= x(ex + m) − ex + m dx

= xex + mx − ex − mx + C
= xex − ex + C

由上述可知, v 取成 ex + m 並不會影響答案. 3.3 基 本積 分技 巧

 
習題解答 3.3.2.

( )′ ( )′
(x2 − 2x + 2)ex + C = x2 ex − 2xex + 2ex + C
= 2xex + x2 ex − (2ex + 2xex ) + 2ex = x2 ex

 
習題解答 3.3.3.

(1) x3 ex dx 即 E3 (x), 利用例 3.3.2 公式可得

´

E3 (x) = x3 ex − 3E2 (x)

72 = x3 ex − 3(x2 ex − 2(xex − ex )) + C 第 3 章 積分

 
= − + x3 ex 3x2 ex 6xex − 6ex +C


習題解答
(2) x4 ex3.3.4.
dx 即 E4 (x), 利用例 3.3.2 公式可得
´

(1) E4 (x) = x4 ex − 4E3 (x)

( )
=1 xx4 ex − 4[x3 ex − 3(x2 e′ x − 2(xex − ex ))] + C
e (sin x − cos x) + C
=2 x4 ex − 4x3 ex + 12x2 ex − 24xex + 24ex + C
1 1 1 1
= ( ex sin x + ex cos x) − ( ex cos x − ex sin x)
2 2 2 2
= ex sin x

(2)
( )′
1 x
e (sin x + cos x) + C
2
1 1 1 1
= ( ex sin x + ex cos x) + ( ex cos x − ex sin x)
2 2 2 2
= ex cos x

 
習題解答 3.3.5.

(1)
e2x sin x dx e2x d(− cos x) = −e2x cos x + 2 e2x cos x dx
´ ´ ´
=
∥
2x
sin x d( e2 ) 1 2x 1 2x
´
2 e sin x − 2 e cos x dx
´
=
5 1 2x
e2x cos x dx = 2x
´
⇒ 2 2 e sin x + e cos x + C
(1 2
) 2x
e2x cos x dx
´
⇒ = 5 sin x + 5 cos x e + C

e2x cos x dx e2x d(sin x) = e2x sin x − 2 e2x sin x dx

´ ´ ´
=
∥
2x
cos x d( e2 ) 1 2x 1 2x
´
2 e cos x + 2 e sin x dx
´
=
5
e2x sin x dx = e2x sin x − 12 e2x cos x + C
´
⇒ 2
(2 1
) 2x
e2x sin x dx
´
⇒ = 5 sin x − 5 cos x e + C

(2)
ex sin 2x dx ex d(− cos22x ) = − 21 ex cos 2x + 1
ex cos 2x dx
´ ´ ´
= 2
∥
sin 2x d(ex ) = ex sin 2x − 2 ex cos 2x dx
´ ´

5
ex cos 2x dx = ex sin 2x + 12 ex cos 2x + C
´
⇒ 2
( ) 1
ex cos 2x dx = 25 sin 2x + 15 cos 2x ex + C
´
⇒
 1 1 1 1
= ( ex sin x + ex cos x) + ( ex cos x − ex sin x)
2 2 2 2
= ex cos x

 
習題解答 3.3.5.

(1) 基本積分技巧
3.3. 73

e2x sin x e2x −e2x cos x e2x cos x

´ ´
d(− cos x) =
´
dx = +2 dx
∥ ´ 2x sin 2x
´ ex cos 2x e d( 2 1 ´) =2x21 ex sin 2x − 12 ex sin 2x dx
´ ´
e2x dx = 1 2x
sin x d( 2 ) = 2 e sin x − 2 e cos x dx
´ 2x ∥
⇒ 2 ´ e cos x dx = 12 e2x sin x + e2x
5
´ cos x+C
3.3. 基本積分技巧
´ cos2x 2x d(ex ) = (e1x cos 2x + 2 2 e sin
) 2x 2x dx
x
73
⇒ ´e cos x dx = 5 sin x + 5 cos x e + C
⇒ 52 ex sin 2x dx = 12 e2x sin x − ex cos 2x + C
( )
e sin 2x dx = ´´ 512xsin 2x − 25 cos2x
´ x
⇒ ´´ 2x 2x ex + C ´ 2x
 
e x cos x dx = e 2xd(sin x) = e sin x − 2 e ´ sin x dx
e cos 2x dx = e d( sin22x ) = 21 ex sin 2x − 12 ex sin 2x dx
習題解答 3.3.6.´
∥
∥ 2x
´cos x d( e2 )x = 12 ex2x cos x + 12´ ex2x sin x dx
´
(1) ´ cos 2x d(e ) = e cos 2x +1 22x e sin 2x dx
⇒ 52 5 ´e2xx sin x dx = e2x sin x − 2 e x cos x + C
ˆ ⇒ ´2 e sin ˆ 2x dx = ( 12 e2x sin x − e ˆcos
) 2x2x + C
x⇒sin x ´dxe2xx=sin xxd(−
dx cos= x) (52=1sin − 15xcos
−xx cos 2+ x e cos) x
+ dx
C = −x cos x + sin x + C
⇒ e sin 2x dx = 5 sin 2x − 5 cos 2x ex + C
(2) 
 3.3.6. e sin 2x dx =
(2)
習題解答 e d(− cos22x ) = − 21 ex cos 2x + 12 ex cos 2x dx
´ x ´ x ´
ˆ ˆ ˆ
2 ∥ 2 2
(1) x sin x dx = x d(− cos x) = −x cos x + 2 x cos x dx
x x
´ ´ x
ˆ sin 2x ˆd(e ) = e sin 2x − 2 e ˆcos 2x dxˆ
2
3.3. 基本積分技巧 sin ´ x = xd(−=cos−x cos xcos
+ 2 x xd(sin x) 73
⇒ 2 e cos 2x dx = x)
x 5x dx
ex= sin−x
2x + 21xe+ cos cos
2x + C = −x cos x + sin x + C
x dx
´ x (2 1
) ˆ
⇒ e cos 2x dx == −x52 sin cos2x
x+ 5 cos
+2(x sin2xx− ex +sinC x dx)
(2)
´ 2x sin 2x
ˆ e cos 2x dx =ˆ 2 e d( 2 ) = 21 ex sin 2x −ˆ12 ex sin 2x dx
´ x ´
= −x cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + C
x2 sin x dx = x2 d(− cos x) = −x2 cos x + 2 x cos x dx
∥
(3)
ˆ´
cos 2x d(ex )= =−xe2xcos cosx2x
+ 2 2 xd(sin
+ ex sin x)
2x dx
´
ˆ 5´ x ˆ 1 2x x
⇒ 2 e sin 2x dx 1 = 2 e sin x − e cos 2xˆ+ C
´x lnx x dx = =2 −xln xd(x2 )
(2 1cos x + 2(x2 sin x −) x sin x dx)
⇒ e sin 2x dx = 5 sin 2x ˆ − 5 cos 2x e + C
 
1 22 2 1 1 1
= = (x−x lncos x −x + x2x ·sin xdx)
+ =cosxx2 +
2 x − x2 + C
ln C
 
習題解答 3.3.6. 2 x 2 4
(4)
(3)
(1)
1ˆ
ˆˆ ˆ
ˆ xx2ln
lnxxˆdx = 1 ln
dx = xd(x23))
lnxd(x ˆ
x sin x dx = xd(− cos23 x) = −x cos x + cos x dx = −x cos x + sin x + C
11 23 ˆˆ
11 1 1
= (x
= lnxx−
(x ln 3
− xx2 ·· dx) = 1 xx23ln
dx) = − 1 xx23 +
lnxx− +CC
(2) 23 xx 3
2 49
(5)
(4)
ˆ ˆ ˆ
2 2 2
x sin x dx = x d(− cos x) = −x cos x + 2 x cos x dx
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
x2xe−x 1 3 −x ) = −(x2 e−x −
x2 d(e e−x 2x dx)
x2 ln dx dx= = − ln xd(x )
ˆ
= 3 −x2 cos x + 2 ˆ xd(sin x)
1 −(x 1 −xˆ )) 1 x3 ln x − 1 x3 + C
ˆ
= 3 2 e−x + 2 3 xd(e
= (x ln x − x · dx) =
= 3 −x2 cos x + 2(x sin x x −ˆ 3sin x dx) 9
2 −x −x
(5) = −x
= −[x2 e
cos x +
+ 2(xe e−xxdx)]
2x sin x−+ 2 cos +C
= −x e − 2xe−x − 2e−x + C
ˆ ˆ2 −x ˆ
(3) x2 e−x dx = − x2 d(e−x ) = −(x2 e−x − e−x 2x dx)
ˆ
1
ˆ ˆ
2 −x 2 −x
x ln x dx = = −(x e +
ln xd(x ) 2 xd(e ))
2 ˆ
1 −[x 1 − e1−x 2dx)] 1 2
ˆ
= 2 2 e−x + 2(xe 2 −x
= (x ln x − x · dx) = x ln x − x + C
2 x 2 4
= −x2 e−x − 2xe−x − 2e−x + C
(4)
1
ˆ ˆ
x2 ln x dx = ln xd(x3 )
3
1 3 1 2 1 3 1 3
ˆ
= (x ln x − x3 · dx) = x ln x − x +C
3 x 3 9
 cot xx7dx = 3dx = x 2x d(sin 8x)
ˆsin −1
x dx = x=sin =2 sin
u
u4sinxx−−1 4u(sin2
dux)= sin
· cos u5u−du u3 + C
u= 3x−1 3√ 1 5 3
(31 −duu)=
ˆ
x x
u=sin
3.3. 基本積分技巧 == ˆ lnuˆ|u| + C = duln | sin x| + C 75
2
(3 − u) 2 2 8
ˆ
5 3
u = = ud(sin (4 − x) − u sin (4 − u x) − 2 +sin C u du )
= (u cos u du 3x − 51
u) =
13 du
 
因為u = ⇒ x = √ ⇒ dx =
(3) x −13 − u (3 − u)2
 
76 = u sin 2 第3章 積分
(3)
習題解答 3.3.9. ˆ u + cos u + C = xˆsin x + ˆ 1 − x + C
1 1 3
ˆ= (3 − u)u 2 du = 3 u−12 du − u
ˆ 2 du
ˆ ˆ
−1 x=cot ˆu
(2)
(8)
(1) 1cot x dx 1= − 1 cot (cot u=x) x · csc u du
2 1 1
2
dx
3 2 =5 ˆ x3 2 dx u = du
3.3. 基本積分技巧 =4 +ˆ x2u
ˆˆ
ˆ −1 √− u 2x=cos
2 4+ C u1=+ ˆˆ2u
ˆ ( 22)(1√− ) + 2C 1 + u2 ˆ 77
−1
= − cos csc
usin −1uxx5du
3x dx−= √=
11x=sin u−
= ud(cot cos
1u)−1=(sin3x 51cot
u −x)x)
(cos 1u ·−sinuxudu duu du
cot
=
dx dx
tan =−1 u sin + 3C = tan
· −1cos
dx ( ) + C
u= 3x−1 3x − x 17 3x − 1 x 2x + 1x
= x ˆ
2ˆ · ·2 ˆ · ( −1 2 ) +1C ˆ2
ˆ ˆ ˆ
(4) = − u sin u du = ud(cos u) = u cos u − cos 2 du
= =xu cot u − ln
u cos xu|du sin3√
x1= x u)
u| + ud(sin
C cot5x = uxsin +u− ln (1 + sinxuu )du+C
3x−1
u= =
= (3 − u) u √ du 2
(4) √ √2 (3 − 3x
u) 2− 1 √
−1 u+ C √ u 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ
x+1 2
e x+1 = uu= u· (6x
− sin+uxuˆ − 1)= x =
ˆ = dx = ucos (=
5 u + coseu3x
++ ·C2u
−C1du = xcos 5 −1xx−
x2ue
− 1 − xx2++CC
1+2 x1eˆ−du du )
 
3.3. 基本積分技巧 sin sin 77
1 因為u = ⇒1 x = √ u=⇒ dx = 1
dx =2 √√ (3 − u) √2

習題解答  3.3.10.
√ dx = u x √u dux+1
4 − xˆ= 2 2ue − 22e 1+−ˆC( x=)223 −xu+ˆ1 · e x+1 1 −−u2e 2 +C
(2)
習題解答 −1
1 2 1 3
(4) 3.3.11. = ˆ (3 −x2u)u 1du 2 = 3ˆ u du 2 − x u du1 2
sin−12 u1+ 1 −1
ˆ ˆ ˆ
2 1 = x=cos C =−1 sin (2 )1+ √ C
ˆ
(5)
(1) xsec
x sinˆ(2x x√2dx
) dx= u=2x =sec−1√ x−1
cos d(sin
x ˆdx u) =du==xu−sec −
−1
xu−+ (cos
coscos C =xˆx) 2· · sin
− cosu(2x 2
) +dx C
(1) x+1 u= 4x+13 2 5 u 2 4 3 u2 u 4|x|
u x2du− 1
e dx= = 2 − ue2 +· 2u
2u C du2u
= =22ue (1 − −)2+ Ce duˆ
(2)
(5) 當 x > 1, ˆ原式等於
ˆ
5 √ ˆ
ˆ
5
=3x−1− u sin u
u=4−xdu u= 3x ud(cos
u− 1 u) √ u cos u √
= −√x+1cos u du
ˆ √
x+1
ˆ x sin u= = 3x
√x −−1x)2 ·dx 1 u2ˆ
(4 −2ue 1
= − 2e
− +(4 C − 2x
=u) 22 +
sin 1
xu
−1 + du1 ·=e 2(4 −− 2e
u)d +C
cos u
1 2= x x sec x − x − 1
ˆ ˆ ˆ
1 =4−x· 1 · ( 2 √) + x C
1
ˆ
1
xx sec
4 − x −
dx x √
= x dx
(4 −= u )5x· u u=
· 2u 2 du + C
ˆ √
2 =ˆ u cos dxu −= 2 sin
x2 u x+ 2C
1−√= 1√ xx2−1 cos−1dx x1 − ˆ ˆ =12− x2 + C
1 √ 2 1 du
(5) xsec−1 x dx x =x2 −sec 4 −12 x d( 2 = ) =2x (4 x2(ˆsec
− 3x−cos
2 )u) x−1−1u + x2cos · 2u2 √ du u28 u − dx
當 x < −1, 原式等於 = · (6x2 + x − 2 1) 4
12+2 C
du−1= x|x| u5 −x − u31+ C
5 = 1=sec−12u +uCx− 5 4u
=u+ secsin u( + 5) + C3
當 x > 1, 原式等於 (4 − u) cos
ˆ = 2 2 −1 2 √C 2
 基本積分技巧  1 2 −1 1 x 2 5 2 8
x2 sec x + √32x − 1
3.3. x3 2 sec x + 1ˆ = = x x cos
√ (4dx −=x) 2−
+3−1 (4x− x) x+ −CC 1 +C 77
 2 
sec 2+
習題解答
ˆ
x3.3.11.
3
1
u=2x2x sec2
ˆ −1
x − 2 2 √ux2 − 51 dx
(4
2
−
=x3
xx) sin (42−− x) +C
u
(6) x e 2 dx = 2 e du 2= e x+ 2− C 1= e 2 + C 2
(6)
(3) √ 3 ˆ 3 3
(2)
(4)
(1) 當 sin √
√
x <( −1, x +原式等於
1)
ˆ
u= x+1
(7) ˆ√ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆdx =√ 2 ˆsin uˆˆdu ˆ= −22 cos u + 2 Cxˆ−1= ˆ−2ˆcosˆ( x +2 1) + C
√
x x+1 −1 u= 1dxdxx+1 u=ln x u1 −1 1x· eu) = x u= tan
1 2 u1 xu√ 11 x
e x sin
xtan
1 dx
sin (lnxx)
2(4 −−1 x)=2 dx=1 ˆ=
dx ==tan
u=4−x e x · 2u
−sin
x du
d(u(4 =x−2ue
2 2
du
xdx
u)
2usec
=
sin−−1=
u
2
2edu
2
e=−
x (sin
+ ux2−
du
2 −cos
(4 −
2
u) +cos
11du
u)d
+
Cdx
x2 u
x sec 4 + xx + √4 1+ dx( 2ˆ =) 2 1 + u +C
2 2 x2 tan 2−1
ux1x−1 x −1 √ ˆ 1 2 √x+1 √
= = =2ue −(sin
2e − +1C
u (ln x)=− 1 cosx
2− 1(ln+ 1x)) −1 e+xC − 2e x+1 + C
· dx
== 22tan (4 − u) u2 + cosCu=+1 + tancos 2 u( du) + C
(6) ˆ
2
2 ˆ2 x 2
x 1 1 1
ˆ
−1 −1 2 tan−1 x2 −1 − tan −1 x 2
(3)
(5) xsec x ˆ dx = sec x d( ˆ = x ) = (4 − u)2cos
x sec x x −ux+ sin
2 tan x+ u· + C√ ˆ
−1 dx
2
(4) = 2 tan − x
2 x d( ˆ ) =2 2 Cx|x|− x2 − 1x
1
xtanˆ −1 x dx = 2 −1
dx
當 x > 1, 原式等於 tan−1 x 1= ( ˆ2 =x cos (4 2 − x) tan+−1 x2 (4ˆ−
)sin dxx)2+ C1 + x2
1 = dx 2 (x −1 + 1)tan 1 x−
−1
x 2u= +21 C
x
x2 1
ˆ 3
21 + √√
√(1 + x2 )dx ˆx2= tan x√− 1 (1 x−1)1=
ˆ
2
2−+dx du
1 2 = 1 x − x 1
x 2 sec x − dx x 2−1
2
(2) x2 sec4− −1x 2 2−1 x1dx ( 2 ) 1u+ x2 1 − u+
 
x− √ 2= C
ˆ
u=tan
ˆ 2 2 2 xˆ2−1 =− 1 √ −1−1 x2 du
x tan −1
x x − tan x 2u
習題解答當 x <−1, 原式等於
= sin u + C = 1 sin
+ tan
1 + ( ) + C
3.3.12.sin (ln x) dx =u=ln x
= 2 sin−u ·ˆeu du u Cˆ
2 = 2 e 2(sin u − cos u) + C
1( = u cos0 u) du = √ u d(sin u)
=1 ˆ= (x2xx+ 2cos
ˆ 0 ˆ 0
(5) 1)tan
(sin 1 −1
(ln x) 2x− −sec x −1
(ln+ −1C+ +xC 2−1
(1) 21
tan x sec xxdx 2 =−1
sec x + √ 2= = 2dxsec
sec x2 dsecx x
u=sinxu +π cos =xx)) u2+ C +C
π π
− ˆ 2 −4 2 ˆ x2 − 1 − x2
 √
ˆ 24 1 2 −1 x1 x tan−1 4x u= 1 1
ˆ
u=tan + 1
(3) √ 1 2dx = 3  =√ 1 3 √ dx = + C √ 2
du
+ 3 xdx x=2 − 4· (2x + 3) 2  2x = ( x2(7
 
(2)
(6)
習題解答 2x3.3.12. ) 2 2−−11)
1 + x 2 2 u u2 − 1
ˆ 2 −1 3 3 ˆ
−1 tan x ˆ ˆ2 1 −1−1  tan−1 x
2 2 1x2 tan −1−1x
dx ˆ
ˆ 10 3 1 =dx sec = u 1
+ x C = 0 sec
15 1 ( x) + 1 2C x2
ˆ ˆ
4
4 3 −1u=1+x20 3 3 −1 1 u )2(1 4   2 −1 1 + x
ˆ
(3) x (1 + x xtan
2) dx(1x+ =dxx ) = u2tan du = x d( = = 2+ x 2 ) 2 − dx
2ˆ 1 x 16 =
2
(1) 0 tan x sec x dx = 4sec1x dsecx = 16 sec 2 2 1 + x2
− √π
− π
x32 tan
u=tan −1 2 −4 πu 2
−1 x
ˆ 2 x 4x u= x23 2 √u 42
ˆ 43 3
2  = x − 21 x3√ 1 2 du
ˆ ˆ
(4) 2x√
(6) e√2 2dx =dx =1 4 e2 xdu = +=1 e3=u24+ C = 1 3e 2 1+ 1 −+C1tan u dx
(2) 0 2xx ++3 1dx =3 · (2x + 3) 2
30  ˆ= (73 − 1)
2 2 2 + x2 ˆ
√
ˆ
2π 2 √3 3
= x7 1x −u
ˆ−1
ˆ sin ( sin x +x1) ˆ xx2 tan −1−1−1 cos−1
tan uxdu = u d(sin √ u)
ˆ
u=u=4+3x+1 cos
(5)
(7) 1 3√ √ 4 3 dxdx u=1+x = 4== 12 2= sin u du =− √1 −24du 2 =u 015
cos + C+ =C−2 cos ( x + 1) + C
(3) 0 x (14 +x x 3 cos
) dxx = 3
u 2du 3 = 7 uu  = 2
(6) 0 √ 4 11( = 16 u sin  u+ 16)cos u + C
2 −11 −1
ˆ 3 √ = 3 u=tan x x tan xx + 1C
(x + 1)tan
−1 x −
4x 2 ˆ −1 √
(4) √ ˆ − 12 sin dx2=(14+ 1x)2 + 1 u=1+ = 4x= 1
1 + x 2
+C ˆ 1
1 − cos 2u
  sin
x 2+1 x 0 2
ˆ0 2π 2
dx = ˆ − sin u du = − du
−1 x x −1 7
01 0 2
習題解答 4 + 3 cos x
u=4+3 cos x
(5) √ 3.3.12. dx = = √ du = 0 0 
3 7 −uu 1  1 1
0
(6) ˆ 0 = + sin  2u = − sin 2
ˆ 0 21 4  0
−1−1 2 4
(1) tan x sec12 x dx 2
= 1 sec x dsecx =ˆ sec2 x =
−π
ˆ − 2 sin (1 + )π
− u=1+ x1 2−1 −
2 4
π 2 ˆ 1 1 − cos 2u
x4
ˆ 24 dx 
= 2 − sin u du = − du
√ −1 x12 2 3 10 3 0 2
(2) 2x + 3 dx = · (2x + 3)  = (7 − 1) 2  2 0
2 3 3
−u 
−1
ˆ 2 =−1 + 21 sin 2u = 1 − 1 sin 2
21 4  4 15 −1 2 4

ˆ 1
u=1+x 1 4
(3) x3 (1 + x4 )3 dx = u3 du = u =
0 4 1 16 1 16
ˆ √3 √ 3
4x 
(4) √ dx = 4 x2 + 1 = 4
x 2+1 0
ˆ0 2π
sin x −1 7 1
ˆ
u=4+3 cos x
(5) √ dx = = √ du = 0 3
0 4 + 3 cos x 3 7 u
(6)
 原式 P (x) = (x2 + βx + γ)Q(x) + Bx + C
3
(5) 因為 x − 1 = 2
ˆ (x − 1)(x + x + 1),ˆ設
1 −1 1 1
其中若 P (x) 次數 < 2k +dx 2, 則=Q(x) −1次數 + <A 2k. + C 1) dx
x(x2 − 1) 1 x 2(x − 1) Bx 2(x ++
  3
= 3 = + 2
1−x x −1 x1− 1 x + x1+ 1
 
習題解答 3.3.16. = − ln |x| + ln |x − 1| + ln |x + 1| + C
2 2
則
(3) 設
(1) −1 = A(x2 + x + 1) + (Bx + C)(x − 1)
1 1 1 1 A −1 AB CB D
x = 1 =⇒2 2=−1 = 3A ⇒= = A= + 2 ++ +
x2 (x2 − 1)1−x x (x − 1)(x +
(1 + x)(1 − x)1) x x (x
(1 +3 x) (1 − x) − 1) (x + 1)
2
通分得 x = 0 ⇒ −1 = A − C ⇒ C =
3
1
x = −1 ⇒ −11 ==A(1A−+x) (−B+ B(1+ C) + ·x)(−2)
2
⇒ B= 2
1 = Ax(x − 1)(x + 1) + B(x − 1)(x + 1) + Cx (x + 1) + Dx3(x − 1)
所以
代值得
1 1 11 x+2
ˆ ˆ ˆ
代值得 dx = − x = 1 ⇒dxB+= dx
1 − x3 x −
x = 0 ⇒ B = −1 11 3 2 x 2+x+1

其中 x = −1 ⇒ A =
x = 1 ⇒ 1 = 2C ⇒ 2 C=1
原式 ˆ 3 2
x+2 x + 12 1
ˆ ˆ
x = −1 ⇒ 1 = −2D ⇒ D 2 =−
ˆ dx = dx + dx
2
x +x+1 1 2
x +x+1 1 x +1 x + 1 2
2
ˆ
dx = + dx
A1 +−C x2 +1D = 20 ⇒2(1A+=x)03 2(1 2 − x) ( 2 1 )
= ln(x +1 x + 1) + · 1√ tan−1 √ (x + ) + C
故原式 2 = ln |x + 1|2− ln 3 |x − 1| + 3C 2
ˆ2 2
因此 1 −1 1 1
ˆ
(2) 設 ˆ dx = + − dx
x2 (x2 − 1) x2 2(x − 1) 2(x + 1)
1 1 11 1 2 1 A 1B1 −1
( C2 1
dx =2 − ln |x = − 1| += ln(x + +lnx=|x
+− 1)+1|
+− √ tan ln +
|x + √ +(x
1| C + )+C
1−x 3 x(x − 1) x(x − 1)(x
6 x 2 1) x (x −32 1) (x + 3 1) 2
通分得
(6)
(4)
1 = A(x ˆ−x1)(x 3 + 1+ 1) + Bx(xˆ+x1) ++1 Cx(x − ˆ1)
x2 1 + x2 = − 1x + 1 + 1 1
ˆ
dx = x(x − 1) 2 2 dx = x(x − 1)2 dx − dx
代值得 (1 + x2 )2 (1 + x ) 1+x (1 + x2 )2
設 x = 0 ⇒( 1 A =−1 −1 1 x )
= tan−1xx+−1 tan A x +B +C
2 2 1 +1x2
x =x(x 1 −⇒1) = 1 =x 2B + ⇒B =
1 1 x x−1 2
= tan−1 x − +C
通分得
x2= −1 ⇒ 21 1=+2C x2 ⇒ C = 1
2
也可用下面的作法： x + 1 = A(x − 1) + Bx

代值得 x2 tan2 θ
ˆ ˆ ˆ
x=tan θ
dx = sec θ dθ = sin2 θ dθ
2
(1 + x2 )2 x=0 ⇒ sec4A θ = −1
1 − cos 2θ θ 1
ˆ
=x = 1 ⇒ B = 2 dθ = − sin 2θ + C
2 2 4
故原式 θ 1
= ˆ − sin θ cos θ + C
ˆ 3
x +1 2 2 1 2
dxx=tan= θ 1x + −1 1 − +1 x dx
x(x − 1) = tan x x− (x − 1) +C
2 2 1 + x2
1 2
= x + x − ln |x| + 2 ln |x − 1| + C
2

4
84 第 3 章 積分

(9)
84 第 3 章 積分
ex 1
ˆ ˆ
u=ex
2x x
dx = du
e + 3e + 2 u2 + 3u + 2
(9)
設 ˆ
ex u=ex
ˆ
1
1 2x x
dx
1 = 2 A duB
2
e += 3e + 2 =u + 3u ++2
3.3. 基本積分技巧 u + 3u + 2 (u + 1)(u + 2) (u + 1) (u + 2) 85
設
通分得 1 1 A B
= = +
(3) u2 + 3u + 2 1 =
(uA(u
+ 1)(u
+ 2)++2)B(u (u + 1) (u + 2)
+ 1)
通分得 ˆ
代值得 ˆ
1
ˆ
sin x cos x
sec x csc x dx = 1 = A(u + 2) dx = + 1) +
+ B(u dx
= −2
ucos x sin ⇒x B = −1 cos x sin x
ˆ
代值得 = u =x 1+ cot
tan ⇒ xA dx==1ln | sec x| − ln | csc x| + C
原式 u = −2 ⇒ B = −1
另外也可透過 ˆ 1 u = ˆ1 ⇒ 1 A = 1 1
du = − du
原式 u2 + 3u + 2 ˆ (u + 1) (u + 2) ˆ
1 1 1
ˆ
ˆ  u +cos  u=sin x 
dx = 1  x dxu=e1= x  ex + 1  2 du
cos x sin1x 1
ˆ
cos 2 x sin
 x  u(1 −+u )
du = = ln   +−C = ln dux  C
u2 + 3u + 2 u+
(u +21) (u + 2) e + 2
應用三角積分與有理積分解題.    x 
u + 1 x e + 1
= ln   + C u=e = ln  
3.3.4 三角積分    ex + 2  + C
 
(4) ˆ u+2
tan2 x
ˆ

 
習題解答 3.3.17. tan x sec2 x dx = tan x d(tan x) = +C
3.3.4 三角積分 2
 或者 
ˆ ˆ
習題解答ˆ3.3.17.
86 m 2k+1 第3章 積分
sin x cos x dx = sinm x(cos2 x)k · cos x dx
2
ˆ x dx = sec x d(sec x) = sec x + C
ˆ ˆ
ˆ x sec2 x dx = sec x · tan x secˆ
tan
(4) m 2 k
sinm x cos2k+1 x dx =
= sin
sinm x(1 x(cos−2sin
x)k x) x dxx) 2
· cosd(sin
1 u=sin1x ˆ
ˆ ˆ ˆ
（想想看, √ 為什麼會有兩個看起來不一樣的答案）
dx
x=sin θ
= = m
·ucos m dθu2 )k du
(1θ − 2 k
sin=θ cos θ sin x(1 − sin x) d(sin x)
 
x 1−x 2
 
習題解答 3.3.19.
1 √ 1 
 
ˆ
u=sin x m 2 k  
 
= − ln |=
csc θ + cotu θ| (1+−Cu =) −du ln  + − 1 +C
習題解答 3.3.18.  x x2 

(1)
(1) 
習題解答 3.3.18.
(5) ˆˆ √
1 +x cos 2θ 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
− 2x2 dx ˆx=sin θ
== 1cos cos 2 2 u=cos
1 sin x1cos x θ x d(− θ dθcos=x) = − udθdu
ˆ ˆ
x=tan 2 θ dθ
(1) √ dx = · sec2 θ dθ = csc
x 1 +ˆ x2 tan ˆ θusec
3θ θ 1 3
u=cos x cos x  ˆ √ 
== − cos 2+C sin 2θ −+ Cu=cos x+ −
sin x cos2 x dx = + = 1C u 1du 
2
3 2 4 x d(− cos x) =
3 
86 = ln | csc
−x=sin θ 1
θ + cot θ| +1C √ = − ln  + 2
+ 1第+3 C章 積分
(2) = u3 sin−1 x + x cos1 3−xx2x+ C x 
u=cos x
= − 2+ C =ˆ 2− +C
(4)
ˆ ˆ
1 + cos 3
2x 1 + 23cos 2x + cos2 2x
(6) 4
cos x dx = ( 2
) dx = dx
(2)
(2)
ˆ √ ˆ 2 4
− 11 1
ˆ
x2 ˆ√ θ = ˆθ tan
x=secx=sin 1 ˆ+θcos + cos
ˆ ˆ
2x 1· cos ˆ 4x
ˆ
√ dx θ 1+ cos θ dθ 2 2x + cos2 2x
2 cos
22x 2θ θ dθ = 1 +
ˆ
2dx
42
dx= ==x=sec
sin· sec
tan θ cos tan
θsec
+ tan
dx θ dθ
xx 1xcos
− −
xx1 dx = (sec 4 θ 2 θ ) θ
dx dθ
= 8 4 √ dx
2 
√ 
2sin 2x2x sin1 4x
ˆ3
ˆ
1 1 cos + cos 4x  1 2 1 −1 x + C
= == x sec
+
− θ
ln −
| 1
csc dθ
+
θ +
θ sec+θ32= tan
cot θ|θ
+ + −CC
− ln | tan θdxθ +
= C
− =
ln
+ sec θ|) x
+ − 1 − sec
− 1 +C
= =8 +(tan 4  x + C x2 (課本) 
4 2 2 8
1 ( √  √  )
(7) x=sec3 θ sin 2x 2 sin 4x  + x2 − 1  + C
(5) = = x +2 x x +− 1 − ln+ x C
8 4 32
ˆ √ˆx2 + 1 sec
ˆθ sec2 θ ˆ
ˆ ˆ
(3) 1 dx x=tan θ
= x=tan θ sec21θ dθ =· sec2 θ dθ · tan θ sec θ dθ
√
xx 1 + x2 dx = tan θ tan θ sec θ tan2 θ= csc θ dθ
 
1 x=sec(θ 11 ) 1 √ 1
ˆ ˆ ˆ
√ =dx = 1+ ·· tan
sec θθ sec
tan θθ dθ
dθ 
2 θθθ + cot θ| + C = − ln  
x2 − 1 = − lntan csc
|tan  + + 1 +C
  x √ x2  
 
ˆ ˆ
= tan θlnsec | sec θ ++tan θ| 2
= θ dθ csc+θ Cdθ==lnsec xθ+− lnx|cscθ− 1++cotC θ| + C
(6)
√  1 + √1 + x2 
ˆ √ 2 x=tan θ 2  ˆ + C
= 1 + x − ln 
x −1 tan θ
ˆ
x=sec θ x
(
dx = √ · sec θ tan√ θ dθ =  tan2 θ dθ )
3.3. 基本積分技巧 x = 1 sec
+ x θ2 − ln 1 + 1 + x2  + ln |x| + C 87
√
 
ˆ
= sec2 θ − 1 dθ = tan θ − θ + C = x2 − 1 − sec−1 x + C
習題解答 3.3.20.
(8)
(7) ˆ √
1 − x2 cos θ 1 − sin2 θ
ˆ ˆ
x=sin θ
√ dx = cos θ dθ = dθ
(1) x2 + 1x sec θsin θ 2 sec2 θsin θ
ˆ ˆ ˆ
x=tan θ
dx = ˆ sec θ dθ = 2 · tan θ sec θ dθ
x = ˆ tan csc θ θ − sin θ dθ =tan −5lnθ| csc θ + cot θ| + cos θ + C
( 1 )
= √ 1 +  2 2 √ · tan 2θ sec √ θ dθ
ˆ
1+ 1−x
 

習題解答 3.3.20.
(7) ˆ √
2 − 3x − 2x2 dx
√
1 1 1
ˆ ˆ ˆ
√u= x−2 √ ˆ √
√ √ dx 25= 3u(u 2 + 2)5 2
· 2u du = 2 42(( √u 3)2 2+ 1) du
ˆ
(1) x= x − 2 2 − (x + ) dx = 2 1 − ( x +2 ) dx
16 u ˆ 4 4 5 5
√ ˆ √ 2v= √
1 √√ ˆ √ √ −1
u= 45 x+ 35 5 2ˆ √ = 5 25
· 22 dv = 2 tan v + C
= 1 − u2 · 21du += v2 1 − u2 du
4 1 + x + x4 dx 16
√ v= √u √ ( )
25 ˆ2 (√ 1 = −1
2
2 tan√ −1 √u ) + C
= (sin 1u 2+ u 3 1 − u )2 + C 2
= 16
√ 2 (x√ + 2 )√+ 4 dx
√
( ) √ √
u= 54 x+ 35 25 ˆ2 (√ u= x−24
=−1( 2 3tan−1 4 x − 3 2 2+ C 2 )
= sin
3 ( 4 x + 1) + ( x) + 2 ) · 2 − 3x − 2x2 + C
= 32
√ · 5 (x +5 )2 +51 dx5 5
25 2 4 43 3 2 1 √
ˆ √( x + ) + (4x + 3) 2 − 3x − 2x2 + C
−1
(8) = √ sin
32 3 (5 2 5 1 8)2
= ˆ 2 √ (x + ) + 1 dx
1 3 2
√√ˆ dx √
(4) 2 1
u= √ (x+ 2 ) x x+ √2
3
√= ˆ 3 u2 + 1 ·
3
du
u= x+2 2 1 2
= · 2u du
( 2−
u(u √2) √ )
1 3ˆ 1 (u u2 + 1 + ln(u +1 u2 + 1)) + C√ 
ˆ ˆ
√= dx = √ dx
1 4 2 1 1 1 u − 2
= x2 −√2x
u= √2 (x+ 12 ) 3 ( 2
√ − √(x − du1)=2 − √ 1 ln  √ +C
3 2 √u − 2 1 ˆu√ 2 √2 2
+ 2 u +√ 2
= √ (x +
u=x−1 ) ·√  1x + x + 1 √ + u2 − √ 2
√
18  3 x = + 22− 2√ 3 2 du1 = ln  (|u x + 2 − 1| 2) + C
u= x+2
= √ ln (√2 √  u
+ −
C √=1 √ ln  )) +C
2 ln √u=x−1
x+ 1
2++ ) 2+ √ 2 √ 2+ 22 x + 1 + C x
+ (x x
√ √ 3= 2ln |x − 311 + x − 2x | + C
√
= 21ln | x1+√ 2 − 2| − √ ln |x| + C √
= (x + ) x2 + x + 1 + 2 3 ln(x + 1 + x2 + x + 1) + C
2 2 8 2
(5)
(9)
(2) ˆ ˆ
11 1 − sin x1
ˆ ˆ
1
ˆ
√ dx
dx =
x=tan
=
θ
2 dx sec2 θ dθ = cos θ dθ
2 1 +2 sin x 1 − sin 2 x
tan θ sec θ sin2 θ
x x ˆ+ 1
√ √
ˆ
x
= +θ2 dx
x2 − u=sin sec2 1x − tan x sec 1 x dxu==√tan
1+x2 x − sec 1+xx +2 C
ˆ
3x
= du = − + C = − +C
 
u 2 u x
ˆ √
3 1
 
習題解答 =
3.3.21. (x − )2 − dx
2 4
(6) ˆ √ ( )
1 3 2
(1) = 4(x − ) − 1 dx
4 2
ˆ ˆ √
1 1 ˆ u= ln2x ˆ 1
ˆ
= √ (2x − 3) 2
dx − 1= dx √ · 2 du
2 n n−1 2
xˆ 4=+ ln xsin x dx = sin2 ux +
Sn (x) 2 1 cos x)
d(−
u=2x−3 1
√ 1 √
= u2 − 1 · dun−1 = ln |u + ˆu2 + 1| + 2C
2 = − cos x2 sin x + (n − 1) √(1 − sin x) sinn−2 x dx
ln x √ 
(
1 1 √ ln x ˆ) ln2 x 2 
|u − lnu2 − 1|)
u= 2
= (u u2 − 1 + lnn−1 = + +1C+ ( ) +C
4 2 = − cos x sin x + (n − 2 1) sinn−2 x4− sinn x dx
u=2x−3 1 ( √ √ √ )
= (2x − 3) · 2 x2 − =3x +ln
n−1 2+| lnlnx|2x
+ −43+−ln 2 2 x|x2+−C3x + 2| + C
8 = − cos x sin x + (n − 1)Sn−2 (x) − (n − 1)Sn (x)
90 1 √ 1  1 3 √ 2  第3章 積分
= Sn (x)
⇒ (2x = 1 2
− 3)− xcos −x3x +n−1
sin 2 +x +lnn − x −Sn−2− (x)x − 3x + 2 + C
4 n 8 n 2
(2) 已知 S0 (x) = 1 dx = x + C, S1 (x) = sin x dx = − cos x + C, 因此
´ ´

1 1 1 1
ˆ
sin2 x dx = S2 (x) = − cos x sin x + S0 (x) = − cos x sin x + x + C
2 2 2 2
1 2
ˆ
sin3 x dx = S3 (x) = − cos x sin2 x + S1 (x)
3 3
1 2
= − cos x sin2 x − cos x + C
3 3
1 3
ˆ
4 3
sin x dx = S4 (x) = − cos x sin x + S2 (x)
4 4
1 3 1 1
= − cos x sin3 x + (− cos x sin x + x) + C
4 4 2 2
1 3 3
= − cos x sin3 x − cos x sin x + x + C
4 8 8

 
習題解答 3.3.22.
6
(1) 直接計算如下
ˆ ˆ
 4 4 2 2
1 3 3
= − cos x sin3 x − cos x sin x + x + C
4 8 8

 
習題解答 3.3.22.

(1) 直接計算如下
ˆ 2π ˆ 2π
k
cos x dx = cosk−1 x d(sin x)
0 0
2π ˆ 2π
k−1 
= sin x cos x − sin x · (cosk−1 x)′ dx
0 0
ˆ 2π
= 0 + (k − 1) · sin2 x cosk−2 x dx
0
ˆ 2π
= (k − 1) · (1 − cos2 x) cosk−2 x dx
0
ˆ 2π ˆ 2π
= (k − 1) cosk−2 x dx − (k − 1) cosk x dx
0 0

2π 2π
k−1
ˆ ˆ
移項合併整理得 cosk x dx = cosk−2 x dx, k ≥ 2.
0 k 0
(2) 由 (1) 可得
2π ˆ 2π
2k − 1
ˆ
cos2k x dx =
· cos2k−2 x dx
0 2k 0
ˆ 2π
(2k − 1) · (2k − 3)
= · cos2k−4 x dx = · · ·
2k · (2k − 2) 0
ˆ 2π
(2k − 1) · (2k − 3) · · · 3 · 1
3.3. 基本積分技巧 = · 1 dx 91
2k · (2k − 2) · · · 4 · 2 0
(2k)! (2k)! π
= 2
· 2π = 2k−1
(2k · (2k − 2) · · · 4 · 2) 2 (k!)2
ˆ 2π ˆ 2π
2k
cos2k+1 x dx = · cos2k−1 x dx = · · ·
0 2k + 1 0
ˆ 2π
2k · (2k − 2) · · · 4 · 2
= · cos x dx = 0
(2k + 1) · (2k − 1) · · · 5 · 3 0
 
習題解答 3.3.23.

1 1
ˆ ˆ ˆ
x=tan θ 2 dθ
dx = sec θ = cos4 θ dθ
(1 + x2 )3 sec6 θ
ˆ (
1 + cos 2θ )2
ˆ
2
= (cos θ) dθ = dθ
2
ˆ ( )
1 cos 2θ 1
ˆ
= + dθ + cos2 2θ dθ
4 2 4
θ sin 2θ 1 ( 1 + cos 4θ )
ˆ
= + + dθ
4 4 4 2
3 sin 2θ 1 sin 4θ
= θ+ + · +C
8 4 8 4
x=tan θ 3 x 1 x(1 − x2 )
= tan−1 x + + +C
8 2(x + 1) 8 (1 + x2 )2
2

以上用到
tan θ(1 − tan2 θ)
sin 4θ = 2 sin 2θ cos 2θ = 4 cos4 θ · tan θ(1 − tan2 θ) = 4
sec4 θ
 
習題解答 3.3.24.

m = 2k + 1:
ˆ ˆ
tan2k+1 x secn x dx = tan2k x secn−1 x · tan x sec x dx
ˆ
= (sec2 x − k n−1
7 1) sec x d(sec x)
ˆ
u=sec x
= (u2 − 1)k un−1 du