ELETRICAL POWER TRANSMISSION

LABORATORY

FINAL SEMESTER CEP

SUBMITTED BY:
17- EE-117 ; SYED MUHAMMAD ABDULLAH HASHMI
17-EE-102 ; ALI MURTAZA
TO:
ENGR. NOMAN QAMMAR

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, UET TAXILA

 TASK 1(A)
TRANSMISSION LINES:
A transmission line is used for the transmission of electrical power from
generating substation to the various distribution units. It transmits the wave of
voltage and current from one end to another. The transmission line is made up
of a conductor having a uniform cross-section along the line. Air act as an
insulating or dielectric medium between the conductor

For safety purpose, the distance between the line and ground is much more. The
electrical tower is used for supporting the conductors of the transmission
line.Tower are made up of steel for providing high strength to the conductor.
For transmitting high voltage, over long distance high voltage direct current is
used in the transmission line.

Parameters of transmission line

The performance of transmission line depends on the parameters of the line.
The transmission line has mainly four parameters, resistance, inductance,
capacitance and shunt conductance. These parameters are uniformly distributed
along the line. Hence, it is also called the distributed parameter of the
transmission line.
The inductance and resistance form series impedance whereas the capacitance
and conductance form the shunt admittance. Some critical parameters of
transmission line are explained below in detail

Line inductance

The current flow in the transmission line induces the magnetic flux.When the
current in the transmission line changes, the magnetic flux also varies due to
which emf induces in the circuit. The magnitude of inducing emf depends on
the rate of change of flux. Emf produces in the transmission line resist the flow
of current in the conductor, and this parameter is known as the inductance of the
line.

Line capacitance

In the transmission lines, air acts as a dielectric medium. This dielectric medium
constitutes the capacitor between the conductors, which store the electrical
energy, or increase the capacitance of the line. The capacitance of the conductor
is defined as the present of charge per unit of potential difference. Capacitance
is negligible in short transmission lines whereas in long transmission; it is the
most important parameter. It affects the efficiency, voltage regulation, power
factor and stability of the system.

Shunt conductance

Air act as a dielectric medium between the conductors. When the alternating
voltage applies in a conductor, some current flow in the dielectric medium
because of dielectric imperfections. Such current is called leakage current.
Leakage current depends on the atmospheric condition and pollution like
moisture and surface deposits.
Shunt conductance is defined as the flow of leakage current between the
conductors. It is distributed uniformly along the whole length of the line. The
symbol Y represented it, and it is measured in Siemens.

Performance of transmission lines

The term performance includes the calculation of sending end voltage, sending
end current, sending end power factor, power loss in the lines, efficiency of
transmission, regulation and limits of power flows during steady state and
transient conditions. Performance calculations are helpful in system planning.
Some critical parameters are explained below

Voltage regulation – Voltage regulation is defined as the change in the

magnitude of the voltage between the sending and receiving ends of the
transmission line.

The efficiency of transmission lines – Efficiency of the transmission lines is

defined as the ratio of the input power to the output power.

Important points:
• Admittance measures the capability of an electrical circuit or we can
say it measures the efficiency of a transmission line, to allows AC to
flow through them without any obstruction. It SI unit is Siemens and
denoted by the symbol Y.
• Impedance is the inverse of the admittance. Its measure the difficulty
occurs in the transmission line when the AC flow. It is measured in
ohms and represented by the symbol z.

TASK 1(B)

Types of Transmission Line

In transmission line determination of voltage drop, transmission efficiency, line
loss etc. are important things to design. These values are affected by line parameter
R, L and C of the transmission line. Length wise transmission lines are three types.

Short Transmission Line

A short transmission line is classified as a transmission line with:
• A length less than 80km (50 miles)
• Voltage level less than 69 kV
• Capacitance effect is negligible
• Only resistance and inductance are taken in calculation capacitance is
neglected.
Medium Transmission Line
A medium transmission line is classified as a transmission line with:
• A length more than 80 km (50 miles) but less than 250 km (150
miles)
• Operational voltage level is from 69 kV to approx 133 kV
• Capacitance effect is present
• Distributed capacitance form is used for calculation purpose.
Long Transmission Line
A long transmission line is classified as a transmission line with:
• A length more than 250 km (150 miles)
• Voltage level is above 133 kV
• Line constants are considered as distributed over the length of the
line.
Efficiency of Transmission Line
Transmission efficiency is defined as the ration of receiving end power P R to the
sending end power PS and it is expressed in percentage value.

cosθs is the sending end power factor.

cosθR is the receiving end power factor.
Vs is the sending end voltage per phase.
 TASK 2

Advantages：
• Relative immunity to short circuits caused by external forces (wind,
fallen branches), unless they abrade the insulation.
• Can stand in close proximity to trees/buildings and will not generate
sparks if touched.
• Little to no tree trimming necessary
• Simpler installation, as crossbars and insulators are not required.
• Ease of erection and stringing, less labor intensive, less construction
resources needed.
• More aesthetically appealing.
• Can be installed in a narrower right-of-way.
• At junction poles, insulating bridging wires are needed to connect non-
insulated wires at either side. ABC can dispense with one of these splices.
• Less risk of a neutral-only break from tree or vehicle damage, increasing
safety with TNC-s systems.
• Significantly improved safety for linespersons, particularly when working
on live conductors.
• Electricity theft is made harder, and more obvious to detect.
• Less required maintenance and necessary inspections of lines.
• Improved reliability in comparison with both bare conductor overhead
systems and underground systems. Insulated conductors prevent
accidental contact and supply can be maintained temporarily in the event
of a suspension system collapse.

Disadvantages：
• Additional cost for the cable itself.
• Insulation degrades due to sun exposure, though the critical insulation
between the wires is somewhat shielded from the sun.
• Shorter spans and more poles due to increased weight.
• Can lead to much longer repair times for installations in hilly areas due to
much higher line weights requiring bigger and more specialized
equipment to repair.
• Older installations are known to cause fires in areas where falling large
trees or branches regularly cause breaks in lines and or in insulation
leading to short circuits which can then lead to burning insulation
dripping to ground and starting ground fires.
• Failure modes through punctures, electrical tracking, and erosion.
 TASK 3
SIMULATION OF TL MODEL FOR V-REGULATION:
MATLAB [SIMULINK SCHEMATIC] :

Simulation fig.
 TASK 4

Sending End Voltage Analysis:

Sending end Voltage is around 116.7 KV from this model

Receiving End Voltage Analysis:

Receiving End Voltage is around 113 KV from this model

Voltage Regulation:

V-R = [(116.6-113)/113]x100
V-R = 3.18 %

FROM LITERATURE
Example 10.15 (VK Mehta Power Systems)
Voltage Regulation:
V-R = [(116.67 -110)/ 110] x 100
V-R = 6 %
COMPARISON:
Simulink Book
Vs= 116.6 KV Vs = 116.67 KV
Vr = 113 KV Vr = 110 KV
V-R = 3.18 % V-R = 6 %

Voltage Regulation with Length:

Length (km) V-R %
200 3.18
400 5.88
600 8.66
800 11.46
100 14.22
1200 17.37

Variation in VR with Load:

Load VR
440 113
2200 112.6
1100 111.9
800 (Inductor 113.2
eliminated)
400 112.0
358 111.8
300 (7 µF ) injected 114.1
250 112.9
234 112
225 113.8
200 (7+11 µF ) 111.3
injected
179 108.4
160 107.7
151( 7+11+14 µF ) 114.1
injected
145 112.6
130 112.2

Table of Load against receiving end voltage

TASK 5

COMPENSATED MODEL USING SHUNT

CAPACITACES AND SHUNT INDUCTANCES :

Compensated Schematic fig.

POWER v/s VOLTAGE CURVE (without compensation):

PvV curve for uncompensated TL

Comments:
If allowed to extend the VR curve it follows an inverted parabola and would
meet at (zero, zero) coordinates.

POWER v/s VOLTAGE CURVE (with compensation):

PvV curve for compensated TL

Comments:
Rather than following an inverted parabolaon +ive X-axis a compensated graph
shows sudden inclinations and ramps in voltage due to injection of switched
shunt branches.

CONCLUSION:
THIS CEP HAS BEEN DRAFTED KEEPING EVERY ASPECT OF
LECTURES AND COURSE CONTENT GIVEN TO US DURING 7 TH
SEMESTER LAB SESSIONS. WE HAVE LEART TO SIMULATE AND
ANALYZE VARIOUS PARAMETERS OF AC TRANSMISSION LINES VIA
MATLAB[SIMULINK]. THIS DOCUMENT COVERS ALL THE ASKED
TASKES IN THE GIVEN ASSIGNMENT.