FLUVIAL EROSION

PRESENTED BY:
INTRODUCTION
The fluvial system is a major concern in modeling landform evolution in response to tectonic
deformation. Three stream bed types (bedrock, coarse-bed alluvial, and fine-bed alluvial) differ
in factors controlling their occurrence and evolution and inappropriate modeling approaches.
Spatial and temporal transitions among bed types occur in response to changes in sediment
characteristics and tectonic deformation. Erosion in bedrock channels depends upon the ability
to scour or pluck bed material; this detachment capacity is often a power function of drainage
area and gradient. Exposure of bedrock in channel beds, due to rapid downcutting or resistant
rock, slows the response of headwater catchments to downstream base-level changes. Sediment
routing through alluvial channels must account for supply from slope erosion, transport rates,
abrasion, and sorting.
If the planet consisted of one grain size of cohesion less sediment, the rules commonly used to create
fluvial systems in landscape models would be acceptable. Inspection of rivers reveals a different
picture. Those in steep land typically have significant portions of their beds in exposed bedrock.
Even in actively uplifting land and rapidly downcutting rivers, the beds of rivers may be man tied
with boulders or gravel. River profiles usually change abruptly where the gravel mantle gives way to
sand. These grain size changes exert primary control on river incision, transport rate, and profile
evolution.
Why is this important to address this issue?
-Fluvial systems are dominated by rivers and streams. Stream erosion may be the most important
geomorphic agent. Fluvial processes sculpt the landscape, eroding landforms, transporting sediment,
and depositing it to create new landforms. Human civilization and ecosystems alike are dependent on
fluvial systems. Rivers provide water for hydroelectric power and shipping, as well as supporting
stream-side wetlands (riparian areas) that are critical for clean water and provide rich habitats.
The drainage basin or watershed is a fundamental landscape unit in fluvial geomorphology. A drainage
basin contains a primary, or trunk, river, and its tributaries. Watersheds are separated from their
neighbors by a divide; a highpoint where water flows in different directions on either side.
A floodplain is a relatively flat surface adjacent to a river or stream. During floods, when the stream
overflows its banks, water flows over the floodplain and deposits sediment. Through fluvial
processes, streams construct floodplains that accommodate their maximum flood capacity.
Geomorphic features of the floodplain include:
• Natural Levees—River may be immediately flanked by a build-up of sediment that forms natural
levees. These provide some defense against flooding but are occasionally breached in areas
producing flood-plain splays—coarse fan-shaped deposits of sediment created during high-flow
events.
• Oxbows and oxbow lakes—See below, for features of a Meandering Stream Channel.
• Point Bars—See below, for features of a Meandering Stream Channel.
• Terraces
Who will possibly benefit from this research idea? How?
Agriculture –
-When farmers till their fields, they loosen the soil, and when these lands lie fallow, they
lack the root systems that otherwise hold the dirt in place. Both scenarios raise the threat of
erosion significantly. When topsoil erodes, it carries away many of the nutrients needed to grow
abundant, healthy crops. As a result, erosion can decrease crop yields by up to 50%.

-Agricultural runoff is also particularly insidious because it usually contains excessive

nutrients like phosphates and nitrates from fertilizer and manure. When these nutrients run off
into local water supplies, they can cause algae overgrowth, oxygen depletion, reduced water
quality, and the eventual death of many aquatic species. Erosion control measures preserve the
nutrient-rich topsoil, help agricultural operations thrive, and prevent nutrient pollution.
Construction
–When construction companies cut down trees and clear land for new projects, they
also increase the risk of erosion. Using erosion control blankets contains the soil and
reduces environmental disruption during construction. It also makes the construction
project more efficient because construction companies will not have to replace eroded
soil or remove sediment from sewers or stormwater basins.

Land Development
- Land development, which precedes construction and involves changing the
landscape’s natural features to make it more suitable for building, also tends to remove
natural vegetation and increase erosion risk. Erosion control blankets reduce the
likelihood that erosion from land development will cause pollution and displace native
species.
Shoreline Preservation
- Homeowners, businesses, and municipal governments along a bank or coast often
want to preserve the shoreline, both to protect the rich aquatic environment and to secure
property and infrastructure against encroaching waters. Many properties near shorelines
install rip-rap large rocks intended to hold soil in place. However, rip-rap has a few
disadvantages. It is more expensive than vegetated alternatives, it is often less
aesthetically appealing and it does not provide the habitat enhancements of vegetated
solutions. Erosion control blankets are often much more practical and cost-effective.

Stream Restoration
- Conservation efforts aimed at stream restoration often find erosion control blankets
to be appealing options. The blankets blend into the natural environment much more
convincingly than other solutions like rip-rap. They also hold their shape much better
than straw, which can blow away in heavy winds and pollute the streams it was designed
to protect
How will geology be utilized to find a solution to this problem/issue?

There are three main types of processes that occur in a river. These are erosion, transportation,
and deposition. All three depend on the amount of energy there is in a river. The energy in a river
causes erosion. The bed and banks can be eroded making it wider, deeper, and longer. Headward
erosion makes a river longer. This erosion happens near its source. Surface run-off and through
flow cause erosion at the point where the water enters the valley head. Vertical erosion makes a
river channel deeper. This happens more in the upper stages of a river (the V of vertical erosion
should help you remember the V-shaped valleys that are created in the upper stages). Lateral
erosion makes a river wider. This occurs mostly in the middle and lower stages of a river.
How will geology be utilized to find a solution to this problem/issue?

There are four main processes of erosion that occur in rivers.

* hydraulic action;
* abrasion / corrasion;
* attrition
* corrosion
How will geology be utilized to find a solution to this problem/issue?
Hydraulic action
-The pressure of water breaks away rock particles from the river bed and banks. The force
of the water hits river banks and then pushes water into cracks. Air becomes compressed,
pressure increases and the riverbank may, in time collapse. Where velocity is high e.g. the
outer bend of meaner, hydraulic action can remove material from the banks which may
lead to undercutting and river bank collapse. Near waterfalls and rapids, the force may be
strong enough to work on lines of weakness in joints and bedding planes until they are
eroded.
Abrasion / Corrasion
-The sediment carried by a river scours the bed and banks. Where depressions exist in the
channel floor the river can cause pebbles to spin around and turn hollows into potholes.
How will geology be utilized to find a solution to this problem/issue?
Attrition
Eroded rocks collide and break into smaller fragments. The edges of these rocks become smoother
and more rounded. Attrition makes the particles of rock smaller. It does not erode the bed and bank.
Pieces of river sediment become smaller and more rounded as they move downstream.

Corrosion
Carbon dioxide dissolves in the river to form a weak acid. This dissolves rock by chemical processes.
This process is common where carbonate rocks such as limestone and chalk are evident in a channel
 QUARRY CRUSHERS IN THE MODERN WORLD OF
CONSTRUCTION: CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY

PRESENTED BY:
INTRODUCTION
Quarry Crushers or crushers, in general, is a machine that breaks down large rocks into smaller
rocks, gravel, sand, or rock dust. Crushers can be used to reduce the size or form of waste
materials so that they can be disposed of or recycled more easily or to reduce the size of a solid
mix of raw materials (such as rock ore) so that pieces of different compositions can be
differentiated. Crushing is the process of transferring a force amplified by mechanical advantage
through a material composed of molecules that bond more strongly and resist deformation more
than those in the material being crushed. Crushing devices hold material between two parallel or
tangent solid surfaces and apply enough force to bring the surfaces together to generate enough
energy within the material being crushed to separate (fracture) or change alignment in relation to
(deform) each other. The first crushers were hand-held stones that provided a boost to muscle
power when used against a stone anvil.
INTRODUCTION
These crushing devices include quarries and mortars. Rocks and the identification of their uses
are important in the effective in the modern world of construction. Even before modern quarry
crushers were invented, engineers and construction men formulated a way to designate and
separate the rocks based on their identification and effectiveness. In the modern world
construction material has been changed. A number of stone crushers are deployed to produce
varying sizes of stones. These varying size stones are in use for RCC walls, metalling of roads,
and the construction of residential as well as official buildings.
Why is this important to address this issue?

The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of quarry crushers in the modern world of
construction specifically in Cagayan de Oro City. The researchers aimed to answer the following
questions:
• What are the negative impacts of the quarries that are held near the shores of the sea,
particularly in Cagayan de Oro City?
• Is the effectiveness of quarry crushers have a big role in the modern world of
constructions?
• How do quarry crushers work?
Who will possibly benefit from this research idea? How?
The study will take place in Cagayan de Oro City, specifically in Calacala,
Tibasak, Macasandig where a 2-lane Balulang-Macasandig Bridge is under
construction. The said bridge is the 7th to span the Cagayan de Oro River and is
aimed to provide another alternate route for motorists, particularly in the
southern section of the city. The said project costs P137,803,068.46, it is the 7th
bridge crossing the Cagayan de Oro River. The bridge is 240 meters long and has
a carriageway width of 7.32 meters and a 1.1-meter sidewalk for pedestrians.
How will geology be utilized to find a solution to this problem/issue?
Crushers in the Philippines are versatile pieces of equipment that can be used in a
variety of industries, including quarrying, recycling, mining, demolition, and even
food processing. It is used in quarrying and mining when the stone materials that have
been blown up require further reduction. Quarrying is a subset of the extractive
industry, and the natural stone, gravel, and sand extracted from a quarry are referred to
as 'aggregate.' It's safe to say that most people don’t give aggregates much thought and
may only know a quarry as a hole in the ground. However, it must be acknowledged
that our current way of life would be impossible to sustain without quarries. Quarry
products, for example, serve as the foundation for our transportation network – roads,
railways, and airports – as well as our water and sewerage systems.
How will geology be utilized to find a solution to this problem/issue?

The demand for aggregates is enormous; stone is an essential component used in the
construction of homes, factories, schools, hospitals, and shopping malls; thus,
quarries support a country's ongoing development and maintenance and play an
important role in the economy. Having said that, when not using a crusher, dangerous
and inefficient methods of processing rocks, such as using explosives and manual
crushing with hand tools, will be used. While these are feasible, they may be
detrimental to your mining endeavors because they may be harmful to the
environment and the people involved. For these reasons, a crusher is an absolute
necessity.