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THE RELIGIOUS REFORMERS OF 18TH CENTURY

SHAH WALIULLAH (1703-62)

Q. Who was Shah Waliullah? (4)

x A religious reformer born in Delhi in 1703.

x Qutubuddin (Real name)
x Shah Abdur Rahim (Father who founded Madrassa e Rahimiyyah)
x Studied at the above Madrassa for 12 years.
x Abu Tahir Bin Ibrahim (Teacher).
x 1724: went to Arabia. Returned to in 1732

Q. Why did Shah wish to revive Islam in the Sub-continent? (7)

- Due to POOR POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF INDIAN MUSLIMS. THIS

WAS BECAUSE:

x Muslims were disunited and split. Sectarianism existed. They had forgotten
Islamic teachings.
x Threatened by Non-Muslim forces. E.g. Marhattas, Sikh, & Juts etc.
x Neighboring forces were attacking and Mughal Empire was declining. This
created further divisions among Muslims
x Foreign forces such as Nadir Shah attacked Delhi. Muslims could not
oppose them
x Muslims properties and lives were insecure.
x Juts plundered and attacked Delhi.

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WORKS/SERVICES

x Worked in Religion:
1. Translated Holy Quran into Persian to make Islamic Knowledge
understandable for the India Muslims as they could not understand
Arabic.
2. Worked in Sufism, Fiqh, and Hadith.
x Worked in Education:
1. Wrote Hujjatullahul Baligha – Emphasized on fundamental
principles of Islam.
2. Wrote Izalatul Akhfa - Explanation of Holy Quran.
3. Wrote 51 books about religious teachings (23/51- Arabic & 28/51-
Persian)
4. Wrote the Account on the Four Caliphs of Islam acceptable by all the
sects of Islam.
x Worked in Economics:
1. Emphasized for social justice.
2. He wanted craftsman and peasants to be given value for their
contribution in economy.
x Worked in Politics:
1. Organized opposition against Marhattas. Invited Persian fighter
Ahmed Shah Abdali.
2. Abdali fought against Marhattas. Defeated them in the BATTLE OF
PANIPAT (1761).
3. However, Muslims did not take advantage of that defeat and
suffered later.

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Q. Why His teachings had a great influence? (7)

- Because:

x First Muslim thinker who gave Islamic thought.

x Emphasized on social evils and Islamic rituals.
x Worked with pen as well as sword (Invited Abdali to fight Marhattas).
x Bridged sectarian gaps that were of immense importance for unity.
x Translated Quran into the native language such as Persian. Later his sons
Shah Abdur Rafi & Shah Abdul Qadir translated Quran into Urdu.
x Also, his influence had impact after his death.

SHAHEED AHMED BARELVI (1786-31)

Q. Who was Syed Ahmed Barelvi? (4)

x A religious reformer and Jihadist born in Lucknow in 1786.

x Studied, initially, at Madrassa e Rahimiyyah.
x Later preferred Jihad (Action) over being scholar.
x Joined the army of Amir Khan, learnt modern European weaponry.
x Went for Hajj in 1821 and returned to Delhi I 1823.
x Founded Jihad Movement.

Q. Why did he found the Jihad Movement? (7)

- Because he believed:

x India had come under the Non-Muslim rule.

x He wanted restore muslim rule in India.
x He believed that only the choice of armed struggle had left to combat
British and non-muslim rule in the Sub-continent.
x He wanted corruption free Islamic society.
x Specifically, Punjab was under Sikh rule where Ranjit Singh had put several
restrictions on Muslims such as tax on beard and ban on Azan.

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WORKS/SERVICES

- His work is entirely based on Jihad.

Successes:-

x Collected men India wide till Afghanistan.

x Developed diversified army to combat Ranjit Singh.
x Punjab didn’t come under either British or Muslim rule.
x Organized Pathan tribes to join his army.
x Established headquarter in Peshawar in 1826.
x 21st Dec 1826: The battle of Akora b/w Syed and Ranjit’s army took place.
Then Battle at Hazro (place near Attock). Syed was victorious.
x His army grew 80,000 in numbers.
x Ranjit Singh degraded Islam when Syed asked him to accept Islam.
x Syed was joined by Shah Ismael (Waliullah’s grandson).
x Syed had captured Peshawar by Jihad by 1830 and wanted to impose
Islamic Government.
x They couldn’t reach Punjab directly through Delhi. They passed through
Rajhastan, Sindh, and Baluchistan to reach Kabul. From Kabul they marched
towards Punjab.

Failures:-

x Jihad movement somehow failed.

x Conspiracies among Syed’s army were made.
x His army comprised several nations such as Indians, Pathan and, Afghan
etc. They were provoked against each other by Sikh secretly.
x Yar Muhammad Khan (Barakzai ruler of Pashawar) initially joined Jihad
Movement but later on betraying Syed by joining hands with Ranjit.
x Khan tried to poison Syed but he survived.
x Many Mujahideen started calling Syed’s reforms unislamic, all because of
conspiracy and misunderstandings being created by the Sikhs among them.
x Misunderstandings arose between Pathan tribes and other Mujahideens.

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x When Syed tried to established Islamic government in Peshawar, it

threatened the influence of pathan tribal chiefs. They also arose against the
movement.
x Also due to poor war equipment, improper training, lack of cooperation
among Jihadis, the movement failed.
x In 1831 battle at Balakot took place and Syed Ahmed Barelvi along with
Shah Ismael was killed by Ranjit Singh forces.

HAJI SHARIATULLAH (1781-1840)

Q. Who was Haji Shariatullah? (4)

x A religious reformer, born in Faridpur district of East Bengal in 1781.

x 1799: Performed Hajj.
x Inspired by the teachings of Sheikh Abdul Wahab of Arabia.
x Returned to East Bengal, began Faraizi Movement.
x Died in 1840.

Q. Why did he found the Faraizi Movement? (7).

-He believed that:

x India had become Dar-ul-Harb (Place of Kufr).

x Muslims had deviated from actual Islamic Faraiz.
x Jihad should be launched against non-Muslims through Faraizi Movement.

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WORKS/SERVICES

-His work included the starting of Faraizi Movement.

Successes:-

x Emphasized on Islamic Faraiz.

x Disliked Pir (Master) & Murid (Desciple) terms. Preferred Ustad (Teacher) &
Shagird (Student).
x Emphasized on REPENTANCE (Tauba) for past sins and to Prepare for God-
fearing future.
x Declared India the land of Kafirs (Infidels). Provoked for Jihad.
x He induced hope of new life especially in peasants. Condemned
oppressions by Hindus.

Failures:-

x Hindu landlords bitterly opposed Haji Shariatullah.

x They imposed several cases on him.
x He was forced to leave Dhaka. Returned to Faridpur (his birth place).
x Could not continue Faraizi Movement for so long.

Q. Why Faraizi movement had great impact…? (7)

x Tried to restore Muslim pride.

x His son Mohsinuddin (Dudu Mian) continued his father’s work.
x He divided Bengal into Halqa (circles)- Each circle was given a Khalifa
(Aalim) who was responsible for the well-being of the Muslims of that
cirlcle.
x He united Peasants and threatened to declare Jihad. Jailed and died in
1860.

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EVALUATION:

-The teachings and influence of Shah Waliullah continued even after his
death. Evidences are:
1. Madrassa e Rahimiyyah continued its work.
2. Later Reformers such as Ahmed Barelvi was also influenced by Shah’s
teachings.
3. Shah’s two sons Shah Abdul Qadir and Shah Adbur Rafi translated
Quran into Urdu. This showed that they were influenced by their
Father’s move to translate Quran into native lndian languages (Such
as Persian).
4. His reforms include all areas compared to the other two reformers.
He also went for Jihad when it was inevitable (Invited Abdali).

-Whereas, the Jihad Movement of Ahmed Barelvi only included Jihad e Bil

Saif (Jihad with sword).

1. Though, Jihad movement later found the basis of The Pakistan

Movement.
2. It later inspired the leaders of The Pakistan Movement to achieve a
homeland where Muslims should live independently.
- Whereas, The Faraizi Movement remained confined up to Bengal
(specific area). The Movement died out soon
- Thus, Shah Waliullah’s reforms were the most important reforms of all
3 reformers.

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THE DECLINE OF MUGHAL EMPIRE

- The empire declined for the following reasons.

1. The religious policies of Aurangzeb.
2. His reforms.
3. The war of Succession.
4. Invading forces.
5. The Nature of Empire (Administrative issues).
6. The luxurious lifestyle.
7. Declining military expertise.
8. The arrival of British.

The Religious Policies of Aurangzeb:

- Reintroduced Jizya (Tax on Non-Muslims).

- Tried to ban Satti (Burning widow alive along with her husband’s corpse- A
Hindu Tradition).
- Destroyed Hindu temples. (Many believe).
- Orthodox.
- Abolished alcohol, dancing, and singing in the court.
- Enforced to have maximum length of beard.
- Thus non-Muslims rose against him and the empire collapsed.

Military cost:

- Most of money spent on fighting. Following are the examples.

- The war against Rajputs (1679-81).
- The war against Marhattas (25 Years)
- Fought against pathans for empire extension.
- Faced rebellions by Juts, Satnamis in Mewar and Juts in Gokal. Bringing
empire to collapse.

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The War of Succession:

- After Aurangzeb, his 4 sons fought together to take on the large empire.
- Among them Prince Muazzam succeeded but for a short period of time.
- Later, Muazzam’s 3 sons fought together and Jahandar Shah won but just
for a year.
- Within 10 years of Aurangzeb’s death 12 successors claimed empire.
- Only, lastly, Muhammad Shah (1719) remained emperor for just 30 years.
- Thus one day empire collapsed.

The Invading Forces:

- The Persian, Afghan and Marhattas invaded and plundered empire.

- Nadir Shah Durrani (Persian King) attacked and defeated Muhammad Shah
at the Battle of Karnal 1739. Plundered booty and Mughal’s prestige.
- The Marhattas (Hindu empire in India’s south) attacked and plundered
Mughals in 1737.
- An Afghan fighter Ahmed Khan Abdali attacked Kabul, Peshawar and Lahore
in 1747. Gained Punjab in 1749, Kashmir and Multan in 1756.
- Thus, these invading forces caused empire to decline.

The Administrative Issues:

- Mughal Empire stretched from Kashmir (North) to Karnataka (South) &

Assam (East) to Kabul (West).
- News from one part of the empire took months to reach Emperor.
- In this case Mansabdars could also not deliver and corruption increased.
- As a result Mughal’s control on the empire became weaker and weaker
with time. A time came when Alamgir II was assassinated by the minister of
his own court.
- Proper supervision of Mansabdar became difficult. Hence, empire ended.

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The Luxurious lifestyle:

- Mughals accumulated as well as inherited immense wealth.

- Became habitual of luxuries.
- Money spent on hundreds of dishes, dancing, and singing.
- Expensive fabrics and jewelries were worn.
- Expensive buildings were built such as Taj Mahal and Pearl Mosque Delhi.
- Wealth came to end thus empire

Declining Military expertise:

- Mughal’s ruled used to be so long. 30 years, 50 years etc.

- Military had nobody to fight during these long peace years. Thus they
became lazy and incompetent.
- Incompetent and lazy army could not sustain sudden attacks and rebellions.
- On the other hand the military that kept fighting such as Marhattas (25
year war) became frustrated due to home-sickness. Thus empire declined.

The Arrival of British:

- The British entered India for trade. (EIC).
- They firstly established headquarters then started expansion.
- They finally put the empire to complete end.
- The very last Mughal Prince Bahadur Shah Zafar was arrested and was
taken to Rangoon in Burma (Today Yangon- The capital of Myanmar
(Burma)).
- He finally died there and so empire died completely.

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EVALUATION (level 5):

- The Arrival of The British is the most important reason why empire declined
completely.
- The evidence is:
x Despite all the issues empire somehow sustained.
x Successors who fought together and won over each other were all
Mughals. They kept naming their empire as Mughal Empire.
x Foreign invaders just entered their empire looted and returned, empire
still there.
x But British officially wiped out the empire from the Indian sub-continent
completely. Thus, their arrival is the main reason why empire declined.

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THE BRITISH EXPANSION (1750-1850)

BACKGROUND:

x British Expansion had its origin in the East India Company (EIC).
x EIC initially confined French up to Pondicherry by fighting naval
battle at Pondicherry.
x EIC had its bases in the coastal cities of Bombay, Madras, and
Calcutta.
x On the North-East of Calcutta, located Bengal (One of the largest
princely states).
x French established the trading company, wanted to enter India.
Alarmed EIC.
x To beat EIC the Bengal’s Nawab was provoked by the French.
x He attacked EIC’s Calcutta base, annoying EIC. Finally, THE
BRITISH EXPANSION began.

1-BENGAL

The Battle of Plassey (1757)

x British and Nawab of Bengal (NoB) Sirajuddaulah fought at Plassey

in 1757.
x NoB was betrayed by his trustee and general Mir Jafar. He joined
hands with the British.
x NoB was defeated and killed. British led by Robert Clive captured
Bengal.
x Mir Jafar was made the Governor of Bengal by the EIC.

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The Battle of Buxar (1764)

x Mir Jafar’s son was Mir Qasim.

x Mir Qasim, Alamgir II, and Oudh’s Nawab, together, fought EIC at
Buxar.
x They wanted to drive EIC out of Bengal but failed and lost.

2-THE KARNATAK WARS & DEFEAT OF MARHATTAS.

x To take over Arcot in Karnatak, British fought against Nawab of

Karnatak Nawab Chanda Sahib.
x The Siege of Arcot took place and Nawab lost. British took over
Arcot.
x Initially, British fought two wars in Mysore against Haider Ali
Khan, who was father of Tipu sultan. British could not won over
him.
x Mysore was, finally, captured in 1799 under Lord Wellesley, the
Viceroy. Its Tipu Sultan (Tiger of Mysore) was betrayed by Mir
Sadiq and was killed. Mysore, and finally Karnatak came under
British control.
x British defeated the Nawab of Oudh, who accompanied Tipu.

x 1st Marhatta vs British war ended. British signed treaty with them
in 1782.
x 1818: Final defeat of Marhattas. South & central came under
British.
x In 1802, British finally entered Delhi and forced Mughal Nawab
Shah Alam to accept their supremacy. Delhi came under British.

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3-SINDH
x British wanted to rule Kabul due to Russian expansion. Punjab’s
ruler didn’t help them.
x British turned towards Sindh, provoking Amirs of Sindh to fight
British.
x When Amirs attacked British, British found opportunity to attack
and annex Sindh.
x Sindh came under British.

4-PUNJAB & NWFP

The Battle of Aliwal (1846)

x The ruler of Punjab Ranjit Singh had died.
x His rival chiefs argued over Punjab ruling.
x British fought Sikh at Aliwal and defeated them. The Treaty of
Lahore was signed.
x The Raja of Jammu Gulab Singh helped British in their expansion
in Punjab.
x British allowed the Raja to purchase Kashmir.
x 1848- Sikhs were defeated finally. Punjab & NWFP had come
under British.
x British wanted to separate the tribal territory from India, they
drew The Durand Line in 1893.

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5- OTHER PRINCELY STATES

x British introduced The Doctrine of lapse.

x Further expansion was intended.
x It said “Any prince who dies without a natural heir, his state
would go to the British”.
x Jhansi, Nagpur, Satara and later Oudh were captured.

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INDIAN RESISTANCE TO THE BRITISH EXPANSION

- Initially NoB resisted British. Captured their EIC base in Calcutta.

- But British returned with modern weapons and defeated NoB.
- Marhattas resisted British from India’s Southern part and were
successful till 1818.
- Tipu Sultan didn’t let British enter Mysore twice. British failed him
in fourth attempt.
- Punjab ruler Ranjit Singh didn’t let British enter Punjab till his
death.
- Rani of Jhansi resisted British on The Doctrine of Lapse. But was
killed.
- TITU MIR (Mir Nisar) emerged from Bengal.
i) Proclaimed himself the king of Bengal.
ii) Built fort at Narkel Baria.
iii) Raised 15000 armymen.
iv) Initially defeated British but later was killed in fierce fighting
with British.
v) His bravery was appreciated by the British.
* British government took direct control of India due to EIC
misgovernment and corruption in Bengal, & Russian expansion.
The Pitts India Act (1784) replaced EIC with the British
government. Governor-General, Provincial Governors, Civil
Services, legal system & Police on Britain’s pattern was
implemented in India.

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SIR SYED AHMED KHAN (1817-1898)

INTRODUCTION.

1. Born in Delhi, in 1817.

2. Became skilled in Arabic, Persian, Mathematics, & medicine at 18.
3. 1846: Became judge.
4. Author of Athar us Sanadeed (book on Archaeology).
5. Chief Judge in Bijnaur in 1857 war.
6. Remained Chief Judge in Muradabad and Ghazipur as well.
7. Began Aligarh Movement.
8. Died on 27th March 1898.

SERVICES.

a) Social Services.
Worked to improve relations between British and
Muslims. Convinced both the nations for each other.

To CONVINCE BRITISH for Muslims,

i- He wrote the pamphlet THE LOYALS MOHAMMADENS OF

INDIA (defended Muslims for not being disloyal to the
British).
ii- Wrote an Essay on THE CAUSES OF THE INDIAN REVOLT
1857 (mentioned that British too were responsible for the
revolt, e.g, limited Indian representation in government,
conversion to Christianity, poor management of Indian army
etc). This essay angered British too, they criticized Sir Syed
for it.

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iii- Muslims called the British NASARA (Nadarath) which always

annoyed British. Sir Syed interpreted positive meaning of
this word, i.e HELPERS rather INVADERS.

To CONVINCE MUSLIMS for British,

i- He found misconceptions in many books regarding Holy
Prophet (p.b.u.h) in England. Then wrote an account on
Holy Prophet and corrected many errors in those books.
ii- Wrote TABAYYAN UL KALAM, a book in which he showed
many similarities between Christianity and Islam.

b) Educational Services. (Aligarh Movement).

i- 1859: Opened school in Muradabad.

ii- Setup Urdu journal TEHZIB UL AKHLAQ to support his
views.
iii- 1863: Setup SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY at Ghazipur, where
scientific researches made in Europe were translated in
Urdu.
iv- 1864: Opened school in Ghazipur.
v- 1866: Issued journal ALIGARH INSTITUTE GAZZETTE.
vi- Visited England and studied its University System.
vii- Setup fund raising committee.
viii- On 24th May 1875, opened MOHAMMADEN ANGLO
ORIENTAL (MAO) school (that later became symbol for
muslim unity).

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ix-This school provided both Indian and western education.

Later, it became COLLEGE.
x- 1886: Founded MOHAMMADEN EDUCATIONAL
CONFERENCE. Conducted country-wide meetings.
xi- 1920: This MAO College became Aligarh University.
c) Political Services.

i- Suggested separate electorates for Muslims.

ii- Did not favour European Democratic System for India.
iii- Opposed CSS Examinations to be conducted in English as
Muslims did not have educational opportunities as Hindus
had.
iv- Refrained Muslims from joining the Congress.
v- HINDI-URDU CONTROVERSY. Hindu members of Scientific
Society started stressing on translation of Scientific
Researches into Hindi rather Urdu. This showed great hatred
for Urdu language, as Hindus considered it the language of
Muslims.
vi- As a result of Hindi-Urdu controversy, Sir Syed introduced
THE TWO NATION theory. He eventually got to belief that
Hindus were not at all ready to accept Muslims of India.

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IMPORTANCE.

Muslims had become poor economically, educationally, and

socially. Hindus had accepted British education, language, and
culture and had become advance and modern than the Muslims.

Also, in 1871, 711 Hindus were in Government services whereas

Muslims were only 92. He wanted Muslims to make separate
political identity.

Also, Muslims were considered the initiators of 1857 revolt by the

British. Thus Sir Syed wanted Muslims to accept British education
and language to show that they were not disloyal.

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS.

Q. WHY DID SIR SYED WORK ON MUSLIM RENAISSANCE? 7

Q. WHY DID SIR SYED BEGUN ALIGARH MOVEMENT? 7

Q. WHAT WAS THE HINDI-URDU CONTROVERSY? 4

Q. WHAT WAS THE TWO NATION THEORY? 4

Q. WHO WAS SIR SYED AHMED KHAN? 4

Q. WHAT WAS WRITTEN IN THE ESSAY ‘THE CAUSES OF THE

INDIAN REVOLT 1857’? 4

Q. HOW DID ALIGARH UNIVERSITY COME INTO BEING? 4

Q. ‘EDUCATIONAL SERVICES OF SIR SYED WERE MORE

IMPORTANT THAN HIS SOCIAL WORKS’. Explain. 10/14.

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THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1857.

REASONS FOR THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLT:

1- THE DOCTRINE OF LAPSE- British attempted to take over Indian

lands this way. The doctrine said that if a ruler dies without a
natural heir, his/her land would take away by the British.
i- Oudh(Awadh) was seized,
ii- Jhansi was captured
iii- Satara, Surat, Nagpur, and many areas
were captured by the British.
iv- Removed Mughal Family from Red fort to
Qutub Sahib.

Thus, it angered Indians and so they went for revolt.

2- INFERIOR TREATMENT OF INDIANS- English replaced Sanskrit and

Persian as the official language. British made sudden changes.
i- Arrogant attitude of British.
ii- Conversion to Christianity.
iii- CSS Examinations were to be conducted in
English.
iv- Suttee and cutting of hands were banned.

Indians took it attack on their culture, and religion. Revolt took place.

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3- HEAVY TAXES/ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION- British traders were

making huge profits. Small peasants were forced to pay high
taxes. Tax collectors were also corrupt. Poverty, among Indians
increased that increased bitterness against The British.

4- ILL-TREATMENT TO ARMED FORCES- Top ranking officers were all

British.
i- Indians were mostly Sepoys.
ii- They had low salaries.
iii- Forceful conversion to Christianity.
iv- Hindu soldiers did not want to leave
their country.
v- Muslim soldiers did not want to fight
with their Afghani Muslim brothers.

This unfair postings and actions of British created dissatisfaction.

5- GREASED-CARTRIDGE INCIDENT- A cartridge was fixed in the

Enfield rifle for shooting purpose. It fired multiple rounds in one
go. The greased was the covering on it which is removed by
chewing it away from tooth. A rumor spread that the greased was
made with either pig or cow fat. Pig was forbidden for Muslims,
and cow was sacred to Hindus. Thus, soldiers, mainly lead by
Mangal Panday, grew in anger and later revolt occurred.

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REASONS FOR THE INDIANS, FAILING THE REVOLT:

1- NO PLANNING-
i- War started suddenly.
ii- Indians got no time to make strategies.
iii- Confusion spread among Indians.
iv- Complete chaos took place.
v- Despite being brave and high spirit they did
not know how to fight.

ON THE OTHER HAND,

i- British were trained with modern weapons.

ii- They had better strategies and line of
action.
iii- They were organized.
2- NO LEADERSHIP-
i- Many local rulers fought for their own lands
rather for India.
ii- They had no single leader.
iii- They did not have sense of Nationalism of
being Indian.
iv- Rani of Jhansi and Nana Sahib of Cawnpore
fought bravely but for their own lands.
v- Many rulers did not choose to fight.

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ON THE OTHER HAND,

i- British were united under Queen Elizabeth’s

leadership.
ii- They had sense of Being one nation i.e.
British.
3- LACK OF COORDINATION- Indians did not have sense of being a
part of big war. Many province were not interested in fighting.
Kashmir, on the contrary helped British in winning the war.

4- STRONG BRITISH DIPLOMACY- British knew how to keep control

of the lands that they had captured. British bribed and
persuaded many local rulers to stay away from war. British
took advantage of selfish Indian rulers.

POSSIBLE QUESTIONS.

Q. What was greased-cartridge incident? 4

Q. What was the doctrine of lapse? 4

Q. Why did British win the war of 1857? 7

Q. Why did Indians loose the war of 1857? 7

Q. ‘Strong British diplomacy enabled them to win the war of 1857’.

Explain your answer. 10/14

Q. ‘Greased-Cartridge Incident initiated the war of 1857’. Do you

Agree? Explain your answer. 14.

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