝑛−3 𝑛−4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑛𝜋 = ( − + − +⋯)−( − + − +⋯)
𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+2 𝑛+3 𝑛−1 𝑛−2 𝑛−3 𝑛−4
𝜋
⇒ = Γ(𝑛)Γ(1 − 𝑛)
sin 𝑛𝜋
𝜋
Γ(𝑛)Γ(1 − 𝑛) =
sin 𝑛𝜋
Chapter Ix
Length of curves
Length of curves for Cartesian equation:

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑦 2
2 √
= sec 𝜓 = √1 + tan 𝜓 = 1 + ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑠 = √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2
𝑆 = ∫ √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Chapter x
Area and volume of curves and surface of revolution
𝑥2 𝑦2
Problem 1: Find the area of the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 between the major and minor axes
Solution:
 Y

X
a

Area of the ellipse

𝑎 𝑎
𝑏
𝐴 = 4 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 0 𝑎
𝜋
Put 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃, 𝑥 → 0, 𝜃 → 0; 𝑥 → 𝑎, 𝜃 → 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2𝑏 2 2
𝐴 = 4∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑎2 sin2 𝜃𝑎 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 4 ∫ 𝑎𝑏 cos 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 2𝑎𝑏 ∫ (1 − cos 2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
0 𝑎 0 0
𝜋
sin 2𝜃 2 𝜋
= 2𝑎𝑏 [𝜃 − ] = 2𝑎𝑏 ∙ = 𝜋𝑎𝑏
2 0 2
Problem 2: Find the area of the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 bounded by 𝑥 = 4
Solution:

X=4
X

Area of the bounded region

4 4
1 2 3 4 8 3 64
𝐴 = 2 ∫ √4𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4√𝑎 ∫ 𝑥 ⁄2 𝑑𝑥 = 4√𝑎 ∙ [𝑥 2 ] = √𝑎 ∙ 42 = √𝑎
0 0 3 0 3 3
Problem 3: Find the area of the loop of the curve 𝑥𝑦 2 + (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 (𝑥 + 2𝑎) = 0
Solution:

If 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = −𝑎, −2𝑎 implies that the curve cut x axis at points 𝑥 = −𝑎, −2𝑎
The area of the loop is
−𝑎 −𝑎 (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 (𝑥 + 2𝑎)
𝐴 = 2∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ √− 𝑑𝑥
−2𝑎 −2𝑎 𝑥
Put 𝑥 + 2𝑎 = 𝑧, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧; 𝑥 → −2𝑎, 𝑧 → 0; 𝑥 → −𝑎, 𝑧 → 𝑎
𝑎
𝑧
𝐴 = 2 ∫ (𝑎 − 𝑧)√ 𝑑𝑧
0 2𝑎 − 𝑧
𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜋
Putting 𝑧 = 2𝑎 sin2 2 , 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝑎 sin 2 cos 2 𝑑𝜃; 𝑧 → 0, 𝜃 → 0; 𝑧 → 𝑎, 𝜃 → 2
𝜋 𝜃 𝜋
2 sin 2 𝜃 𝜃 2
𝐴 = 2 ∫ 𝑎cos 𝜃 2𝑎 sin cos 𝑑𝜃 = 2𝑎2 ∫ cos 𝜃 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑑𝜃
𝜃 2 2
0 cos 2 0
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2 2 2
= 2𝑎 ∫ (cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = 2𝑎 ∫ cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 2𝑎 ∫ cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 2 2 2
0 0 0
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋
2 sin 2𝜃 2
= 2𝑎2 [sin 𝜃]02− 𝑎2 ∫ (1 + cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = 2𝑎2 − 𝑎2 [𝜃 + ]
0 2 0
2 2
𝜋 𝑎2
= 2𝑎 − 𝑎 = (4 − 𝜋)
2 2
Problem 4: Find the area above the x axis included between the parabola 𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑥 and the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎𝑥
Solution:

The points of intersection of the curves are (0,0) and (𝑎, ±𝑎)
The required area is
𝑎 𝑎
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑦1 − 𝑦2 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (√2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − √𝑎𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 0
2 𝜋
Putting 𝑥 = 2𝑎 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑎 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃; 𝑥 → 0, 𝜃 → 0; 𝑥 → 𝑎, 𝜃 → 4
𝜋
𝑎 1
4
𝐴 = ∫ (√4𝑎2 sin2 𝜃 − 4𝑎2 sin4 𝜃 4𝑎 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ √𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝜋
4 2 3 𝑎
= 2𝑎2 ∫ 2sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 2sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − √𝑎 [𝑥 2 ]
0 3 0
𝜋
4 2 3
= 𝑎 ∫ 2 sin2 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − √𝑎𝑎2
2
0 3
𝜋 𝜋
4 2 sin 4𝜃 4 2 2
= 𝑎2 ∫ (1 − cos 4𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 − 𝑎2 = 𝑎2 [𝜃 − ] − 𝑎
0 3 4 0 3
𝜋 2 𝜋 2
= 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 = 𝑎2 ( − )
4 3 4 3
Problem 5: Find the area bounded by the cardioide 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃)
Solution:
The curve is symmetric about the initial line then the required area is
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1
𝐴 = 2 ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑎2 (1 − cos 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎2 ∫ (1 − 2cos 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
0 2 0 0

2 [𝜃 𝜋
𝑎 2 𝜋
2
𝑎2 sin 2𝜃 𝜋
=𝑎 − 2 sin 𝜃]0 + ∫ (1 + cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎 𝜋 + [𝜃 + ]
2 0 2 2 0
𝑎2 𝜋 3𝑎2 𝜋
= 𝑎2 𝜋 + =
2 2

The solid of revolution, the axis of revolution is x axis:

Let a curve 𝐿𝑀 whose Cartesian equation is given 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) be rotated about the 𝑥 axis and form
a solid of revolution, let us consider the portion 𝐿𝐿′𝑀′𝑀 of this solid bounded by 𝑥 = 𝑥1 and 𝑥 =
𝑥2 . Consider a circular slices 𝑃𝑃′ with coordinates 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑃′(𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑦 + ∆𝑦).
The volume of the slices with thickness ∆𝑥 is 𝜋𝑦 2 ∆𝑥
Hence total volume of the solid bounded by 𝑥 = 𝑥1 and 𝑥 = 𝑥2 is
 𝑥2
𝑉 = lim ∑ 𝜋𝑦 ∆𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
2
∆𝑥→0 𝑥1
Again the area of the slices is 2𝜋𝑦∆𝑠
Hence total surface area of the solid bounded by 𝑥 = 𝑥1 and 𝑥 = 𝑥2 is
𝑠2 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑆 = lim ∑ 2𝜋𝑦∆𝑠 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑠 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦√1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
∆𝑠→0 𝑠1 𝑥1 𝑑𝑥
Similarly if the axis of revolution is y axis:
𝑦2
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1

𝑦2
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥√1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1 𝑑𝑦
Problem 6: Find the volume and area of the curved surface of a paraboloid of revolution form by
revolving the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 about the 𝑥 axis bounded by 𝑥 = 4
Solution:

Here,
𝑑𝑦 𝑎
𝑦 = 2√𝑎𝑥, =√
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
The required volume is
4 4
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ 4𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 = [2𝑎𝑥 2 ]40 = 32𝑎
0 0
Also the required surface area is
 4
𝑑𝑦 2 4
𝑎 4
√
𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋 ∫ √4𝑎𝑥 √1 + 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝜋√𝑎 ∫ √𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥 0 𝑥 0
2 3 4 8𝜋 3 3
= 4𝜋√𝑎 [(𝑎 + 𝑥)2 ] = √𝑎 {(𝑎 + 4)2 − 𝑎2 }
3 0 3
Problem 7: Find the volume and area of the curved surface of the reel generated by the parabola
𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 bounded by the latus rectum revolves about the tangent at vertex.
Solution:

Here the axis of revolution being 𝑦 axis and the extreme values of 𝑦 being ±2𝑎
The volume is
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎
2
𝑦4 𝜋 𝑦5 𝜋 32𝑎5 32𝑎5
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫ 2
𝑑𝑦 = [ ] = ( + )
−2𝑎 −2𝑎 16𝑎 16𝑎2 5 −2𝑎 16𝑎2 5 5
4𝜋𝑎3
=
5
The surface is
2𝑎
𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑎 2
𝑦 𝑦2
√
𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑥 1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝜋 ∫ √1 + 𝑑𝑦
−2𝑎 𝑑𝑦 −2𝑎 4𝑎 4𝑎2
𝜋 𝜋
Putting 𝑦 = 2𝑎 tan 𝜃, 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑎 sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃; 𝑦 → −2𝑎, 𝜃 → − , 𝑦 → 2𝑎, 𝜃 →
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
4 4𝑎2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃 4𝑎2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃 4
𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ √1 + 2𝑎 sec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 4𝜋𝑎2 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃 sec 3 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝜋 4𝑎 4𝑎 2 𝜋
− −
4 4
𝜋
4
= 4𝜋𝑎2 ∫ (sec 5 𝜃 − sec 3 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
𝜋
−
4
𝜋
tan 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃 tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃 1 𝜋 𝜃 4
= 4𝜋𝑎2 [ − − log tan ( + )]
4 8 8 4 2 −𝜋
4
 3 1 𝜋
= 4𝜋𝑎2 [ √2 − log cot ]
4 4 8

Problem 8: Find the volume and surface area of the solid generated by revolving the cycloid 𝑥 =
𝑎(𝜃 + sin 𝜃) , 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃) about its base.
Solution:

The extreme values of 𝑥 are given by 𝜃 = ±𝜋 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑥 = ±𝑎𝜋

The required volume
𝑎𝜋
2 3
𝜋
3
𝜃 3
3
𝜋
2
𝑉 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋𝑎 ∫ (1 + cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜋𝑎 ∫ (2 cos ) 𝑑𝜃
−𝑎𝜋 −𝜋 −𝜋 2
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
𝜃 𝜃 2
= 8𝜋𝑎 ∫ cos 𝑑𝜃 = 8𝜋𝑎3 ∙ 2 ∫ cos6 𝑑𝜃 = 16𝜋𝑎3 ∫ cos 6 𝑢 ∙ 2𝑑𝑢
3 6
−𝜋 2 0 2 0
5 ∙ 3 ∙ 1 𝜋
= 32𝜋𝑎3 ∙ = 5𝜋 2 𝑎3
6∙4∙2 2
The required surface area
𝜋
𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦√𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃) √{𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃)𝑑𝜃}2 + {−𝑎 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃}2
−𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
𝜃
= 2𝜋𝑎2 ∫ (1 + cos 𝜃) √2(1 + cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = 8𝜋𝑎2 ∫ cos 3 𝑑𝜃
−𝜋 −𝜋 2
𝜋 𝜋
2 2 2 64 2
= 8𝜋𝑎2 ∙ 2 ∫ cos3 𝑢 2𝑑𝑢 = 32𝜋𝑎2 ∫ cos 3 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 32𝜋𝑎2 ∙1= 𝜋𝑎
0 0 3∙1 3

Problem 9: Find the volume and surface area of the solid generated by revolving the cardioide
𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃) about the initial line.
Solution:
The extreme points of curve are given by 𝜃 = 0, 𝜋
The required volume
𝜋
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑(𝑟 cos 𝜃)
0
𝜋
= 𝜋𝑎3 ∫ (1 − cos 𝜃)2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑((1 − cos 𝜃) cos 𝜃)
0
𝜋
= 𝜋𝑎3 ∫ (1 − cos 𝜃)2 sin2 𝜃 (− sin 𝜃 + 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
0
Putting 𝑧 = cos 𝜃, 𝑑𝑧 = − sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃; 𝜃 → 0, 𝑧 → 1, 𝜃 → 𝜋, 𝑧 → −1
−1
= 𝜋𝑎 ∫ (1 − 𝑧)2 (1 − 𝑧 2 ) (1 − 2𝑧)𝑑𝑧
3
1
−1
= 𝜋𝑎3 ∫ (1 − 4𝑧 + 4𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 3 − 5𝑧 4 + 2𝑧 5 ) 𝑑𝑧
1

3
4 3 1 4
2 5
1 6 −1
= 𝜋𝑎 [𝑧 − 2𝑧 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 ]
3 2 3 1
4 1 1 4 1 1
= 𝜋𝑎3 [(−1 − 2 − + + 1 + ) − (1 − 2 + + − 1 + )]
3 2 3 3 2 3
8 8 8
= 𝜋𝑎3 (−2 − + 2) = − 𝜋𝑎3 = 𝜋𝑎3
3 3 3
The required surface area
𝑆 = 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑟 sin 𝜃 √𝑑𝑟 2 + 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃 2
𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃) sin 𝜃√(𝑎 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃)2 + 𝑎2 (1 − cos 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃 2
0
𝜋
2
= 2𝜋𝑎 ∫ (1 − cos 𝜃) sin 𝜃√2(1 − cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
0
Putting 𝑧 = 1 − cos 𝜃, 𝑑𝑧 = sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃; 𝜃 → 0, 𝑧 → 0, 𝜃 → 𝜋, 𝑧 → 0
2
2 5 2
= 2𝜋𝑎2 √2 ∫ 𝑧√𝑧𝑑𝑧 = 2√2𝜋𝑎2 [𝑧 2 ]
0 5 0
32 2
= 𝜋𝑎
5