EMF Induced in a Conductor

The process in which EMF is induced in a circuit with the help of varying
magnetic or electric fields is called electromagnetic induction.

: Electromotive force is an electric potential difference created by a moving

magnetic field or a battery. The work done or gained by per unit electric
charge is known as electromotive force. The electromotive force is denoted
by ε. The unit for electromotive force is Volt. The dimensional formula of
EMF is [M1L2T-3I-1]. ε = V + Ir Where V is the voltage of the cell, I is the
current across the circuit, r is the internal resistance of the cell, ε is the
electromotive force Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction:

There two laws work on induction of current in a conductor:

1= Faradays law of electromagnetic induction

2= Lenzs law

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1: Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction

Michael Faraday introduced two laws known as Faraday’s law of

electromagnetic induction.

Faraday’s first law

If the magnitude or the direction of the magnetic field is changed,

emf will be induced in the wire, and this induced emf or induced
voltage results in the induced current. Different ways in which this
can be achieved are:

⦁ By moving a magnet to and fro

⦁ By changing the magnitude of the magnetic field

⦁ By changing the orientation of the coil

⦁ By moving the coil in and out of the magnetic field

Faraday’s second law

The rate of change of flux linked with the coil is equal to the value
of emf induced in the coil. The flux induced is equal to the product
of a number of turns in the coil and the flux associated with the
coil.

E=NdΦ/dt ----(equation: 1)

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2: Lenz’s law

Lenz’s law states that the direction of induced emf is such that it
opposes the change that induced it. Let’s take an example of a bar
magnet. If we move a bar magnet in and out of a coil, the emf
would be induced. Moving the north pole of the magnet out of
the coil would also induce the emf, and its direction would be in a
way that opposes the change. In this case, moving out of the
north pole induces emf. Therefore, the change would try to
oppose it, i.e., the polarity at one end of the coil will become
south to attract the north pole.

Now, using Lenz’s law in equation 1

E= -NdΦ/dt ----(equation:2)

Emf induced in a conductor

Whenever a conductor is moved in a uniform magnetic field, emf

is induced across the conductor. The emf is induced across the
conductor because of the change in the area of the conductor that
leaves and enters the magnetic field. In this way, magnetic flux is
changed, which leads to the induction of emf. The induced emf is
also known as motional emf. Now, let’s derive the expression for
the magnitude of the emf induced.

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According to Faraday’s law,

E=ΔΦ/Δt

Let’s consider a metallic rod of length l, moving at a speed of v. It

will travel a distance of x,

in a time, t.

Velocity = distance/time

Or, v=Δx/Δt

As the area of the loop (induced emf) is constantly changing, the

amount it gets changed by will be:

ΔA=lΔx

The magnetic flux is equal to the product of the magnetic field

and the change in the area.

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Therefore, 3 becomes

E=BΔA/Δt

=BlvΔt/Δt

=Blv

Therefore, emf induced across the conductor will be e=Blv.

The direction of induced emf, according to Lenz’s law, is in a way

that opposes the change that’s producing it.

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Conclusion

The magnetic field flux depends on the magnitude of the

magnetic field, the orientation of the field, and the number of
lines passing through a given surface area. If only a single factor
varies, then emf would be induced, which in turn induces the
current. Changing magnetic fields also produce eddy currents,
which find their applications in magnetic levitation, welding, crack
detection, etc. Electromagnetic induction has numerous
applications, including devices such as generators, motors, and
electrical components such as

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