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Rivers are dynamic structures. They change their flow patterns continuously and
naturally. These changes affect river bank soil stabilization because river bank absorbs
the energy. River bank erosion is a part of this changing nature. When banks of a river
wear away by watercourse, it is called river bank erosion.
Mostly river banks are made of stratified layers with cohesive and cohesion less
materials. Again river banks have three zones- toe zone, bank zone and overbank area.
Toe zone is situated between the ordinary water level and low water level which makes it
vulnerable to erosion. If non cohesive materials are at the toe zone, vulnerability is
increased. But at the time of lowering water level, cohesive banks are most susceptible to
erosion because of its low water permeability.
Flood
Flood is the most crucial reason of river bank erosion. The chances of flood increases in
the rainy season. During flood the huge amount of water flow with higher velocity
brings enough energy to tear away the top layers of soil or even causes mass failure. The
water elevation is raised by centrifugal force resulting highest depth of flow at outside
bend and gravitational force pulls down the water. This downward velocity against the
bank is the erosive force.
Heavy rainfall
Soil can be eroded by heavy and excessive rainfall. Heavy rainfall often causes strong
waves which can loosen and wear away non cohesive bed materials.
Sedimentation
Various disturbances in the nature can cause sedimentation. Silt accumulation at the
river beneath reduces water holding capacity of a river as saturation of banks occurs. So
the direction of river is changed. Thus meandering rivers are formed eroding river bank.
Strong current of rivers
Strong current generates because of the volume of water flowing or the steep stream
gradient. Where the river currents are very much high, river bank erosion can occur. In
case of cohesion less bed materials, these strong currents create a cantilever overhang of
cohesive materials by wearing away non cohesive materials. So at the toe of the bank
shear stress exceeds the critical shear and erosion occurs.
Manmade causes of river bank erosion
Deforestation causes River Bank Erosion
Humans facilitate erosion by cutting down trees at the bank for their own use and
removing the natural reinforcement which exists there.
The main purpose is to retain the soil and prevent from shifting away. They maintain
ideal grow condition as well as protect and cover the soil. Thus they prevent formation of
gullies. They can be used on a flat surface or a steep slope area.
As it is a nonwoven sheet, it is weighed with sand, gravel, slags to firmly hold in the
structure and prevent from washing out. It is of uniform thickness and the fibers are
uniformly distributed. One example of this type of matting in described in German
Patent Specification No. 2,321,362. It is a tangled nonwoven matting of helically crimped
synthetic microfibers bonded at the intersections.
There are different types of soil erosion mats. Which mat or blanket is to be used is
influenced by soil condition, slope of the bed, flow velocity and the time required to
grow vegetation. At last a vegetative cover is placed with the application of seeds and
fertilizers. Sometimes we need to prepare the bed slope by excavation or filling. The
slope size can be 1.5:1 to 3:1. The mats or blankets are to be placed vertically downslope.
The use of coir fiber is more preferable. Coir fibers are strong natural fibers which can
last in water from two to five years. It can act as temporary reinforcement by offering soil
stabilization.
Photodegradable erosion control mats
In this mat, the netting is made of plastic like materials containing UV stabilizers. They
stop functioning after the shelf life has crossed. Then due to the exposure to sunlight,
the netting break down.
Woven geotextiles are stronger to protect river bank from erosion. The functions of
geotextiles are reinforcement to the weak soil, drainage, separation and filtration. They
filter water from one side of the sheet to another without significant loss of soil particles.
The physical properties of geotextiles like density, thickness, stiffness, specific gravity
mainly depend on temperature and humidity. The pore size distribution of the
geotextiles is small enough to retain erodible soil and permeable enough to permit
drainage through the eroded soil. Again the geotextiles have to ensure anti-clogging
meaning soil particles does not clog the geotextile pore and reduce permeability. They
stabilize the soil by creating a filter layer. They also acts like reinforcement. Geotextiles
are available in roll which can be spread over the slope bed and layered with brick chips.
Above them CC blocks are placed to keep them in position. We can also dump geotextile
bags filled with sand in the river bed and layer it in the bank slope. The end should be
secured at least 2 feet past the toe of the bank. Specification of a 315lbs tensile strength
woven stabilization geotextile fabric from GEI works: