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Syllabus:
1.1. Characteristic Equation, Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors, and
properties (Without proof)
1.2. Cayley-Hamilton Theorem (without proof), verification and
reduction of higher degree polynomials
1.3. Similarity of matrices, diagonalizable and non-diagonalizable
matrices.
Characteristic Equation
Let A be an n × n matrix of numbers. A number λ is an eigenvalue of A if there is a
nonzero n × 1 matrix X such that AX = λX.
The equation | | of degree n in is called Characteristic Equation.
5. The sum of eigen values of a 3x3 matrix is 6 and the product of the eigenvalues
is also 6. If one of the eigenvalues is 1, find the other two eigenvalues. [Ans: 2,3]
11. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvector (or bases for eigenspaces) of [ ]
[Ans: ( ) ( ) ( ) ]
and eigenvector of .
[ ] [Ans: 2]
[Ans: ( ) ( )]
[Ans: ( ) ( ) ( ) ]
[Ans: ( )]
(i) one of the eigenvalues of A is 666 (ii) If A is non-singular, then one of the
eigenvalues of A is negative.
[Ans: ( ) ( ) ( ) ]
[Ans: ( ) ( )]
2. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A and verify that it satisfies
[Ans: [ ] [ ]]
3. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A and find the matrix represented
by , where [ ]
[Ans: [ ]]
5. Verify the matrix A=[ ] satisfies the characteristic equation .Hence find
. [Ans: [ ] ]
6. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for (i) [ ](ii) [ ] and hence find and
. [Ans: (i) [ ] ( ) ]
[Ans: [ ]]
8. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A and verify that it satisfies
Cayley-Hamilton theorem. Hence find , and ,where A
is[ ].
[Ans: [ ] [ ] [ ]]
[Ans: [ ]]
Similarity
Two n × n matrices A and B are said to be similar whenever there exists a
non-singular matrix P such that P−1AP = B. The product P−1AP is called a
similarity transformation on A.
A Fundamental Problem.
Given a square matrix A, reduce it to the simplest possible form by means of
a similarity transformation.
Diagonal matrices have the simplest form, so we first ask,
“Is every square matrix similar to a diagonal matrix?”
Linear algebra and matrix theory would be simpler subjects if this were true,
but it’s not.
So, if not all square matrices can be diagonalized by a similarity
transformation, what are the characteristics of those that can?
Diagonalizability
A square matrix A is said to be diagonalizable whenever A is similar to a
diagonal matrix.
A complete set of eigenvectors for is any set of n linearly independent
eigenvectors for A
(Algebraic multicity of each eigenvalue should be equal to it’s Geometric
multiplicity).
Not all matrices have complete sets of eigenvectors. Matrices that fail to
possess complete sets of eigenvectors are sometimes called deficient or
defective matrices.
is diagonalizable if and only if A possesses a complete set of
eigenvectors
algebraic multicity of each eigenvalue is equal to its geometric multiplicity.
The algebraic multiplicity of λ is the number of times it is repeated as a root
of the characteristic polynomial.
The geometric multiplicity of λ is dim N (A − λI). In other words geometric
multiplicity, is the maximal number of linearly independent eigenvectors
associated with λ.
Distinct Eigenvalues: If no eigenvalue of A is repeated, then A is
diagonalizable. But the converse is not true.
Type-III: Diagonalisation
1.Show that the following matrices are diagonalisable. Also find the diagonal
form and a diagonalising matrix
[Ans: (i) [ ], [ ]( ) [ ], [ ]
(iii) [ ], [ ] (iv) [ ], [ ]]
2. Find the diagonal matrix similar to the Hermitian matrix [ ] also obtain the
transforming matrix . [ [ ] [ ]]