Ocean Engineering 239 (2021) 109911

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Ocean Engineering
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/oceaneng

Experimental investigation for the dynamic behavior of submerged floating

tunnel subjected to the combined action of earthquake, wave and current
Zhiwen Wu *, Dingxin Wang, Wei Ke, Yinghong Qin, Fucong Lu, Mingjie Jiang
Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety, College of
Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Submerged floating tunnel (SFT) is an innovative traffic structure for transportation in long and deep-water
Submerged floating tunnel areas. The SFT that built in earthquake-prone areas has the risk to be subjected to earthquake and wave-
Dynamic behavior current action simultaneously during its whole lifetime. Therefore, to ensure the safety and stability of SFT
Underwater shaking device
during its service, the dynamic behavior of a SFT subjected to combined action of earthquake, wave and current
Experimental investigation
Combined action of earthquake
are experimentally investigated in this study. Based on the wave-current flume and a specially designed un­
Wave and current derwater shaking device, a physical scaled model experiment of SFT for studying the dynamic behavior of SFT
subjected to the combined action of earthquake, wave and current is presented. The earthquake wave outputs
from the underwater shaking device are verified to be reliable. The experimental results are also observed to
conform against the numerical results well validating the test. The influence of key load parameters such as the
peak ground acceleration and type of single earthquake, the wave height, and the combination of earthquake,
wave and current on the dynamic behavior of the SFT are deeply and thoroughly explored. This experiment
research has theoretical and engineering importance for the prevention and control hazard of design for the SFT.

1. Introduction
Submerged floating tunnel (SFT), also known as Archimedes Bridge,
is an innovative traffic structure across long and deep-water areas. It is
mainly made of tunnel tube suspended at a certain depth underwater by
buoyancy, mooring system restricting the motion for the tunnel, deep-
water foundation, and the revetment section connecting both sides.
SFT has its unique characteristics and charm (Lin et al., 2018; Xiang
et al., 2018; Zhang et al., 2021), such as will not be affected by extreme
weather conditions, lower construction cost, negligible effects on the
normal navigation and other water production activities, etc. Thus, SFT
is attracting more and more attentions in academia and industry.
The SFT is generally located in the ocean during the whole lifetime
and subjected to complicated marine environmental loadings. Although
a long time has passed since the conception for SFT was presented, the
actual engineering of SFT hasn’t been carried out on account of safety
and stability concerns induced by all kinds of environmental loading
excitations. It is reported that, 85% of the total amount of earthquakes
on earth happen in the sea (Duan and Wang YYue, 2010). The three
areas that are potential to build SFT in China are the Bohai Strait, the
Qiongzhou Strait, and the Taiwan Strait, which are all in the
CircumPacific seismic belt. Therefore, the study for the seismic behavior
of SFT becomes one of the hottest topics in academia and industry. It is
noted that, the SFT that placed in earthquake-prone areas may be
simultaneously subjected to not only earthquake action but also
wave-current action. What’s more, the effect of seaquake is much more
complex, which can induce hydrodynamic pressures acting on the
offshore structure and complicated coupling interaction between
earthquake and wave-current (Chen et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2016; Wu
and Mei, 2017). Therefore, to guarantee the safety and stability of SFT
during its whole lifetime, it is urgent need to study and understand the
dynamic behavior of SFT subjected to the combined action of earth­
quake, wave and current.
So far, some researches on SFT subjected to independent earthquake
action or subjected to independent wave-current action has been con­
ducted. In the respect of independent wave-current action, Chen et al.
(2018) proposed a theoretical approach to make coupled vibration
analysis of SFT tube-cable system subjected to combined parametric
excitation and wave-current action. Wu and Mei (2017) studied the
dynamic response of cable of submerged floating tunnel subjected to
random wave force through the pseudo excitation method. Chen et al.
(2021) studied the nonlinear interaction between the moored SFT and

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: wuzhiwen20031985@163.com (Z. Wu).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.109911
Received 22 June 2021; Received in revised form 10 August 2021; Accepted 22 September 2021
Available online 8 October 2021
0029-8018/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Z. Wu et al. Ocean Engineering 239 (2021) 109911

Table 1
Scale relation of each physical quantity for the physical model.
Group Physical quantity Scale factor

Geometric Length (e.g., dimension, water Sl

characteristics depth)
Material characteristics Elastic modulus SE = Sl
Density Sρ = SE /Sl = 1
Mass Sm = Sρ Sl 3 =
Sl 3
Dynamic characteristics Angle Sϕ
Displacement Sx = Sl
Time St = Sl 0.5
Force (e.g., gravity, mooring SF = Sl 3
tension)
Fluid characteristics Current velocity Su = Sl 0.5
Wave period ST = Sl 0.5
Wave height SH = Sl

surface wave action through a presented numerical model. Jin et al.

(2020) established a full time-domain two-dimensional numerical
model for the coupled dynamic analysis for wave action on a tension
leg-type SFT in time domain. Li et al. (2018) experimentally studied the
pressure characteristic of SFT subjected to wave force excitation with
various section forms. Yang et al. (2020) studied the 2D motion char­
acteristics of SFT in wave loads in an experimental way. Deng et al.
(2020) experimentally studied the vortex-induced vibration of a
twin-tube submerged floating tunnel segment model in steady current
action. In the respect of independent earthquake action, Martinelli et al.
(2011) investigated the multi-support seismic response for SFT anchored
by cables through a proposed innovative numerical model. Chen et al.
(2012) experimentally and numerically investigated seismic response of
SFT with underwater shaking table test and finite element model. Su and
Sun (2013) proposed a mathematical equation for vibration of SFT
tether subjected to the effects of earthquake and parametric excitation.
Dong and Li (2016) utilized the theory of elastic foundation beam to
establish the dynamic equations of SFT tube subjected to earthquake
action. Lee et al. (2016) studied the dynamic behavior of a SFT with a
rectangular cross-section subjected to earthquake action in a relative
accurate numerical way.
In the respect of combined earthquake and wave-current actions, due
to the great difficulty to simulate the combined action for earthquake
and wave-current in experiment and numerical calculation, only a few
studies have been reported. Wu and Mei (2017) utilized modified
Morison’s equation to formulate the hydrodynamic force induced by
earthquake excitation, and investigated the vibration response of SFT
cable subjected to simultaneous hydrodynamic force and earthquake
excitations. Luo et al. (2021) utilized the Stokes wave theory and trig­
onometric series method to calculate the wave load and earthquake, and
adopted the D′ Alembert principle to establish the tube-tether model of
SFT subjected to the wave-earthquake action, to investigate the dynamic Fig. 1. The overview of the experimental set-up of SFT model.
response of SFT subject to the coupled action of earthquakes and waves.
Xie and Chen (2021) presented a new mathematical model for analyzing The underwater shaking table test is widely recognized as the most
the dynamic response of SFT-Canyon water system subjected to earth­ effective method to investigate the dynamic behavior of underwater
quakes and potential current actions, while considered the transmission structures subjected to earthquake, which can reproduce earthquake
effect of canyon water to the original horizontal seismic wave input. excitations to achieve the earthquake actions. As to simulate practical
Overall, the dynamic behavior of SFT subjected to combined earth­ situation and provide experimental verification for theoretical and nu­
quake and wave-current action was rarely studied. The existed re­ merical studies, the experimental investigation for the dynamic
searches were focused on theoretical and numerical studies. In these behavior of SFT subjected to combined earthquake and wave-current
studies, to solve the complicated interaction between water and SFT action is conducted in this study.
subjected to combined actions of earthquake and wave-current, many In this study, the dynamic behavior of SFT subjected to combined
assumptions were introduced, which neglected the accuracy of numer­ action of earthquake, wave and current is experimentally investigated.
ical calculation, and validity of their calculations still need to be verified Based on the wave-current flume and a specially designed underwater
by shaking table test. Up to now, no experimental researches which shaking device, a physical scaled model experiment of SFT for studying
thoroughly investigate the dynamic behavior of SFT subjected to the the dynamic behavior of SFT subjected to the combined action of
combined action of earthquake, wave and current have been reported. earthquake, wave and current is presented. Three important judge rules

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Z. Wu et al. Ocean Engineering 239 (2021) 109911

Table 2 earthquake, wave and current on the dynamic behavior of SFT are
Major parameters of the prototype and physical model of SFT. deeply and thoroughly explored. This experiment research has theo­
Component Parameter Prototype scale Model scale retical and engineering importance for the prevention and control haz­
ard of design for the SFT located at complicated ocean environment.
Tunnel Per unit length (m) 90 0.7
Material type Reinforced Teflon
concrete 2. Experimental model design
Elastic modulus 38 0.27
(GPa) 2.1. Experimental model set up
Buoyant weight 1.8 1.8
ratio
Section type Circular Circular The experiment is carried out in the wave-current flume, with its size
Outer diameter (m) 18 0.18 length/width/height 30 m × 1.5 m × 1.5 m. A push-board wave maker is
Anchor cables Material Steel wire rope Steel wire used to generate the desired incident waves at the one end of the flume, a
rope
tilt-type wave absorber is installed at the other end of the flume to
Elastic modulus 210 210
(GPa) prevent the wave reflection affecting test results. The uniform and
Inclined mooring 60 60 steady current can be generated and ensured by a large pump, a specially
angle (◦ ) designed circulating loop, and a porous guide plate set up at the inlet
Diameter (m) 0.3 0.0036 and outlet of the flume. In this test, before the formal use for the flume,
Cable interval (m) 90 0.68
Cable quantity 6 6
through numerous qualitative calibration tests and experimental ob­
Environmental Water depth (m) 120 0.94 servations, the accuracy of wave generation, current generation, and
parameters Water density 1000 1000 wave-current interaction of the wave flume can satisfy design re­
(kg⋅m− 3) quirements and specification standards for hydrodynamic test.
In the present study, the main concern for the test is the influence of
combined action of earthquake, wave and current on the dynamic
Table 3
behavior of SFT, the elasticity and gravity similarity laws should be
Measuring instruments and their parameters in the test. fulfilled in the model design. Thus, the Cauchy and Froude similarity
should be fulfilled concurrently, to implement the inertial, gravitational
Physical quantities Measurement Key parameters
instrument
and restoring forces simulation in the experiment, which is expressed as
(Liu et al., 2017; Ding et al., 2018):
Rotation (roll, yaw and IMU Attitude accuracy≤0.3 deg;
pitch) Sampling frequency:10 Hz–100 SE
Hz; = Sl (1)
Sg Sρ
Roll: ±180 deg.
Displacement (surge, DIC-3D Precision≤ 0.1% F⋅S; In which, SE is the elastic modulus scale factor, Sg is the gravitational
heave and sway) Distinguishability:1600*1200
acceleration scale factor, Sρ is the density scale factor, and Sl is the
pixel;
Maximum frame frequency: 59 geometric scale factor.
fps; Following the existed studies, the gravitational acceleration of pro­
Sampling frequency:20 Hz–80 totype and model are regarded as equal, the Eq. (1) can be simplified as:
Hz.
Cable tension Tensile force Sensitivity:2.0 ± 0.05 mV/V; SE
gauges Nonlinearity≤±0.03% F⋅S;
= Sl (2)
Sρ
Sampling frequency:10 Hz–500
Hz. In this experiment, a scheme of a SFT for crossing Funk bay is taken
Acceleration Accelerometer Precision≤ 0.1% F⋅S; as the prototype. Based on the dimensions of the wave-current flume, the
Nonlinearity≤±0.03% F⋅S;
scaled segment model of the SFT is designed, and the scales reaction for
Sampling frequency:10 Hz–500
Hz. various physical quantities are summarized in Table 1.
Detailed sketch of experimental model set up is shown in Fig. 1. Seen
in Fig. 1(a), the experimental model consists of wave-current flume,
are introduced to verify the reliability of the earthquake wave output scaled-model tube, anchoring cables, boundary restrain device, under­
from the underwater shaking device, a comparison between numerical water shaking device and data acquisition devices. The numbers of the
simulations and experimental results is then presented, to assess the cables are named C1–C6, and C1–C3 and C4–C6 are respectively ar­
validity of the proposed test model. The influence of key load parameters ranged at the upstream and downstream sides of the flume. The major
such as the (peak ground acceleration) PGA and type of single earth­ parameters of the prototype and physical model of SFT are summarized
quake, the wave height, current velocity, etc. and the combination of

Fig. 2. Entire length SFT numerical model in ABAQUS.

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Z. Wu et al.
Fig. 3. The simulation of boundary constraint device.
in Table 2. It is noted that, if the cable interval is strictly consistent for
the scale ratio, it is hard to install anchorage device, thus, in the test,
about 2 cm are reserved for each end of the tube to install anchorage
device. In the test, the pretension of the cable is considered and adjusted
accurately for the cable by varying the elongation of turnbuckle. To
satisfy the requirement for the stability of the original balance of SFT
and the test objective, and based on previous studies (Jin et al., 2020;
Wu et al., 2021), the typical pretension of the each cable of SFT is set as
24N in the test.
2.2. Data acquisition devices and installation
As shown in Fig. 1(b), the data acquisition devices used in this test
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Ocean Engineering 239 (2021) 109911
Fig. 4. Acceleration time history curve and acceleration response spectrum of
the Artificial El Centro wave.
including: (ⅰ) Waterproof tensile force gage, 6 waterproof tensile force
gages are respectively installed at the bottom end of each cable to
measure the tension of cables. (ⅱ) Waterproof accelerometer, 3 water­
proof accelerometers are respectively installed at the shaking table, the
midpoint of upper surface of the tube and the underwater anchor board
to measure the acceleration of the structures, and are respectively
named A1-A3. (ⅲ) IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit), IMU is installed at
the barycenter of the tube to measure its rotations (roll, yaw and pitch).
(ⅳ) DIC-3D (Digital Image Correlation-three dimensions), DIC mea­
surement system is used to measure the displacement of the tube. The
DIC-3D is placed at the exact front of the SFT model, at the outside of the
flume. In DIC-3D measurement system, the ray racing method is applied
to obtain the target position from the binocular vision measurements,
which is a non-contacting technique with high-precision trajectory
measurement for the moving object, four circinate trackers are set on the
surface of the tube bottom, the moving trackers motion characteristics of
tube are captured by two cameras. The major measuring devices and
their parameters are listed in Table 3.
2.3. Underwater shaking device
Most of the traditional wave-current flume can’t simulate under­
water earthquake, let alone to simulate the combined action of earth­
quake, wave and current. Some of large-scale underwater shaking tables
that can simulate earthquake, wave and current action separately or
simultaneously in the same flume has been reported in existed studies
(Chen et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2017; Ding et al., 2018). However, they are
Z. Wu et al. Ocean Engineering 239 (2021) 109911

Table 4
Test condition.
Tests Influence Test conditions
factor

Independent earthquake Input Artificial El Centro wave,

earthquake Artificial wave, Sine wave;
PGA 0.1g:0.1g:0.4g
Independent regular wave Wave height T = 1.1 s, H = 0.14 m:0.0.2
Wave period m:0.24 m
H = 0.2 m, T = 0.15 s:0.02
s:0.25 s
Independent current Current Vc = 0.14 m:0.02 m:0.24 m
velocity
Combined earthquake and Input Artificial El Centro wave
Wave earthquake (0.4g)
Wave height Artificial wave (0.4g)
Wave period Sine wave (0.4g)
T = 1.1 s, H = 0.14 m:0.0.2
m:0.24 m
H = 0.2 m, T = 0.15 s:0.02
s:0.25 s
Combined earthquake and Current Artificial El Centro wave
current velocity (0.4g)
Vc = 0.14 m:0.02 m:0.24 m
Combined earthquake, wave Current Artificial El Centro wave
and current velocity (0.4g)
T = 1.1 s, H = 0.2 m
Vc = 0.14 m:0.02 m:0.24 m

board.

2.4. Details of the boundary restraint device

The span of a SFT is usually up to dozens or even hundreds of kilo­

Fig. 5. Acceleration time-history curve and corresponding amplitude spectrum
of the Artificial wave.
very expensive, and have lengthy construction cycle that limit their
applications in actual test.
In this study, a specially designed underwater shaking device is
presented to stimulate the combined action of wave, earthquake and
wave, as shown in Fig. 1(a) and (c). The underwater shaking device
includes three main components: (ⅰ) Shaking table on land: the shaking
table is installed above the flume through a load-bearing bracket, to
generate various earthquake waves by control computer. (ⅱ) Rigid brace:
the rigid brace is used to connect the shaking table and sliding false
board, to transfer the earthquake excitation from shaking table to un­
derwater sliding false board. (ⅲ) Sliding false board: the sliding false
board is installed in the bottom of the flume, and is mainly composed of
slide ways, sliding blokes and anchored board, to simulate underwater
earthquake excitation. It is worth pointing out that, the acceleration
consistency between shaking table and sliding false board is the most
important control indicator for the underwater shaking device. To
satisfy this requirement, the structural form and stiffness characteristics
for the rigid brace are specially designed, and the unidirectional slide
way is induced to guarantee the false board can only move horizontally,
while its movements of other degrees of freedom directions are strictly
limited, to prevent the coupling of multi-direction movement of the
meters long. Due to the limitation of dimension of the test flumes and
experimentation cost, experimental investigations about the dynamic
behavior of SFT are mainly conducted on segmental model test. Previous
experimental studies (Seo et al., 2015; Jin et al., 2020) have neglected
the restraint condition of both ends of SFT and almost set them free. In
engineering practice, the SFT tube is fixed to the ground. And as Xiao
and Huang (2010) shows, boundary conditions have obvious effect on
the seismic behavior of SFT. Hence stimulating the boundary conditions
for the tube is necessary and important.
To effectively simulate the boundary condition for the segmental
model, based on the previous studies (Deng et al., 2020; Lin, 2016), a
numerical tool to link the results between the entire length numerical
model and the segment physical model is adopted. The boundary con­
straints simulation of the segment model is described by the following
three steps:
(1) Entire length numerical model in ABAQUS is established based on
a scheme of SFT, as shown in Fig. 2. The basic parameters for the
numerical model are listed in Table 2. The tube and cables are
respectively modeled with 3D beam element B31 and truss
element T3D2 (Lin et al., 2018; Xiang et al., 2018). The both ends
of the tube are simply supported to the ground, and the cables are
pined to the seabed.
(2) A boundary constraint simulation method based on spring-
damper model is proposed to consider the boundary constraint
effect for the segment model, and its schematic sketch is shown in
Fig. 3(a). The horizontal and vertical springs and dampers are
used to simulate the translational motion constraint, and the
relative eccentric installation of the sets of spring-damping sys­
tem can be used to provide restoring moments to simulate the
rotation constraint. Segment numerical model with the present
designed boundary constraint is used to veritably reconstitute its
motion and stressing state during entire length numerical model.
The equivalent stiffness and damping fittings are made by the

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Fig. 6. Reliability verification for Artificial El Centro wave output of underwater shaking device.
adjustment of stiffness and damping for the springs and dampers,
and the eccentric distance between the spring-damping modules
and middle axis of the cross section of the tube.
(3) The constraint parameters values of stiffness, damping and
eccentric distance can be obtained by fitting results of step 2, and
is implemented in the end of the physical segment model, as
shown in Fig. 3(b). The boundary constraint device is consisted of
four spring-damping modules, each module is mainly composed
of a spring and a damper. One end of the module is connected to
the tube by the spring, and the other end is fixed to one side of
frame by the damper.
Through the above three steps, the boundary constraint of the
physical segment model is simulated. In this test, combination with
theoretical analysis and numerical simulation, the typical stiffness of the
horizontal and vertical spring is adopted as 30.6 N/m, 21.6 N/m,
respectively; and typical damping of the damper is adopted as 0.045.
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Ocean Engineering 239 (2021) 109911
2.5. Test case design
To ensure the effectiveness of the test results, the input earthquake
wave should consider the loading properties and the actual geological
conditions of the model. In this study, an artificial El Centro wave, an
artificial wave generated by utilizing seismic design spectrum (MOT of
China, 2008), and sine wave are chosen as typical wave types for further
analysis. It is noted that, if the time scale is abided strictly, the time
duration of El Centro wave is decreased as about 5 s. It is difficult to
preserve the spectral characteristics for the earthquake wave, and the
dynamic response for the physical scale model cannot be guaranteed.
Thus, the artificial El wave, artificial wave and sine wave are artificially
lengthened to 300 s in the prototype, and decreased to about 26 s in
actual test satisfied the similarity requirement. Figs. 4–5 show the ac­
celeration time-history curves and corresponding spectrum character­
istics of artificial El wave and artificial wave. As for fair comparison, the
concept of equivalent energy density and energy flux (Xu et al., 2014) is
introduced to relate the parameters between sine and stochastic wave
types. In the test, the effects of earthquakes, waves and current are only
considered in the transverse direction of the SFT, and waves travel with
Z. Wu et al. Ocean Engineering 239 (2021) 109911

Fig. 7. Reliability verification for Artificial wave output of underwater shaking device.

earthquake, wave and current test. The detailed test case descriptions
are shown in Table 4.

3. Validity assessment for the present experimental model

3.1. Reliability verification for earthquake output of the underwater

shaking device

To ensure the reliability of the earthquake wave output from the

underwater shaking device, three important judge rules are introduced
to assess the reliability of the earthquake wave output, which can be
detailed as:

(1) The consistency of acceleration at each point of the underwater

Fig. 8. Numerical model of the tested SFT in ABAQUS.
the current.
In this study, the main test conditions are designed: (i) Independent
earthquake test; (ⅱ) Independent wave or current test; (ⅲ) Combined
sliding false board. It requires that each point on the underwater
sliding false board has the same accelerations.
(2) The consistency of earthquake input and output from underwater
shaking device. It requires that the input acceleration from the

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Z. Wu et al.
Fig. 9. Comparisons between numerical and experimental results.
control computer and the output acceleration from the under­
water false board should be identical.
(3) The repeatability of earthquake output from the underwater
shaking device. It requires that no matter how many times the
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Ocean Engineering 239 (2021) 109911
Fig. 10. Time history curves of horizontal acceleration for the tube subjected to
different earthquake waves with varied PGAs.
same acceleration is input, the same earthquake acceleration will
be output.
In this study, following the above-mentioned 3 judge rules, the
artificial El Centro wave and artificial wave are selected, the input ac­
celeration from the control computer is compared with that recorded at
points 1–2 on the underwater false board (and three times records from
point 1), to make reliability verification for the underwater shaking
device, and the results can be seen in Figs. 6–7.
In Fig. 6(a), both the input acceleration from the control computer
and the output acceleration from the underwater false board at points
1–2 all increase rapidly at the first 3 s and keep drastically oscillation
during 3–20 s, then decrease to zero rapidly. They have the same curve
tendencies and the similar spectrum characteristics. The results from
Fig. 6(a) indicate that the rules 1–2 are well satisfied. Fig. 6(b) shows the
output acceleration comparison between three times records from point
1, similarly, the amplitude range, curve characteristics, frequency
Z. Wu et al.
Fig. 11. Comparison of dynamic behavior of SFT subjected to different earthquake waves with different PGAs.
Fig. 12. Time history curves of cable tension for C2 cable subjected to artificial
wave with different PGAs.
characteristics from these three accelerations show good consistency,
with a relative error below 5%. The results from Fig. 6(b) indicate that
the rule 3 are well satisfied. The same verification result of artificial
Fig. 13. Time history curves of cable tension for C2 cable subjected to regular wave with different wave periods.
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Ocean Engineering 239 (2021) 109911
wave also can be obtained from Fig. 7(a)–(b).
Overall, based on the above comparisons, it is concluded that the
three judge rules that assessed the reliability of the earthquake wave
output can be satisfied well. Thus, it is deemed that the earthquake
acceleration outputs from the underwater shaking device are valid and
reliable.
3.2. Comparison between numerical and experimental results
In order to verify reliability of experimental results, the segment
numerical model subjected to the same earthquake wave is established
by using ABAQUS program, and the comparisons between the numerical
results and experimental results are made, as shown in Figs. 8–9. It is
noted that the segment numerical model is only 180 m length and has 3
pairs of anchor cables, and its two ends are constrained by the present
boundary constraints simulation method with springs and damper,
detailed description can be seen in Fig. 3. Also, the relative error results
of the free vibration frequency of SFT between the results from test
model and numerical model is less than 8%.
Besides, the dynamic amplification factor (DAF) is introduced to
evaluate the influence effect from earthquake excitation, which is
expressed as (Xiang et al., 2018)
Z. Wu et al. Ocean Engineering 239 (2021) 109911

Fig. 14. Effect of wave period on the maximum horizontal acceleration and roll of the tube.

Fig. 15. Time history curves of cable tension for C2 cable subjected to regular wave with different wave heights.

β− α tube-water coupling can’t be fully considered in numerical model,

DAF = (3)
α installation error of physical model, and accuracy of sensors.
where α is the cable tension in the initial state before the earthquake
excitation action, and β is the maximum dynamic cable tension when the
SFT is subjected to earthquake excitation.
Fig. 9(a) shows the comparison of the time history curves of the tube
subjected to artificial El Centro wave between the numerical and
experimental results. Fig. 9(b)–(c) respectively show the comparison of
the maximum horizontal acceleration for the tube and parameter DAF
for cable tension between the numerical and experimental results sub­
jected to different PGAs of artificial El Centro wave. It is obvious that
both the trends and the amplitudes of all curves and graphs from nu­
merical and experimental results show a good consistency, i.e., the
maximum horizontal acceleration of tube and the DAF for cable tension
from the two methods are both increased with the increase of the PGA of
the El Centro wave, with a relative error within 10%. Only some small
differences are observed from the results of the two methods. That is
some fluctuations occur in the curves of numerical results after about 20
s, and some little gaps occur between the two methods in the graphs
comparison. These differences may be caused by many factors, e.g., the
Overall, based on the comparisons, the present test model is capable
to provide a sufficiently accurate analysis for the dynamic behaviors of
SFT subjected to the combined action of earthquake, wave and current.
4. Experimental results and discussion
4.1. Independent earthquake tests
In Fig. 10, the maximum horizontal acceleration of the tube increases
with the increase of earthquake PGA, and the trends of the tube hori­
zontal acceleration time histories are basically identical when subjected
to the same kind of earthquake excitation. The experimental results are
consistent with the study from Lee et al. (2016). It is indicated that the
trend of tube acceleration under the earthquake is mainly affected by the
type of earthquake wave. And the magnitude of the earthquake in­
creases with the increasement of earthquake PGA. The amplification
ratio of the maximum tube horizontal acceleration to maximum input
acceleration subjected to all the three earthquakes varies from 0.05 to
0.15, the result is consistent with previous study (Chen et al., 2012).

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Fig. 16. Effect of wave height on the maximum horizontal acceleration and maximum roll of the tube.
According to study (Liu et al., 2017) about cable-stayed bridge tower
subjected to earthquake, its acceleration amplification ratio is usually
larger than 1, which is almost ten times larger than that with SFT with
flexible cable support. From the results, it can be found that earthquake
has less effect on the horizontal acceleration of SFT tube that with
flexible cable support than on the cable-stayed bridge tower with pier
rigid support, and it implies the excellent suppression ability for the SFT
to earthquake vibration, while compared with traditional bridges and
tunnel with rigid support.
In Fig. 11, it shows the comparison of parameter DAF and maximum
roll of tube subjected to different earthquake waves with different PGAs.
It can be easily seen that, DAF and maximum roll of tube distinctly in­
crease with the increase of PGA, with their ranges varying from 0.025 to
0.25 and 1◦ –8◦ , respectively. The parameter DAF and maximum roll of
tube subjected to sine wave are always larger than those subjected to
artificial El Centro wave and artificial wave, and the gap rapidly in­
creases with the increase of PGA. DAF subjected to the artificial wave is
smallest when subjected to low-intensity wave, while is moderate sub­
jected to comparatively large-intensity wave. The dynamic variation of
SFT induced by different earthquakes wave mainly depends on the en­
ergy density and spectrum characteristic of the earthquake types.
Fig. 12 shows the trends of the cable tension time histories are
identical when subjected to the same kind of earthquake excitation, and
the cable tension increases with the increase of PGA. Different from
previous studies on flexible marine structure subjected to earthquake, in
this test, the cable tension time history curves from different PGAs all
have the similar shape and tendency with the input earthquake wave. It
implies that, in practical engineering, the dynamic behavior and the
cable tension level of SFT subjected to earthquake excitation are mainly
related to PGA of earthquake, the axial stiffness, pretension of the cable,
and the connective stiffness between the cable with tube and the
foundation.
4.2. Independent wave tests
In Fig. 13, the effect of the wave period on the cable tension of C2
cable subjected to independent wave load are studied. It can be clearly
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observed that the cable tension from all the wave periods changes
regularly and periodically with the change of time. As the increase of the
wave period, approximately, the cable tension firstly increases and then
attenuates. And two peak values can be observed at the wave periods of
0.9 s and 1.5 s, and the maximum cable tension occur at wave period of
1.5 s. Besides, tiny phase differences of the curves with different wave
period can be observed.
In Fig. 14(a), the maximum horizontal acceleration of the tube
fluctuates irregularly with the increase of wave period, and reaches its
maximum value 0.085 m/s2 and minimum value 0.041 m/s2 at the pe­
riods of 1.3 s and 0.7 s, respectively. Fig. 14(b) shows that the maximum
roll of the tube tends to decrease firstly, and then increase generally with
the increase of wave period, and reaches its maximum value 3.2◦ and
minimum value 0.41◦ at the periods of 1.5 s and 0.9 s, respectively. The
results may due to that system resonance could occur in the condition
that, the wave period approach or are the multiple of the natural period
of SFT, which results in the distinct amplification of the total response,
as revealed by Luo et al. (2021).
In Fig. 15, it can be clearly observed that the cable tension from all
the wave height increases with the increase of wave height. Similarly, in
Fig. 16(a)-(b), in the range of wave height 0.14 m–0.24 m, the maximum
horizontal acceleration and roll of the tube increase with the increase of
the wave height. It is noted that, the maximum horizontal acceleration
and roll of the tube increase comparatively slowly at the wave height
ranges from 0.14 m to 0.18 m, but increase abruptly when the wave
height is larger than 0.18 m. In practical engineering, the critical value
of wave height corresponding to the turning point for the curve should
be given more attentions.
4.3. Independent current tests
It can be clearly observed in Fig. 17(a) that the cable tension of C2
cable approximately increases quadratically with the increase of current
velocity, which is consistent with classical linear wave and hydrody­
namic theories. In Fig. 17(b), as the current velocity increases, the
maximum roll of the tube increases, and its increasing speed slows down
with the increase of the current velocity. In Fig. 17(c), the maximum roll
Z. Wu et al.
Fig. 17. Effect of current velocity on the dynamic behaviour of SFT.
of the tube shows an approximately linear growth trend, while the
current velocity increases from 0.14 m/s to 0.22 m/s.
4.4. Combined earthquake and wave tests
Fig. 18(a)-(b) show the comparisons of time history curves of cable
tension for C2 cable and roll of SFT subjected to independent wave ac­
tion and combined earthquake and wave action. In the tests, the
earthquake excitation is acted on the time domain of about 20 s–50 s.
The trends of the time histories of cable tension and roll subjected to
independent wave action and combined earthquake and wave action are
similar but not exactly consistent. In the time domain of earthquake
action, only some tiny changes can be observed in the curves for com­
parison, i.e., some high-frequency and multi-frequency fluctuations can
be seen in the curves while considering the combined earthquake and
wave action. And, after the earthquake action, the amplitude of the
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Ocean Engineering 239 (2021) 109911
cable tension and roll subjected to combined earthquake and wave ac­
tion becomes slightly smaller than that from independent wave action. It
means earthquake energy is absorbed by hydrodynamic damping and
the coupling effect between wave radiation and diffraction, in the dis­
cussion case.
In Fig. 18(c), the horizontal acceleration of the tube subjected to the
combined earthquake and wave action is much larger than that sub­
jected to independent wave. It has distinct high-frequency and multi-
frequency characteristics, and has similar shape and tendency with the
input earthquake wave. After the decay stage of earthquake action (i.e.
after about 20 s), due to the effect of wave action, the horizontal ac­
celeration of the tube shows distinct beat-frequency characteristic, while
dominated by wave frequency. While the horizontal acceleration of the
tube subjected to independent wave action has relatively small ampli­
tude, low-frequency characteristic, and regular shape and tendency. The
experimental results are consistent with the study from Luo et al. (2021).
Z. Wu et al. Ocean Engineering 239 (2021) 109911

Fig. 18. Comparison for time history curves of SFT dynamic responses subjected to independent wave action and combined action of earthquake and wave.

13
Z. Wu et al.
Fig. 19. Fourier transform comparison of the tube acceleration subjected to
independent wave action and the combined action of earthquake and wave.
It is indicated that the earthquake action has larger effect on the hori­
zontal acceleration of the tube compared to the wave action.
The results imply that the SFT with flexible anchor cables has better
performance of seismic resistance compared with traditional bridges
and tunnel with rigid support. And the earthquake action mainly affects
the horizontal acceleration of the tube, which is not conducive for
human body comfort. Besides, the high-frequency and multi-frequency
fluctuations of anchor cables caused by earthquake excitation may
lead to the impact load, alternate slack-taut phenomena, and fatigue
failure for the cable, which increased the possibility of cable breakage,
and is harmful to the safety of the SFT.
In order to have a more comprehensive understanding about the
characteristics in frequency domain of the horizontal acceleration for
tube subjected to independent wave action and combined earthquake
and wave action, the Fourier transform of horizontal acceleration of the
tube is conducted and the comparison of Fourier spectrums is shown in
Fig. 19.
In Fig. 19, subjected to independent wave action, the acceleration
spectra of the tube shows more distinct low-frequency contents (i.e. at
the range of about 0 rad/s to 3 rad/s), three peaks value are observed,
with the maximum value of 0.027 m/s2 at the frequency of about 1.0
rad/s. While subjected to combined earthquake and wave action, the
acceleration spectra of the tube has wider frequency brand and lower
amplitude, and shows more stochastic characteristic. Its energy con­
centration region is focused on the range of frequency of about 26 rad/s
to 52 rad/s, and the maximum value is 0.014 m/s2 at the frequency of
about 40 rad/s.
In engineering practice, the natural vibration frequency of SFT
should be designed to keep away from the dominant frequency range of
the excitation loadings, which includes not only the dominant frequency
induced by independent wave action, but also the widened dominant
frequency brand caused by the combined action of earthquake and
wave.
In Fig. 20(a), subjected to the independent earthquake action, the
sway of tube shows distinct perturbation and amplification at the time
domain of earthquake action, and then tends to be stable after the
earthquake action. It is worth noting that the sway of tube is much
smaller than that subjected to independent wave action and the com­
bined action of earthquake and wave. In Fig. 20(b), subjected to the
independent wave action, the sway of tube shows a periodical tendency,
and its maximum value reaches to 2.9 cm. While considering the com­
bined action of wave and earthquake, the sway of the tube remains
unchanged, and only shows tiny phase and amplitude difference in the
14
Ocean Engineering 239 (2021) 109911
curve. The results in Fig. 20 implies that due to the flexible support, the
displacement of the SFT are basically unaffected by earthquakes.
From Fig. 21(a), for the three earthquake waves, all the maximum
cable tension basically increases with the increase of wave height, and
the combined effect induced by combined action of earthquake and
wave is increased with the wave height, it implies the wave play a
dominated role than earthquake. While combination with earthquake
excitation, the wave height can strengthen or weaken the seismic
response for the tube, and can induce resonance effect in certain con­
ditions (Jiang et al., 2019; Luo et al., 2021). Thus, some distinct peak
points, e.g. at the wave height of 0.18 m and 0.2 m are observed in the
three curves of maximum cable tensions. It’s worth pointing out, the
maximum cable tension subjected to the combined action of Artificial
wave and wave is always larger than that subjected to the other two
earthquakes at the wave height of 0.14 m–0.2 m, but becomes smaller
than the other two earthquakes at the wave height of 0.22 m–0.24 m. It
means that, in relatively small wave height, wave play a dominated role
than earthquake, the coupling effect due to combination of high-energy
density earthquake and wave mainly strengthen the superposition effect
for the cable tension.
Fig. 21(b) shows that the maximum roll of the tube from the three
earthquakes all roughly increases with the increase of wave height. Due
to weak synchronization of transmission of flexible cable, and irregular
perturbation field induced by coupling effect of earthquake and wave,
the roll curves of tube show an obvious feature with large fluctuation
and randomness. Of these, the maximum roll of the tube subjected to the
combined action of Artificial El Centro wave and wave shows a relative
distinct tendency to increase with the increase of wave height and rea­
ches its peak value at the wave height of 0.20 m, and then decreases with
the increase of wave height.
In Fig. 21(c), except for some special points, e.g., wave height of 0.18
m, 0.22 m respectively at the curve of Artificial El Centro wave and Sine
wave, for the three earthquake waves, the maximum horizontal accel­
eration approximately shows a tendency to decrease with the increase of
wave height. From previous studies (Wu et al., 2021; Jiang et al., 2019),
wave can weaken the influence of earthquake wave on the horizontal
acceleration of the tube, and stronger the wave are, more powerful
ability for strengthening the hydrodynamic damping for the tube, which
supports our results. For different earthquake waves, the maximum
horizontal acceleration of the tube subjected to the action of Artificial El
Centro wave is always larger than that subjected to the other two
earthquake waves except at the wave height of 0.18 m. The results are
mainly related to the difference of the spectrum characteristic between
different earthquake waves.
It can be drawn from the Fig. 22(a), for the three earthquake waves,
with the increasing of the wave period, all the curves for the maximum
cable tension of the C2 cable exhibits a distinct peak at wave periods of
0.9 s. Moreover, the curves for maximum tension variation subjected to
Artificial El Centro wave and Artificial wave coincide generally, and
shows the tendency to periodically fall and rise with the increase of
wave period. Generally, the maximum tension subjected to sine wave
shows the tendency of increasing with the increase of wave period,
except for the wave period of 1.1 s. The maximum cable tension for C2
cable subjected to the Artificial wave is generally smaller than that
subjected to the other two earthquakes, especially for wave period of
larger than 0.7 s.
In Fig. 22(b), for all the three earthquakes, the maximum roll of the
tube approximately increases with the increase of wave period, of these,
the curves for the sine wave and Artificial El Centro wave show
quadratic increasing tendency. And, the curve for the Artificial wave
shows distinct fluctuation at the wave period of 0.5 s–0.9 s.
Fig. 22(c) shows that, for all the three earthquakes, the maximum
horizontal acceleration of the tube basically increases quadratically with
the increase of wave period, and an obvious turning point at the wave
period of 0.9 s for all the curves can be observed, especially for the curve
subjected to the Artificial El Centro wave.
Z. Wu et al.
Fig. 20. Comparison of time history curves of the sway of tube subjected to independent earthquake action, independent wave action and combined action of
earthquake and wave.
In summary, the wave parameters have distinct effect on the dy­
namic behavior of SFT subjected to combined action of earthquake and
wave, e.g. the wave height basically can increase the cable tension and
roll of SFT, but can decrease the horizontal acceleration for the SFT; and
the wave period can increase the horizontal acceleration and roll of the
tube, while varies the maximum cable tension with the tendency of first
increase and then decease. Bedsides, due to complicated interaction
between earthquake and wave action, generally, the curves for the SFT
show an obvious feature with large fluctuation and randomness.
4.5. Combined earthquake and wave-current tests
Shown in Fig. 23(a), subjected to the combined action of earthquake
and current, the maximum cable tension for C2 cable shows the ten­
dency of increasing linearly with the increase of current velocity. While
subjected to the combined action of earthquake, wave and current, the
maximum cable tension of C2 cable tension is firstly increased, which
reaches a maximum valve at the current velocity of 0.2 m/s, after that
value decreases. The results may due to current has promoting effect to
15
Ocean Engineering 239 (2021) 109911
the wave, and different current velocity can change the phase difference
between the peak of wave force and earthquake acceleration, at the
current velocity of 0.2 m/s, the superimposed effect induced by com­
bination of earthquake, wave and current is maximum.
In Fig. 23(b), the maximum roll of the tube subjected to the two
combined actions of earthquake, wave and current, both increase with
the increase of current velocity. The difference is that, with the increase
of current velocity, the increase rate for the curve subjected to combined
actions of earthquake and current slows down, while speeds up for the
curve subjected to combined actions of earthquake current and wave. As
earthquake energy is absorbed by hydrodynamic damping and the
coupling effect between wave radiation and diffraction, in most of the
range of current velocity, the maximum roll subjected to the combined
action of earthquake and current is always larger than that subjected to
the combined action of earthquake, wave and current. Current can
change the phase difference between the peak of wave force and
earthquake acceleration. With the increase of current velocity, for the
roll of the tube, the superposition effect of earthquakes and waves is
more obvious, and for the maximum tension of cable, the cancellation
Z. Wu et al.
Fig. 21. Comparison of SFT dynamic responses subjected to combined action of different earthquakes and wave with different wave heights.
effect of earthquakes and waves is more obvious, the difference mainly
due to the asynchronism of loading transmitting between the cable and
tube. Thus, contrary to the results in Fig. 23(a), the maximum roll
subjected to the combined action of earthquake, wave and current in­
creases sharply at the current velocity of 0.22 m/s, which lead to it
becomes larger than that subjected to the combined action of earthquake
and current.
In Fig. 23(c), generally, the maximum horizontal acceleration sub­
jected to these two combined actions of earthquake, wave and current
show a tendency to increase with the increase of current velocity, except
for some special points, e.g. current velocity of 0.20 m/s and 0.22 m/s. It
is noted that, the maximum horizontal acceleration of SFT subjected to
the combined action of earthquake, wave and current is obviously larger
than that subjected to the combined the action of earthquake and wave.
It is also obviously larger than that subjected to the independent
earthquake, wave, current action which respectively shown in Figs. 10
(a), 17(b) and 18(c), and is lager than their superposition as well. The
results show, the dynamic response of SFT subjected to combined action
of earthquake, wave and current is not the simple superposition of that
16
Ocean Engineering 239 (2021) 109911
subjected to the independent earthquake, wave and current. The results
may due to the impact effect of current to the tube, and the earthquake
and wave can strengthen this effect, as pointed out by Jiang et al.
(2019).
Besides, the two curves shown in Fig. 23(c) show large fluctuation
and randomness. This results may be attributed to the complicated
interaction between earthquake, wave and current, and more attentions
should be paid for the SFT in design, construction and operation stages.
The present methods and model can be used to predict subsequent hy­
drodynamic behavior of SFT subjected to combined earthquake and
wave-current actions of more precisely and maturely for field
applications.
5. Conclusions
In this research, the dynamic behavior of SFT subjected to the
combined action of earthquake, wave and current are experimentally
investigated. The following conclusions and suggestions can be drawn:
Z. Wu et al.
Fig. 22. Comparison of dynamic responses for SFT subjected to combined action of different earthquakes and wave with different wave periods.
(1) Based on wave-current flume and a specially designed under­
water shaking device, a physical scaled model experiment of SFT
is presented, to understand the dynamic behavior of SFT sub­
jected to the combined action of earthquake, wave and current.
The present underwater shaking device can be used to experi­
mentally investigate the dynamic behavior of marine structure
subjected to the combination of earthquake and wave-current
excitations, and has economical, simple and reliable advantages.
(2) With three important judge rules, the earthquake wave outputs
from the underwater shaking device are verified to be reliable.
The relative error results of the free vibration frequency of SFT
between the results from test model and numerical model is less
than 8%. The experimental results are observed to conform the
numerical results well validating the test, with a relative error
below 10%. The present methods and model can be used to
predict subsequent hydrodynamic behavior of SFT subjected to
combined earthquake and wave action of more precisely and
maturely for field applications.
17
Ocean Engineering 239 (2021) 109911
(3) From the results, it can be found that earthquake has less effect on
the dynamic response of SFT that with flexible cable support,
which implies the excellent suppression ability for the SFT to
earthquake vibration. SFT has different seismic failure mecha­
nism, while compared with traditional bridges and tunnel with
rigid support. The high-frequency and multi-frequency fluctua­
tions of anchor cables caused by earthquake excitation, which
may lead to the impact load, alternate slack-taut phenomena, and
fatigue failure for the cable, increasing the possibility of cable
breakage. In the actual project, the aseismic design of SFT should
pay much attentions to prevent the failure of anchorage foun­
dation, anti-cable breakage, and reasonable design for mooring
system.
(4) Based on varying effect factors, e.g. type and PGA of earthquake,
wave height, and current velocity, the dynamic response of SFT
subjected to independent and combined action of earthquake,
wave and current are analyzed systematically and studied
comparatively. The maximum tension amplification of the cable
Z. Wu et al.
Fig. 23. Comparison of dynamic behavior of the tube subjected to combined action of earthquake and current and combined action of earthquake, wave and current
with different current velocities.
under independent earthquake can reach to 25%, and the
maximum horizontal acceleration of the tube increases to 0.45
m/s2. Wave can respectively weaken the tension amplification of
earthquake to 10%, and increase the maximum horizontal ac­
celeration of the tube by 40%. The dynamic response of SFT
subjected to combined action of earthquake, wave and current is
not the simple superposition of that subjected to the independent
earthquake, wave and current. Besides, the dynamic responses of
SFT show large randomness and fluctuation, this may be attrib­
uted to the complicated interaction between earthquake, wave
and current.
(5) The underwater shaking table test is widely recognized as the
most effective method to investigate the dynamic behavior of
underwater structures under combination of earthquake, wave-
current. As the complicated mechanical mechanism of com­
bined action of earthquake and wave, there are no existed
18
Ocean Engineering 239 (2021) 109911
theoretical supports which can systematically explain the present
experimental results. At present, only a few theoretical researches
about the SFT under the combined action of earthquake, wave
and current have been done. But some assumptions were intro­
duced in these researches, neglecting the accuracy and validity of
their calculations. However, qualitatively, the total regularity
and tendency of the present test results can be supported by
existed theoretical researches. In-depth and sufficient theoretical
supports for this study are still needed to develop in the future.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Zhiwen Wu: Conceptualization, Resources, Project administration,
Writing – original draft, Funding acquisition. Dingxin Wang: Numerical
simulation, Experiment, Data processing, Rough draft. Wei Ke: Experi­
ment, Numerical simulation. Yinghong Qin: Supervision, Manuscript
Z. Wu et al.
revision. Fucong Lu: Investigation, Supervision. Mingjie Jiang:
Manuscript revision.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
This study had been supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (Grants No. 51808136 and 12002093), the
Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2018JJB160058 and
2018GXNSFBA281199), and the Guangxi Science and Technology Base
and Talent Special Funds (Grant No. 2019AC20264).
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