Applied Ocean Research 133 (2023) 103484

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Applied Ocean Research

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apor

Analysis of large deformation of deep water drilling riser considering

vortex-induced vibration
Liangjie Mao a, *, Maoxia Wu a, Wenbin Zhang b, Changming Guo c, Song Zeng d
a
State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University, Sichuan, Chengdu 610500, China,
b
CCDC Well Testing & Workover Company, CNPC Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Company Limited, Chengdu, Sichuan 618300, China
c
Yumen Drilling Branch, CNPC Western Drilling Engineering Company Limited, Wulumuqi, Xinjiang 710000, China,
d
Engineering Technology Research Institute, PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas field Company, Chengdu 610031, China,

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In this study, a dynamic model for large deformation of deepwater drilling riser considering vortex-induced
Drilling riser pipe vibration (VIV) and actual ocean load was established. Nonlinear Van der Pol equation was used to simulate
VIV the VIV. The model was discretized by finite element method and solved by Newmark-β method. The dynamic
Dynamic characteristics
characteristics of the riser under different marine environments and working conditions were analyzed. Results
Wind current
show that the force on the flow direction of the riser adds the pulsating drag term, which increases the riser
deformation, after VIV is considered. The riser deflection and bending moment increase with the rise in surface
velocity, decrease with the increment in top tension, and slightly change with the increase in wind speed and
drilling fluid displacement. The rise in surface wind speed will increase the vibration mode and frequency of riser
flow direction, while the increment in top tension will decrease the vibration mode and keep the vibration
frequency unchanged. Wind speed and drilling fluid displacement slightly influence the riser deflection.

1. Introduction
The increasing demand for oil and gas resources in the world has
gradually developed the exploitation trend of offshore oil and gas re­
sources from shallow sea to deep sea. Riser plays an increasingly
important role in oil and gas exploitation. The riser will bend and deform
under ocean loads in deepwater drilling conditions, and the vortex-
inducted vibration (VIV) will lead to a more complex dynamic
response of the riser. The riser may be damaged or even broken if the
deformation and stress at the riser top are too high. Therefore, the
analysis of riser dynamic characteristics is important for deepwater oil
and gas development.
Many scholars have established relevant models and analyzed the
dynamic characteristics of risers. Burke proposed solutions for static and
dynamic forces on drilling risers. The Morison equation was used to
solve its sea current force, and the dynamic equation was solved and
calculated (Burke, 1973). Patel et al. established a 2D calculation model
of the pipe string based on the classical calculation equation and the
finite element method, and they analyzed the dynamic response of the
pipe string under wave action. The results showed that the linearization
of the damping term had difficulty in accurately describing the
mechanical properties of underwater string (Patel et al., 1984; Patel and
Jesudasen, 1987; Krolikowski and Gay, 1980). Atadan et al. analyzed
the influence of bending stiffness and external load factors on the me­
chanical properties of the riser when it was regarded as a cantilever
beam (Atadan et al., 1997). R.L.Tanaka used genetic algorithm to opti­
mize the system force of the riser and obtained the bending moment and
stress value of the riser through calculation, which verified the feasi­
bility of the algorithm (Tanaka and Martins, 2011). Arshdeep Kaur
established the finite element model of the riser and analyzed the
nonlinear dynamics of the riser through finite element software. The
bending moment of riser was calculated when the drift of drilling plat­
form occurred and the current velocity was different (Khan et al., 2011).
Wang et al. established the static analysis model and equation of the
riser, and they analyzed the variation law of stress and deformation
during the installation of the riser. A theoretical model for calculating
lateral displacement and vertical bearing capacity was established
(Wang et al., 2014, 2015). According to finite element theory, Yan et al.
established the finite element model of subsea wellhead by using ANSYS
pile element and nonlinear spring element and analyzed its stability
(Yan et al., 2015). Klaycham et al. studied the nonlinear free vibration of
riser in the case of large displacement. The nonlinear equations of

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: maoliangjie@qq.com (L. Mao).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2023.103484
Received 13 September 2022; Received in revised form 22 December 2022; Accepted 30 January 2023
Available online 11 February 2023
0141-1187/© 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
L. Mao et al.
Fig. 1. Force diagram of deepwater drilling riser.
Fig. 2. Force analysis of riser element.
motion were derived based on the variational method of Hamilton’s
principle (Klaycham et al., 2016). Liao et al. developed a 3D riser sys­
tem, tensifier, and other analysis programs to analyze the static and
dynamic characteristics of deepwater risers under different platform
movements (Liao et al., 2020). Yang et al. developed a flexible
multi-body dynamics method for geometrically accurate beams and
conducted static, characteristic, and recoil analyses for deepwater riser
systems. This method was not only more efficient than the finite element
method but also more accurate than the rigid multi-body dynamics
calculation (Yang et al., 2020).
Many scholars have also studied the influence of VIV on the riser and
mainly established the wake oscillator model to simulate the tail vortex
street of the riser. According to the Van der Pol nonlinear equation, the
coupling term of the tail vortex street was discussed. The response pa­
rameters of the riser were obtained by Fourier transform processing the
displacement. In 1985, Bernitsas et al. derived a static 3D nonlinear
large deformation calculation equation for an ocean riser using small-
strain theory. Then, the nonlinear inverse perturbation design method
of marine riser was proposed using the fourth-order beam equation
(Bernitsas et al., 1985a, 1985b; Bernitsas et al., 1983). Vandiver dis­
cussed the VIV of deepwater riser, made a beneficial exploration on the
control of VIV, and studied the interaction law between fluid and
structure (Vandiver, 1983; Vandiver and Chung, 1988). Kaewunrue
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Applied Ocean Research 133 (2023) 103484
et al. studied the nonlinear free vibration of marine riser. They estab­
lished a nonlinear vibration model of coupled axial and transverse mo­
tion of the pipe string based on Hamilton’s principle, and they solved the
nonlinear natural frequency and vibration shape of the pipe string
(Kaewunruen et al., 2005). Mukundna et al. used a linear excitation
oscillator model to describe the vibration of a rigid cylinder. The VIV of
cylinder in water flow was described by simultaneous equation with Van
der Pol equation, and the characteristics of VIV were analyzed based on
this model (Mukundan et al., 2009). In 2012, Moghiseh et al. used the
traditional fourth-order beam equation to analyze the flow direction and
lateral displacement response of the riser string under the action of
platform movement, waves, and ocean currents (Moghiseh et al., 2012).
Sung-Je Lee found that riser fatigue failure was caused by VIV after
extensive research. He used Shear7 software to analyze the influence of
the drag of ocean current and other factors on opposing pipes (Lee et al.,
2017). Komachi et al. used the fourth-order vibration equation of the
beam combined with the wake oscillator model. The lateral and
streamwise displacement responses were considered to calculate the 3D
response of riser VIV. In the end, the proportional relationship between
stress and fatigue damage was obtained (Komachi et al., 2018). Jiménez
and Huera studied the VIV characteristics of a two-cylinder system and a
three-cylinder system rigidly connected to a single control rod through
experiments in water. The effects of diameter ratio and control rod
arrangement on lift drag coefficient, amplitude, and vortex shedding of
cylindrical system were discussed (Huera-Huarte and
Jiménez-González, 2019; Jiménez-González and Huera-Huarte, 2018).
Munir et al. used direct numerical simulation to study the effects of
spacing ratio and Reynolds number on VIV lock-in zone and wake drop
in parallel double-cylinder systems (Munir et al., 2019). Gu et al.
established the VIV mechanical model of flow and outflow coupling in
the infusion tube based on the Euler–Bernoulli beam, slip rate factor,
and wake oscillator models (Gu et al., 2021).
However, most studies have ignored the effect of VIV on the defor­
mation of drilling riser. Unfortunately, VIV will add a pulsating drag
force to the riser, which will increase the deformation of the riser and
cause more complex changes in the mechanical parameters of the riser.
The mechanism of VIV on riser deformation is still unclear. Therefore, a
nonlinear wake oscillator is used to simulate the VIV of the riser, and a
dynamic model of large deformation of the deepwater drilling riser is
established considering VIV and the actual ocean load. The model is
solved by finite element method and Newmark-β method, and the in­
fluence of sea current, wind speed, roof tension, and drilling fluid
displacement on the dynamic characteristics of riser under large defor­
mation is analyzed. Thus, an effective theoretical guidance for the safety
of deepwater risers is provided (Figs. 1 and 2).
2. Analysis model
2.1. Dynamic model of deepwater drilling riser considering VIV
In this study, the effects of external wind and ocean currents, internal
drilling fluid, buoyancy blocks, and top tension imposed by the top
tensioning system should be considered in addition to the gravity of the
riser. The research of VIV on the mechanical properties of drilling risers
should also be regarded. Deepwater drilling risers have a large slen­
derness ratio and can be regarded as elastic beams with circular cross
sections. To more reasonably analyze the mechanical properties of the
riser, the following assumptions are made:
(1) The riser is considered as a Euler–Bernoulli beam while ignoring
the shear deformation.
(2) The riser is considered an elastic material, which satisfies
Hooke’s law.
(3) The riser is modeled in 2D space.
(4) The riser string is filled with drilling fluid while ignoring the
influence of the drill string on the riser.
L. Mao et al. Applied Ocean Research 133 (2023) 103484

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of boundary conditions.

Fig. 5. Finite element discrete model of riser.

Fig. 4. Schematic of ocean current force at a certain section of riser at a

certain time.

The D’Alembert principle posits that the mechanical balance equa­

tions of fluid and riser in the x-axis direction can be established ac­
cording to the force balance of fluid and riser units, respectively. The
mechanical balance formula of fluid element direction is
( ) ( )
∂ ∂ 2 ∂x ∂ ∂x
− mf x +v − F − qS − A i Pi =0 (1)
∂t ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
The mechanical balance formula of riser unit in x direction is
( ) ( )
∂x ∂2 x ∂x ∂Q ∂ ∂x ∂ ∂x
− c − mr 2 + F + qS + + T + A e Pe + fy = 0 (2)
∂t ∂t ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
According to the theory of material mechanics, the relationship be­
tween riser shear and bending moment can be calculated as follows:
Fig. 6. Solving flowchart of drilling riser dynamic coupling model.
∂2 x
M = − EI 2 (3)
∂z order small quantities are ignored, the differential equation of riser
flow direction motion can be written as
∂M
Q= (4)
∂z ∂4 x ( ) ∂2 x ∂2 x ∂x ( ) ∂2 x
EI + mf v2 − T + 2mf v + c + mr + mf = f (z, t) (5)
When the abovementioned equations are simultaneous and high- ∂z4 ∂z2 ∂z∂t ∂t ∂t 2

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L. Mao et al. Applied Ocean Research 133 (2023) 103484

Table 1
Parameters of the riser model.
Property Value Unit

Length of the riser 2.7 m

Outer diameter 0.05 m
Inner diameter 0.04 m
Wall thickness 0.005 m
Density of the riser 0.9 g/cm3
Modulus of elasticity 1.9 GPa
Tension force 20 N
Drilling fluid flow rate 0.1–0.3 m/s
Uniform sea current 0.95–1.0 m/s

Fig. 8. Schematic of sensor.

∫l (
π )
T(z) = Ttop − g mr + mf − ρw D20 dz (6)
4
z

where Ttop is the top tension; ρw is the density of seawater; D0 is the outer
diameter of the riser.

2.2. Wake oscillator model

The phenomenological model is adopted in the wake oscillator

model to simulate the vortex street at the tail of the riser for getting
closer to the VIV under the nonuniform flow of the riser. Nonlinear
equation of Van der Pol is used to discuss the coupling term of the wake
oscillator at each location of the riser, and the result is more accurate
and reliable (Langre., 2006).
( ) Ax
p̈x + εx ωs p2x − 1 ṗx + (2ωs )2 px = ẋ (7)
D0
The vortex shedding frequency ωs is determined by the external
ocean current velocity and can be expressed as

Fig. 7. Schematic of experimental setup. 2π St

ωs = |Uc − ẋ| (8)
D0

whereF is the total interaction force between the fluid and the riser unit;
q is the Marine environmental load distributed per unit length of riser; S
is the stressed area of the riser per unit length; Ai is the internal cross-
sectional area of the riser; pi is the static pressure generated by dril­
ling fluid; EI is the bending stiffness of the riser; mf is the fluid mass in
the riser per unit length; mr is riser mass per unit length; v is the fluid
velocity in the riser; T is the section tension; f(z, t) is the marine envi­
ronmental load.
In the axial direction of the riser, the effective tension of the riser
section is not a fixed value because it needs to consider its own gravity
and the gravity of the fluid in the pipe (Liang and Lou, 2020). The riser
section tension T = T(z) can be expressed by the following formula:
where px is the dimensionless wake oscillator variable in the down­
stream direction; ωs is vortex shedding frequency; St is Strahal number,
which is usually 0.2; Uc is the fluid velocity; ẋ is the flow velocity of the
riser; εx , εy , Ax , and Ay are dimensionless parameters determined by
experiment.
2.3. Boundary conditions
Considering that the upper and lower ends of deepwater drilling riser
are hinged boundaries, and the boundary diagram is shown in Fig. 3.
Therefore, the boundary conditions of drilling riser can be expressed as

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L. Mao et al. Applied Ocean Research 133 (2023) 103484

Fig. 9. Comparison between theoretical and experimental model results.

Table 2 Table 3
Riser system configuration of a well in the South China Sea. Parameters related to riser and marine environmental load.
Name Quantity Single joint Area Weight of a Property Value Unit
length (m) length (m) single root (kg)
Density of riser 7850 Kg/m3
Low blow-out 1 9.16 9.16 226,200 Modulus of elasticity 210 GPa
preventer stack Outer diameter of buoyancy 1.37 m
Lower marine riser 1 6.31 15.47 140,000 Depth of seawater 2438.23 m
package Density of seawater 1030 Kg/m3
0.75′′ gray single 2 22.86 61.19 2164 Density of drilling fluid 1200 Kg/m3
root Rotational stiffness of the upper flex joint 8800 N⋅m/deg
1′′ naked single 2 22.86 106.91 13,440 Rotational stiffness of the Lower flex joint 127,400 N⋅m/deg
0.75′′ gray single 26 22.86 701.27 2164 Surface wind speed 30 m/s
root Wave height 8.4 m
0.875′′ purple 28 22.86 1341.35 3528 Wave period 12.1 s
single root
0.875′′ orange 22 22.86 1844.27 1660
single root
⎧
⎪
⎪ ∂2 x(0.t) ∂x(0, t)
0.9375′′ blue 18 22.86 2255.75 330 ⎨ x(0, t) = 0, EI ∂z2 = Kb ∂z
⎪
single root (9)
Fill up valve 1 6.096 2261.85 6873 ⎪
⎪ ∂2 x(L.t) ∂x(L, t)
⎪
⎩ x(L, t) = 0, EI
1′′ naked single 7 22.86 2421.86 13,440 = Ku
Space joint 1 4.572 2426.44 4467
∂z2 ∂z
Telescopic joint 1 34.3 2460.74 33,000
Space joint 1 10.67 2471.41 5890
Diverter flex joint 1 2.29 2473.7 5130 2.4. Marine environmental load calculation model

(1) Calculation of current velocity

The ocean current velocity at a certain position at a certain time on

the sea can be obtained by the vector sum of wind driven current ve

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L. Mao et al. Applied Ocean Research 133 (2023) 103484

According to Fig. 4,
( /( ))
∂y ∂x
θ = tan− 1 vc − (13)
∂t ∂t
According to the force diagram of the riser and combined with
Morison equation, the fluid force component acting on the X direction of
the riser can be obtained as follows (Morison et al., 1950):
[( ) ( ) ]2
1 ∂y 2 ∂x 2
fx = ρw + vc − D0 (Cd cosθ + Cl sinθ) (14)
2 ∂t ∂t

The pulsating drag force fD acting on the riser is

′

1
(15)
′
fD = ρw v2c D0 CD
2
By combining the abovementioned formulas and ignoring the higher-
order terms, the expression of ocean current force can be obtained as
follows:
Fig. 10. Current velocity.
1 ∂x 1
f = ρw v2c Do Cd − ρw vc Do Cd + ρw v2c D0 CD (16)
2 ∂t 2
locity and sea tidal current velocity. The calculation formula is as fol­
lows: where vc is the current velocity; ρw is the density of seawater; Do is the
outer diameter of riser or buoyancy block; Cd and Cl are drag force co­
vc = Vcw + Vd (10)
efficient and lift force coefficient, respectively; CD is the pulsatile drag
where Vcw is wind driven current vector; Vd is the surface tidal current force coefficient; Cl is the steady-state lift coefficient, which is usually 0;
velocity vector. Cd is the steady-state drag force coefficient, and its value is 1.2.
The Ekman drift theory is needed in the calculation of the velocity of
the deep ocean current to conduct the force analysis. First, the friction 2.5. Dynamic coupling governing equation of drilling riser
depth needs to be determined according to the wind speed. Then, the
velocity value at any depth under the water can be obtained using the The nonlinear dynamic governing equation of riser can be obtained
Ekman drift theory: by combining the mathematical model of riser dynamics, the calculation
model of marine environmental load, and the wake oscillator model:
7.6Vw
HM = √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ (11) ⎧
sinφ ⎪
⎪ ∂4 x ( ) ∂2 x ∂2 x
⎪ EI 4 + ml v2 − T
⎪ + 2ml v
⎪
⎪ ∂z ∂z 2
∂ z∂t
⎧ ( ) ( )17 ⎪
⎪
⎪ h − H + HM h ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ ∂x 2
∂x 1
⎪ vc = Vcw
⎨ + Vd h ≥ H − HM ⎪
⎨ +c + (mr + ml ) 2 = ρw v2c D0 Cd
HM H ∂t
(12) ∂t 2 (17)
⎪ ( )17 ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ h ⎪
⎪ 1 2
⎪
⎩ vc = Vd h < H − HM ⎪ − ρw vc D0 Cd ẋ + ρw vc D0 CD
⎪
⎪ 2
HM ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ ( )
⎪
⎪ Ax
⎩ p̈x + εx ωs px − 1 ṗx + (2ωs )2 px = ẋ
2
where VW is wind speed; HM is the friction depth; h is the distance from D0
the seabed; H is the seabed depth.
where the value of relevant parameters of Van der Pol equation is
(2) Calculation of ocean current force (Morison et al., 1950)

Fig. 11. Streamwise displacement cloud diagram.

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L. Mao et al. Applied Ocean Research 133 (2023) 103484

Fig. 12. Dynamic characteristics of riser.

⎧
⎪ The displacement x of the riser in the x direction is shown as follows:
⎨ Ax = 48, Ay = 12;
⎪
εx = 1.2, εy = 0.3; (18) x = φTx u (20)
⎪
⎪
⎩ C′ = 0.3, C′ = 0.4;
d l
where φx is the vibration shape function of riser; u is the unit displace­
The value of dimensionless parameters is based on the research ment of the riser.
conclusions of Violette et al. By substituting Eq. (20) into Eq. (17), the mass matrix, damping
matrix, and stiffness matrix in structural dynamics can be obtained by
3. Model discretization and solution discretizing it as follows:
The element mass matrix [Me ] is
3.1. Model discretization ∫ Le
[Me ] = m φx φTx dz (21)
The Hermit cubic difference function is used to discretize the riser 0

mathematical model into N elements (N + 1 nodes), and the length of The element damping matrix [Ce ] is
each element is set as L. The finite element model of riser is shown in ∫ Le ∫ Le
Fig. 5. ′
[Ce ] = (c + c ) φx φTx dz + (2mi V)
′ T
φx φx dz (22)
The Hermit cubic interpolation function in the discrete part of curved 0 0

beam element is represented by the following polynomial (Wang and The element stiffness matrix [Ke ] is
Gao, 2020): ∫ Le ∫ Le ∫ Le
⎧ / / 3 (23)
T ′ ′ T ′ ′ T
N1 = 1 − 3z2/ L2 + 2z 3 [Ke ] = EI φ′′x φ′′x dz + T φx φx dz − mi V 2 φx φx dz
⎪
⎪
⎨ 2 3
/ 2L 0 0 0
N2 = z − /2z L + z/ L
(19) When the ocean current force of the riser unit is treated by finite
⎪
⎪ N = 3z2 /L2 − 2z/3 L3
⎩ 3 2
N4 = − z L + z L3 2
element method, the linear distribution of the unit force is simplified.

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L. Mao et al. Applied Ocean Research 133 (2023) 103484

Fig. 15. Downstream amplitude–frequency diagram of riser when the sur­

Fig. 13. Current velocity. face flow.

Fig. 14. Dynamic characteristics of riser when the surface flow rate is 0.45–1.05 m/s.

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L. Mao et al. Applied Ocean Research 133 (2023) 103484

Fig. 16. Lateral displacement difference of riser when the surface flow rate is 0.45–1.05 m/s.

local coordinate system are assembled with the matrix through coordi­
nate transformation, the vibration control matrix equation of the riser in
the global coordinate system can be obtained (Warburton, 1976):
[M]{ü} + [C]{u̇} + [K]{u} = {f } (26)

where [M], [C], and [K] are the mass matrix, damping matrix, and stiffness
matrix, respectively; {ü}, {u̇}, and {u} are the acceleration, velocity, and
displacement vectors of the riser, respectively; {f} is the external fluid
force load.

3.2. Model solving

Newmark-β stepwise integration method is used to solve the riser

dynamic model. The time is discretized by Lagrange mean value theo­
rem. The initial amount of motion at the initial time t0 is set, and the
next time is obtained by continuous iteration through integration. The
following is the general solution steps of Newmark-β method:

(1) The overall stiffness matrix [K], damping matrix [C], and mass
matrix [M] of the riser are formed.
(2) The initial amount of motion is set as {u}0 , {u̇}0 , and {ü}0 .
(3) The time step Δt and parametersγ and β are selected, γ ≥ 0.5,
Fig. 17. Current velocity. β = 0.25(0.5 + γ)2 are taken, and the integration constant is
calculated (Violette et al., al.,2007):
With the assumption that the horizontal forces fi and fi+1 of node i and 1 γ 1 1 γ
node i + 1 are known, the ocean current force on the whole i unit can be a0 =
βΔt2
; a1 =
βΔt
; a2 =
βΔt
; a3 =
2β
− 1; a4 = − 1;
β
expressed as ( ) (27)
⎧ ⎫ ⃒ ⃒ Δt γ
⃒ 2L9 ⃒ a5 = − 2 ; a6 = Δt(1 − γ); a7 = γΔt
⎪
⎪ Fi ⎪ ⎪ ⃒ ⃒{ } 2 β
⎨ ⎬ L ⃒⃒ 3L2L ⃒ fi
Mi
{Fe } = = ⃒ ⃒
⃒ (24)
⎪
⎪ F ⎪ 60 ⃒ 921 ⃒ fi+1
⎩ i+1 ⎪⎭ ⃒ − 2L − 3L ⃒
Mi+1 ⌢
(4) The equivalent stiffness matrix [K] is formed:
The abovementioned formula is only established for one element of [ ⌢]
the riser, and the equation in the element coordinate system needs to be K = [K] + a0 [M] + a1 [C] (28)
transformed into global coordinates. The relationship between
displacement {u}L in the element coordinate system and displacement
{u}G in the global coordinate system can be expressed as follows: (5) The equivalent load, displacement, velocity, and acceleration at
time ti+1 are calculated:
{u}L = T{u}G (25) ( )
̂ i+1 = {P}i+1 + [M] a0 {u}t + a2 {u̇}t + a3 {ü}t
{ P} ( ) (29)
where T is the transformation matrix. + [C] a1 {u}t + a4 {u̇}t + a5 {ü}t
After the element matrix and node force of the riser element in the

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L. Mao et al. Applied Ocean Research 133 (2023) 103484

Fig. 18. Dynamic characteristics of riser when the wind speed is 5–20 m/s.

̂ ]{u}t+1 = { P}
[K ̂ t+1 (30)

{u̇}i+1 = {u̇}i + a6 {ü}i + a7 {ü}i+1 (31)

( )
{ü}i+1 = a0 {u}i+1 − {u}i − a2 {u̇}i − a3 {ü}i (32)

(6) The calculated displacement, velocity, and acceleration values at

time t + Δt are used as the initial conditions for the next calculation.
These steps are repeated until the required time is completed.

3.3. Wake oscillator solution

The excitation force is applied to the riser by writing a unit in which

the wake oscillator model controls the amplitude and periodicity of the
excitation force. In the element, the differential equation of the wake
oscillator model is solved by the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method, and
the order reduction process is expressed as follows:
After setting x1 = px , x2 = ṗx , we have
dx2
= p̈x (33)
dt
Fig. 19. Downstream amplitude–frequency diagram of riser when the wind.

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L. Mao et al. Applied Ocean Research 133 (2023) 103484

Fig. 20. Lateral displacement difference of riser when the wind.

Fig. 21. Dynamic characteristics of riser with top tension of 1.1–1.4G.

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L. Mao et al. Applied Ocean Research 133 (2023) 103484

⎧
⎪ dx1
⎪
⎨ dt = x2 = f1 (t, x1 , x2 )
(34)
⎪
⎪ dx A ( )
⎩ 2 = p̈x = x ẋ − εx ωs x21 − 1 x2 − (2ωs )2 x1 = f2 (t, x1 , x2 )
dt D0
The operation time step is kept consistent in the process of solving
riser vibration. The riser deflection can be obtained by coupling the
wake oscillator model with the riser governing equation. The frequency
response and amplitude of riser flow direction can be obtained by
Fourier transform of the obtained displacement time history curve. The
solving flowchart of riser dynamic coupling model is shown in Fig. 6.

4. Model verification

A pipe column dynamics experiment is designed to verify the validity

Fig. 22. Apical tension distribution.
of the analysis model. The relevant parameters of the riser in the
experiment are shown in Table 1. The experimental equipment includes
the experimental steel frame, the pipe string model, the motor–rail–wire
rope system, and the data acquisition system. The two ends of the riser
are connected with sliders, and the two ends of the riser can move at the
same speed through the block. In the experiment, the
motor–guideway–wire rope system pulls the riser to move along the
guide at a uniform speed, which is used to simulate the deformation of
the riser under the action of uniform flow. A spring and a tension-
adjusting orifice joint are arranged at the top of the string. In addition
to providing tension, the spring can also be turned. At the same time, the
spring is hung on the hole plate, through changing the hole plate posi­
tion to adjust the tension; A rotating universal joint is used at the bottom
of the string to simulate the bottom flexible joint; The string uses water
as the internal flow medium to simulate the riser drilling fluid. The
schematic diagram of the experimental simplified device, the schematic
diagram of the field experiment and the joint diagram of the experi­
mental string are shown in Fig. 7. The experimental pipe string is made
of PVC flexible pipe. The upper and lower ends of the riser are connected
with two universal joints, and a total of 32 strain gauges are attached
around the inner and outer pipes. The strain gauge is used to collect the
strain data of the riser. The collected data can be used to obtain the
displacement mode of the riser by modal analysis. The arrangement of
strain gauge is shown in Fig. 8.
The parameters of the experimental model were substituted into the
theoretical model for calculation, and the maximum riser deflection,
frequency and amplitude of the calculated results were compared with
the experimental results. Fig. 9 is a comparison of the results when the
flow rate is 1.0 m/s and the flow rate of the inner flow is 0.15 m/s. The
experimental results agree well with the results calculated by the
theoretical model. This good agreement indicates the correctness of the
theoretical model.

Fig. 23. Downstream amplitude–frequency diagram of riser when the top 5. Dynamic characteristic analysis of drilling riser considering
tension is 1.1–1.4G.
VIV

In this study, the dynamic characteristics of the riser of a deepwater

well in the South China Sea are analyzed. The actual configuration of the
buoyancy block of the riser is shown in Table 2. The total length of the
riser configuration from the BOP to the top flexible joint is 2473.7 m.
Excluding the 15.47 m height of the bottom BOP and subsea riser as­
sembly, the riser length is considered to be 2458.23 m for modeling

Table 4
The natural frequency of riser with top tension is 1.1–1.4G.
Order 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Top tension (G) Frequency (Hz)

1.1 0.226 0.241 0.256 0.270 0.283 0.296 0.308 0.319 0.331 0.341
1.2 0.247 0.264 0.280 0.295 0.309 0.323 0.326 0.349 0.361 0.373
1.3 0.266 0.284 0.302 0.318 0.333 0.348 0.363 0.376 0.389 0.402
1.4 0.286 0.306 0.325 0.343 0.359 0.375 0.391 0.406 0.420 0.434

12
L. Mao et al.
Fig. 24. Lateral displacement difference of riser when the top tension is 1.1–1.4G.
analysis. Parameters such as drilling riser and marine environmental
load are shown in Table 3. Fig. 10 shows the actual marine environ­
mental load on the riser. As shown in the figure, the influence of wind
and wave current on ocean current velocity is much greater when the
distance from the top of the riser is about 100 m. The current velocity
decreases gradually with the increase in water depth.
5.1. Basic dynamic characteristics of drilling riser
As observed from the displacement cloud diagram in Fig. 11, the
maximum deformation of the riser appears in the middle and tends to be
stable after reaching the maximum displacement. The mechanical
analysis diagram of the riser at the stabilization time of 450 s is shown in
Fig. 12, which shows the riser deflection, bending moment, deflection
angle, and stress distribution of the riser. Fig. 12(a) shows that the
maximum deformations of riser considering VIV and without VIV are
48.436 and 44.9 m, respectively. The former has a larger deformation
than the latter. According to Fig. 12(b), the maximum bending moment
of the riser without considering VIV is 12KN, and it is located near the
bottom of the riser. The maximum riser bending moment still appears at
the bottom after considering the VIV situation, while the central position
fluctuates significantly, and the overall bending moment becomes
larger. Fig. 12(c) and (d) shows that the deflection angle and stress
values of the riser are larger and show fluctuation along the depth di­
rection when VIV is considered. In conclusion, the drilling riser defor­
mation, bending moment, and deflection angle will be larger and the
stress will fluctuate to a certain extent when VIV is considered.
The reason is that sea current acting on the riser in the actual pro­
duction process will first cause its initial deformation. At the same time,
the cylinder will vibrate on the basis of its initial deformation because of
the flow around it. The overall mechanical analysis result is low if the
influence of VIV is ignored in the analysis process, while the consider­
ation of VIV will be more consistent with the actual situation. Therefore,
the influence of VIV should be considered in the mechanical analysis of
the riser to improve its safety.
5.2. Influence of surface velocity on dynamic characteristics of riser
Fig. 14 shows whether the riser deflection, maximum bending
moment, deflection angle, and stress distribution of the riser at VIV are
considered when the surface velocity is 0.45 m/s, 0.65 m/s, 0.85 m/s
and 1.05 m/s. When VIV is considered, the overall deflection, bending
moment and deflection angle of the riser are larger, but the stress does
13
Applied Ocean Research 133 (2023) 103484
not increase significantly. At the same time, the maximum bending
moment, deflection Angle and stress of the riser fluctuate. It can be seen
that the results obtained by considering VIV are more accurate when the
velocity of variable surface is increasing.
When VIV is considered, the dynamic characteristics of the riser at
surface flow rates of 0.45, 0.65, 0.85, and 1.05 m/s are shown in Fig. 14.
The riser deflection, maximum bending moment, deflection angle, and
stress all increase with the rise in surface flow rate, and the amplitude of
the increment becomes increasingly larger. At the same time, the
maximum value of riser deflection is always located in the middle of the
riser, the maximum value of bending moment and deflection angle is
always located at the bottom, and the maximum value of stress remains
at the top of the riser. This finding is due to that, according to the Ekman
drift theory, the surface velocity determines the entire velocity profile,
and the rise in the surface velocity will increase the velocity profile
(Fig. 13). Thus, the load acting on the riser rises, which increases the
riser deformation (Wilson, 1984).
The maximum bending moment, deflection angle, and stress of the
riser fluctuate more obviously with the increase in the surface flow ve­
locity. Fig. 15 shows that the vibration frequency of the riser in the
forward direction increases significantly with the rise in the flow ve­
locity. The reason is that, with the increment in flow velocity, the fre­
quency of vortex shedding increases, the periodic excitation of riser is
enhanced, the vibration frequency is increased, and the effect of VIV is
improved. According to Fig. 16, the vibration modes are in order of 7,
10, 14, and 16 when the surface flow velocities are 0.45, 0.65, 0.85, and
1.05 m/s, respectively. In other words, the vibration modes increase
with the rise in the surface flow velocity. The reason is that the natural
frequency is unchanged, and the vortex shedding frequency increases.
Accordingly, the vortex shedding frequency will fall in a higher mode
interval. Thus, the mode excited by the riser increases. Therefore,
attention should be paid to the vibration frequency in the downstream
direction when the surface velocity is large to prevent the fatigue
damage of the riser.
In conclusion, the bending deformation of the riser increases
significantly with the rise in surface flow velocity. The stress at the top
also increases and approaches the safety warning stress (367.7 MPa)
(Honghai Fan et al., 2017; Lee, 1998). Meanwhile, the vibration fre­
quency and mode in the downstream direction increase, and the fluc­
tuation of the riser becomes more violent. As a result, the top position of
the platform requires additional monitoring and protection to prevent
stress from fracturing the riser connection when drilling in rough sea
conditions. A vibration control device is also set at the position with high
L. Mao et al.
Fig. 25. Dynamic characteristics of riser when the drilling fluid displacement is 30–60 L/s.
surface velocity to weaken the movement of displacement in the direc­
tion of the current.
5.3. Influence of wind speed on dynamic characteristics of riser
Fig. 18 shows whether the riser deflection, maximum bending
moment, deflection Angle and stress distribution of riser at VIV are
considered when the wind speed is 5 m/s, 10 m/s, 15 m/s and 20 m/s.
When VIV is considered, the disturbance, maximum bending moment
and deflection angle of riser increase, but the increase of maximum
bending moment is more obvious than the disturbance and deflection
angle. No matter whether VIV is considered in the riser or not, wind
speed has little influence on the riser. However, by comparison, it can be
seen that the dynamic characteristics of the riser fluctuate after VIV is
considered. It can be seen that when the wind speed continues to in­
crease, considering that VIV can better control the change of bending
moment, so as to better prevent the bending and damage of the bottom
of the riser pipe and ensure its safety.
14
Applied Ocean Research 133 (2023) 103484
When VIV is considered, the dynamic characteristics of the riser at
wind speeds of 5, 10, 15, and 20 m/s are shown in Fig. 18. The riser
deflection, deflection angle, and maximum bending moment all increase
with the rise in surface wind speed. Especially, the riser deflection,
maximum bending moment, and deflection angle near the sea surface
increase significantly, but the stress change is not obvious. This finding
is due to that, according to the Ekman drift theory, wind energy will
spread downward through the sea surface, which makes the seawater
flow. Ultimately, the rise in wind speed will greatly increase the velocity
of the offshore surface and the load at the riser. However, the influence
depth of wind speed is limited due to the damping effect of seawater.
Fig. 17 shows that the friction depths correspond to 92, 184, 277, and
369 m when the wind speeds are 5, 10, 15, and 20 m/s, respectively.
According to Eq. (12), the influence of wind speed will become very
small when the water depth exceeds the friction depth.
Fig. 19 shows that the vibration frequency of the riser nearly stays
the same with the increase in wind speed, and it is kept around 0.32 Hz.
According to Fig. 20, the vibration mode is always of the ninth order
L. Mao et al. Applied Ocean Research 133 (2023) 103484

significantly increase the sea surface velocity, which will also increase
the risk of bending failure at the top of the riser.

5.4. Influence of top tension on dynamic characteristics of riser

A tensifier system should be installed on the top of the riser to control

its posture in the water (Westlake and Quinn, 2009). The tensioner
should provide tension that supports the riser and the working drilling
fluid. Thus, the top tension value is usually a multiple of the gravity of
the riser.
Fig. 21 shows whether the riser deflection, maximum bending
moment, deflection angle and stress distribution of the riser at VIV are
considered when the top tension is 1.1G, 1.2G, 1.3G and 1.4G. When VIV
is considered, the deflection, maximum bending moment and deflection
Angle of the riser are significantly larger, while the maximum bending
moment, deflection Angle and stress fluctuate significantly. It can be
seen that when the top tension is increasing, the dynamic characteristics
of the riser can be obtained by considering VIV, which is more realistic.
When VIV is considered, the dynamic characteristics of the riser
under the top tensions of 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4G are shown in Fig. 21.
The riser deflection, bending moment, and deflection angle all decrease
Fig. 26. Downstream amplitude–frequency diagram of riser when the drilling
fluid displacement.
significantly with the increase in top tension, but the stress rises
significantly. This finding is due to that increasing the top tension will
improve the overall sectional tension of the riser (Fig. 22), which is
when the wind speeds are 5, 10, 15, and 20 m/s. In other words, the
equivalent to increasing the stiffness of the riser and enhancing the
vibration mode remains unchanged with the increase in the surface wind
ability of the riser to resist bending deformation.
speed. This result is due to that, although the wind speed increases, the
Fig. 23 shows that the vibration frequency of riser flow direction
seawater surface velocity rises, but the influence depth is limited, which
does not change significantly with the increase in top tension. The
is insufficient to change the vibration frequency and mode of the riser.
reason is that, although the top tension increases, it is equivalent to
Therefore, the influence of wind speed on riser vibration is much less
enhancing the bending stiffness of the riser, and the natural frequency of
than that of surface velocity.
the riser will rise (Zhang et al., 2020). The natural frequency of riser
The effect of wind speed on the dynamic characteristics of riser is less
with a top tensions of 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4G is shown in Table 4.
than that of surface velocity. However, the rise in wind speed will
However, the main frequency of the riser is mainly controlled by the

Fig. 27. Lateral displacement difference of riser when the drilling fluid displacement.

Table 5
The natural frequency of riser with drilling fluid displacement is 30–60 L/s.
Order 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Drilling fluid displacement (L/s) Frequency (Hz)

30 0.286 0.306 0.325 0.343 0.359 0.375 0.391 0.406 0.420 0.434
40 0.285 0.305 0.324 0.343 0.358 0.374 0.390 0.405 0.419 0.433
50 0.285 0.305 0.324 0.342 0.358 0.374 0.390 0.405 0.419 0.433
60 0.284 0.305 0.324 0.342 0.357 0.374 0.389 0.405 0.418 0.433

15
L. Mao et al.
vortex discharge frequency, that is, it is mainly related to the current
velocity. According to Fig. 24, the vibration modes are in the order of 14,
12, 10, and 9 when the top tensions are 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4G. In other
words, the vibration modes decrease with the increase in the top tension.
As the top tension increases, the natural frequencies of each order of the
riser rise. Meanwhile, the frequency of the vortex falling off will fall in
the lower adjacent mode interval. As a result, the excited mode of the
riser decreases. Therefore, top tension inhibits riser VIV and reduces the
chance of riser failure.
In conclusion, the bending deformation and vibration mode of the
riser will obviously decrease with the rise in the top tension. Meanwhile,
the vibration frequency will first decrease and then increase. However,
the stress on the riser increases significantly and approaches the safety
warning stress (367.7 MPa) (Honghai Fan et al., 2017; Lee, 1998).
Therefore, if the top tension is too small, then the riser bending will be
too small, and the riser will have huge deformation and obvious fluc­
tuation. The maximum bending moment and deflection angle at the
bottom will increase, and the bottom is prone to damage. However,
excessive top tension will lead to excessive stress at the top, which will
easily lead to fracture at the top connection of the riser (Mao et al.,
2019). Therefore, the tensifier should be adjusted in time to change the
force of the riser during the drilling process, and the riser is equipped
with buoyancy block to balance the overall tension. The top tension
should be appropriately increased to reduce the riser response for
ensuring the safety of dynamic stress.
5.5. Influence of drilling fluid displacement on dynamic characteristics of
riser
Fig. 25 shows whether the riser deflection, maximum bending
moment, deflection Angle and stress distribution of riser at VIV are
considered when drilling fluid displacement is 30 L/s, 40 L/s, 50 L/s and
60 L/s. Although the effect of drilling fluid displacement on riser
deflection, maximum bending moment, deflection Angle and stress is
small, the riser deflection is larger when considering VIV. At the same
time, the maximum bending moment, deflection angle and stress of riser
will fluctuate after considering VIV. It can be seen that it is necessary to
consider the effect of VIV on the dynamic characteristics of the riser in
the case of increasing drilling fluid displacement, so that the results are
more accurate.
When VIV is considered, the dynamic characteristics of the drilling
fluid displacement of 30, 40, 50, and 60 L/s are shown in Fig. 25. The
riser deflection increases with the rise in drilling fluid displacement,
while the maximum bending moment, deflection angle, and stress
change slightly (Dan and Liang, 2012). This result is due to that an in­
crease in drilling fluid displacement with the same riser configuration is
equivalent to an increase in pipe flow rate. According to the stiffness
matrix of Eq. (23), when the internal flow velocity increases, the section
tension remains unchanged, and the stiffness matrix decreases. Although
the riser damping matrix will increase, the stiffness matrix has greater
influence than the damping matrix. As a result, the riser stiffness de­
creases and its ability to resist deformation decreases.
Figs. 26 and 27 show that the vibration frequency and amplitude of
the riser are unchanged when the drilling fluid displacements are 30, 40,
50, and 60 L/s. Meanwhile, the vibration mode is always of the ninth
order. The natural frequency of riser with the drilling fluid displacement
of 30, 40, 50, and 60 L/s is shown in Table 5. The natural frequency of
the riser decreases to a certain extent, but it is not obvious (Meng et al.,
2017), so the vibration mode remains basically unchanged with the
increase of drilling fluid displacement. Therefore, the drilling fluid
displacement only slightly influences the dynamic characteristics and
flow direction VIV of the riser.
In conclusion, the drilling fluid displacement only slightly influences
the dynamic characteristics of the riser, which is much less than the
influence of surface flow velocity and top tension. Therefore, the dy­
namic characteristics of the riser are ignored when designing the drilling
16
Applied Ocean Research 133 (2023) 103484
fluid displacement, and the drilling fluid displacement can be larger
than 60 L/s.
6. Conclusion
In this study, the dynamic model of riser with large deformation
considering VIV and actual ocean load was established, and the dynamic
characteristics of riser were analyzed. The influence of surface velocity,
wind speed, top tension, and drilling fluid displacement on the riser
deformation was studied. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) The riser deflection, bending moment, deflection angle, and stress
of the riser are larger when VIV is considered, and the overall
mechanical parameter curve fluctuates significantly along the
depth direction. Therefore, the effect of VIV on riser deformation
should be considered in practical engineering safety problems.
This consideration is more conducive to ensure safety.
(2) The increase in surface velocity and wind speed will increase the
riser deflection, bending moment, deflection angle, and stress.
However, the wind speed has less influence on the dynamic
characteristics of the riser than the sea current. At the same time,
increasing the surface velocity will improve the vibration fre­
quency and mode of the riser, but increasing the wind speed will
only slightly affect the vibration frequency and mode.
(3) The riser stress increases and the riser deflection, bending
moment, deflection angle, and vibration mode decrease with the
rise in top tension. However, the vibration frequency of the riser
remains the same. Riser deformation and response during drilling
operations can be reduced by appropriately increasing the top
tension.
(4) The change in drilling fluid displacement only slightly influences
the overall riser. Thus, the dynamic characteristics of the riser are
ignored when designing drilling fluid displacement in the project,
and large displacement of 60 L/s and above can be adopted.
Funding
This study is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (52174006), Science and Technology Cooperation Project of the
CNPC-SWPU Innovation Alliance (2020CX040204), CNPC Innovation
Foundation (2020D-5007-0210), Key Research and Development Pro­
grams of Sichuan (21ZDYF3109 and 21SYSX0054), and Development of
Parameter Calculation and Design Software for Workover and Testing
(CQ2021B-26-1-5).
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Liangjie Mao: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology,
Software, Formal analysis, Validation, Writing – review & editing, Su­
pervision, Visualization. Maoxia Wu: Conceptualization, Methodology,
Software, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Vali­
dation, Writing – review & editing, Visualization. Wenbin Zhang:
Methodology, Data curation, Writing – review & editing, Investigation.
Changming Guo: Methodology, Data curation, Writing – original draft,
Validation. Song Zeng: Data curation, Investigation, Validation, Writing
– review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that there are no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
The authors do not have permission to share data.
L. Mao et al. Applied Ocean Research 133 (2023) 103484

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