Essential Mathematics For The Australian Curriculum Year 9

ESSENTIAL
9
MATHEMATICS FOR THE AUSTRALIAN CURRICULUM
SECOND EDITION
DAVID GREENWOOD | SARA WOOLLEY

JENNY GOODMAN | JENNIFER VAUGHAN
STUART PALMER
Essential Mathematics for the ISBN 978-1-107-57007-8 © Greenwood et al. 2015 Cambridge University Press
Australian Curriculum Year 9 2ed Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
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Introduction
This second edition of Essential Mathematics for the Australian Curriculum has been developed into a
complete resources pack comprising a revised and updated print textbook, a new interactive textbook with
a host of cutting-edge features, and an online teaching suite.
The successful elements of the first edition have been retained and improved upon. These include:
• logical sequencing of chapters and development of topics
• careful structuring of exercises according to the four Australian Curriculum proficiency strands plus
enrichment
• graduated difficulty of exercise questions within the overall exercise and within proficiency groups
• Let’s Start and Key Ideas to help introduce concepts and key skills.
Additions and revisions to the text include:
• New topics reflecting updates to the Australian Curriculum and state syllabuses
• Revision and extension topics are marked as ‘Consolidating’ or ‘Extending’ to help customise the
course to each classroom’s needs
• The working programs have been subtly embedded in each exercise to differentiate three student
pathways: Foundation, Standard and Advanced
• A ‘Progress quiz’ has been added about two-thirds of the way into each chapter, allowing students to
check and consolidate their learning – in time to address misunderstandings or weaknesses prior to
completing the chapter
• Pre-tests have been revised and moved to the interactive textbook.
Features of the all-new interactive textbook:
• Seamlessly blended with Cambridge HOTmaths, allowing enhanced learning opportunities in blended
classrooms, revision of previous years’ work, and access to Scorcher
• Every worked example in the book is linked to a high-quality video demonstration, supporting both in-
class learning and the ‘flipped classroom’
• A searchable dictionary of mathematical terms and pop-up definitions in the text
• Hundreds of interactive widgets, walkthroughs and games
• Automatically-marked quizzes and assessment tests, with saved scores
• Printable worksheets (HOTsheets) suitable for homework or class group work.
Features of the Online Teaching Suite, also powered by Cambridge HOTmaths:
• A test generator, with ready-made tests
• Printable worked solutions for all questions
• A powerful learning management system with task-setting, progress-tracking and reporting functions.
The chart on the next pages shows how the components of this resource are integrated.
x
Guide to the working programs in the exercises
The working programs that were previously available in separate supporting documents have been
updated, refined and embedded in the exercises for this second edition of Essential Mathematics for the
Australian Curriculum. The suggested worki ng programs provide three pathways through the course to
allow differentiation for Foundation, Standard and Advanced students.
As with the first edition, each exercise is structured in subsections that match the four Australian
Curriculum proficiency strands (Understanding, Fluency, Problem-solving and Reasoning) as well as
Enrichment (Challenge). The questions suggested for each pathway are listed in three columns at the top
of each subsection: Foundation Standard Advanced
• The left column (lightest shaded colour) is 1–2 2 —
the Foundation pathway
UNDERSTANDING
3–5(½) 3–6(½) 3–6(½)
• The middle column (medium shaded
FLUENCY
colour) is the Standard pathway 7–8 8–10 8–10
PROBLEM-SOLVING
• The right column (darkest shaded colour) 11 11–13 13–15
is the Advanced pathway.
REASONING
— — 16
Gradients within exercises and
ENRICHMEMENT
proficiency strands
The working programs make use of the gradients that have been seamlessly
integrated into the exercises. A gradient runs through the overall structure of each
exercise – where there is an increasing level of mathematical sophistication
required from Understanding through to Reasoning and Enrichment – but also
within each proficiency strand; the first few questions in Fluency, for example, are easier than the last
few, and the last Problem-solving question is more challenging than the first Problem-solving question.
The right mix of questions
Questions in the working programs are selected to give the most appropriate mix of types of questions for
each learning pathway. Students going through the Foundation pathway will likely need more practice at
Understanding and Fluency, but should also attempt the easier Problem-solving and Reasoning questions.
An Advanced student will likely be able to skip the Understanding questions, proceed through the
Fluency questions (often half of each question), focus on the Problem-solving and Reasoning questions,
and attempt the Enrichment question. A Standard student would do a mix of everything.
Choosing a pathway
There are a variety of ways of determining the appropriate pathway for students through the course.
Schools and individual teachers should follow the method that works for them.
If required, the chapter pre-tests (now found online) can also be used as a diagnostic tool. The following
are recommended guidelines:
• A student who gets 40% or lower in the pre-test should complete the Foundation questions
• A student who gets between 40% and 85% in the pre-test should complete the Standard questions
• A student who gets 85% or higher in the pre-test should complete the Advanced questions.
For schools that have classes grouped according to ability, teachers may wish to set one of the
Foundation, Standard or Advanced pathways as their default setting for their entire class and then make
individual alterations depending on student need. For schools that have mixed-ability classes, teachers
may wish to set a number of pathways within the one class, depending on previous performance and other
factors.
* The nomenclature used to list questions is as follows:
• 3, 4: complete all parts of questions 3 and 4 • 2-4(½): complete half of the parts of questions 2, 3 and 4
• 1-4: complete all parts of questions 1, 2, 3 and 4 • 4(½), 5: complete half of the parts of question 4 and all
• 10(½): complete half of the parts from question parts of question 5
10 (a, c, e, ... or b, d, f, ...) • — : do not complete any of the questions in this section.
An overview of the Essential For more
detail, see
Mathematics for the Australian

the guide in
the online
Interactive
Curriculum complete learning suite Textbook
All non-core topics are marked Consolidating Examples with fully worked solutions and
or Extending to assist with course planning explanations show the thinking behind each step
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Reviewing
number and
financial
Chapter mathematics
What Australian
you will learn curriculum
1A Integer operations NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
(Consolidating) Money and financial mathematics 16x16 32x32
1B Decimals and significant figures Solve problems involving simple interest
1C Rational numbers
(Consolidating)
1D Operations with fractions
(Consolidating)
1E Ratios, rates and best buys
(Consolidating)
1F Percentages and money
(Consolidating)
1G Percentage increase and
decrease (Consolidating)
1H Profits and discounts
1I Income and taxation
1J Simple interest
1K Compound interest (Extending)
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Australian Curriculum
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Global financial crisis

The global financial crisis of 2008 personal income was about 130%.
and 2009 was one of the most As house prices collapsed, financial
serious financial situations since the institutions struggled to survive
Great Depression in the 1930s. Prior due to the increased number of bad
to the crisis, US interest rates were debts. The crisis expanded to cause
lowered to about 1%, which created negative growth in the US general
access to easy credit and ‘sub- economy and in other countries.
prime’ lending. House prices in the In Australia, our sharemarket All
US rose about 125% in the 10 years Ordinaries Index collapsed by 55%
prior to the crisis. When the housing from 6874 in November 2007 to
bubble burst, house prices began to 3112 in March 2009.
fall and lenders began foreclosing
on mortgages if borrowers could
not keep up with their repayments.
At the beginning of the crisis, US
household debt as a percentage of
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Investment value
$1000
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time ( years)
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Up for a challenge? If you
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check out the 'Working with
unfamiliar problems' poster
at the end of the book to
help you.
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Review of numbers Operations with fractions Rounding
2 + (-3) = -1 For 8 and 12 1.284 to 1 d.p. is 1.3
- 4 - (-2) = -2 HCF is 4 1 5 - 7 = 11 - 7 2 sig. fig. is 1.3
6 12 6 12
15 ¸ (-5) = -3 LCM is 24 = 22 - 7 472.543 to 1 d.p. is 472.5
-7 ´ (-3) = 21 √36 = 6 12 12 1 sig. fig. is 500
= 15
(-2)2 = 4 3
√27 =3 0.0624 to 2 d.p. is 0.06
12
43 = 64 2 sig. fig. is 0.062
= 11
4
11 ¸ 7 = 3 ´ 2
1
Rates, ratios and best buy 2 2 21 7
Rate: 180 km per 3 hrs = 60 km/h = 3

7
Rational numbers
Ratio: 3 : 1 = 6 : 7 = 6 : 7
7 2 14 14 (fractions)
$200 divided into 7 : 3 11 = 1.375
10 parts is $200 13 = 8
8
1 part is $20 Reviewing number and mixed improper terminating
3 parts is $60 financial mathematics number fraction decimal
7 parts is $140 1 = 0.166... = 0.16∙
Best buy: 3 kg of carrots for $6.45 6
proper recurring
5 kg for $10.20 fraction decimal
3 kg bag: 6.45 ¸ 3 = $2.15/kg
2 and 4 are equivalent fractions
5 kg bag: 10.20 ¸ 5 = $2.04/kg
3 6
∴5 kg is best buy Irrational numbers cannot be
expressed as a fraction
Compound interest (Ext)

$3000 at 5% for 3 years Percentages
Amount = $3000 ´ (1.05)3 3 = 3 ´ 100% = 75%
= $3472.88 4 4
1
25 % = 25.5 ¸ 100% = 0.255
2
20% of 60 = 0.2 ´ 60 = 12
Simple interest 5% of amount = 32
∴amount = 32 ¸ 0.05
$2000 at 5% for 4 years = 640
I = P ´ r ´ t = $2000 ´ 5 ´ 4
100 100
= $400
Income and tax
Employees can be paid:
Applications of percentages Percentage increase and decrease wage: hourly rate with
overtime at time and
Percentage profit or loss Increase Decrease
a half = 1.5 or double time
20 by 6% 20 by 5%
= Profit or loss ´ 100% 20 ´ 1.06 = 21.2 20 ´ 0.95 = 19 salary: annual amount
Cost price
Mark-up and discount Percentage change = change ´ 100% commission: % of sales
Commission/tax original net income =
gross income - tax
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2
Linear and
simultaneous
Chapter equations
What Australian
2A Algebraic expressions (Consolidating) NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
2B Simplifying algebraic expressions Patterns and algebra
(Consolidating) Apply the distributive law to the expansion of algebraic
2C Expanding algebraic expressions including binomials, and collect32x32
expressions, 16x16 like terms where
2D Solving linear equations appropriate
2E Equations with brackets and
pronumerals on both sides
2F Solving word problems
2G Inequalities
2H Using formulas
2I Simultaneous equations: substitution
(Extending)
2J Simultaneous equations: elimination
(Extending)
2K Applications of simultaneous
equations (Extending)
Online
resources
examples
courses
On a collision course
Linear equations with two variables, satisfies both equations for two objects
such as 2x + 3y = 12, have an infinite moving at constant speed in the same
number of solutions. If we plot them plane (provided they are not moving
on a number plane we get a line. Each on parallel tracks). In this situation the
point on the line represents a possible two equations are called simultaneous
solution. equations. The one solution that
These equations can model many satisfies the simultaneous equations can
different situations or systems in real be found using algebra, and this solution
life. For instance the two variables might represents the position and time at
be total cost and quantity of an item, which they meet or collide.
or the distance of an object from its Solving simultaneous equations can
starting point over time, when it moves be applied to problems such as working
at uniform speed in a straight line. out when and where one ship will
Although there is no single solution intercept another, but navigation is only
to such a distance-time equation for one one of many areas where this aspect of
object, there is only one solution that algebra has applications.
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The process of replacing a e.g. 2(x + 3) = 2 × x + 2 × 3
pronumeral with a given value e.g. 2x − 3y + 5
= 2x + 6
e.g. if x = 3, 2x + 4 = 2 × 3 + 4 −3(4 − 2x) = −12 + 6x constant
term
=6+4 coefficient
= 10 e.g. 2 more than 3 lots of m
e.g. if x = 2, y = −4, xy = 2 × (−4) is 3m + 2
= −8
Solving linear equations

Addition/subtraction
Finding the value that makes
Only like terms can be combined
an equation true
under addition or subtraction.
Like terms, e.g. 3a and 7a e.g. 2x + 5 = 9
2ab and 5ab 2x = 4 (subtract 5)
not 4a and 7ab x = 2 (divide by 2)
Linear and e.g. 5(x − 1) = 2x + 7
e.g. 3x + 2y − x + 4y + 7
= 3x − x + 2y + 4y + 7 simultaneous 5x − 5 = 2x + 7 (expand)
= 2x + 6y + 7 equations 3x − 5 = 7 (subtract 2x)
3x = 12 (add 5)
x = 4 (divide by 3)
Inequalities
These can be represented using >, <,
≥, ≤ rather than =. Solving word problems
e.g. x > 2 2 not included 1 Define variable(s)
2 Set up equation(s)
x 3 Solve equation(s)
−1 0 1 2 3 4 4 Check each answer and
write in words
Solving inequalities uses the same
steps as solving equations except
when multiplying or dividing by a
negative number. In this case, the Simultaneous equations (Ext)
inequality sign must be reversed. Use substitution or elimination to find the solution that
e.g. 4 − 2x < 10 (− 4) satisfies 2 equations.
−2x < 6 (÷ –2)
x > −3 reverse sign Substitution
e.g. 2x + y = 12 (1)
y = x + 3 (2)
In (1) replace y with (2)
Formulas 2x + (x + 3) = 12
Some common formulas 3x + 3 = 12
e.g. A = p r 2, C = 2p r x=3
An unknown value can be found by Substitute x = 3 to find y
substituting values for the other variables. In (2) y = (3) + 3 = 6
A formula can be transposed to make a
Elimination
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a matching pair. 2x + 3y = 5 (2)
A = pr 2
A = r2
Add 2 equations if matching (1) × 2 2x + 4y = 4 (3)
π pair has different sign; (3) − (2) y = −1
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π x −2=2
∴ r = A where r > 0 ∴x = 4
π
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3
Pythagoras’
theorem and
Chapter trigonometry
What Australian
3A Pythagoras’ theorem MEASUREMENT AND GEOMETRY
3B Finding the shorter sides Pythagoras and Trigonometry
3C Applying Pythagoras’ Investigate Pythagoras’ theorem and its application to solving
theorem simple problems involving right-angled triangles
3D Pythagoras in three Use similarity to investigate the constancy of the sine, cosine and
dimensions (Extending) tangent ratios for a given angle in right-angled triangles 16x16
3E Trigonometric ratios Apply trigonometry to solve right-angled triangle problems
3F Finding side lengths
3G Solving for the denominator
3H Finding an angle
3I Applying trigonometry
(Extending)
3J Bearings (Extending)
Online
resources
examples
courses
Satellites
Satellite navigation systems work divided into two right-angled
by determining where you are and triangles and, using two known
calculating how far it is to where angles and one side length, the
you want to go. Distances are distance between where you are
worked out using the mathematics and your destination can be found
of trigonometry. The position of using sine, cosine and tangent
the satellite, your position and your functions. Similar techniques are
destination are three points which used to navigate the seas, study the
form a triangle. This triangle can be stars and map our planet, Earth.
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*U JT JNQPSUBOU UP USZ UP ESBX BOZ JEFOUJàFE SJHIUBOHMFE USJBOHMF VTJOH B
TFQBSBUF EJBHSBN
&YBNQMF 6TJOH 1ZUIBHPSBT JO %

5IF MFOHUI PG UIF EJBHPOBM PO UIF CBTF PG B SFDUBOHVMBS QSJTN
JT N BOE UIF SFDUBOHVMBS QSJTNT IFJHIU JT N 'JOE UIF 3.9 m
EJTUBODF GSPN POF DPSOFS PG UIF SFDUBOHVMBS QSJTN UP UIF PQQPTJUF
DPSOFS (JWF ZPVS BOTXFS DPSSFDU UP UXP EFDJNBM QMBDFT
8.3 m
40- 65* 0/ &9 1 - " / " 5 * 0 /
-FU E N CF UIF EJTUBODF SFRVJSFE %SBX B SJHIUBOHMFE USJBOHMF BOE MBCFM BMM UIF
NFBTVSFNFOUT BOE QSPOVNFSBMT
dm
3.9 m
8.3 m
E 6TF 1ZUIBHPSBT UIFPSFN

√
∴ E UP EQ
5IF EJTUBODF GSPN POF DPSOFS PG UIF 8SJUF ZPVS BOTXFS JO XPSET
SFDUBOHVMBS QSJTN UP UIF PQQPTJUF DPSOFS JT
BQQSPYJNBUFMZ N
&YFSDJTF %
6/%&345"/%*/(
%FDJEF JG UIF GPMMPXJOH TIBEFE SFHJPOT XPVME GPSN SJHIUBOHMFE USJBOHMFT
B C D
Right cylinder Right cone
Cone
E F G
Rectangular prism
Cube Cube
%
6/%&345"/%*/(
H I J
Tetrahedron
Triangular prism (regular triangular-
based pyramid) Right square-based
pyramid (apex above
centre of base)
o o o

'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF 'JOE UIF EJTUBODF E VOJUT GSPN POF DPSOFS UP UIF PQQPTJUF DPSOFS JO FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH
SFDUBOHVMBS QSJTNT (JWF ZPVS BOTXFST DPSSFDU UP UXP EFDJNBM QMBDFT
B C
d mm 5 mm dm
0.32 m 0.1 m
10 mm
D d cm
8.91 cm
17.63 cm
'JOE UIF TMBOU IFJHIU T VOJUT PG FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH DPOFT (JWF ZPVS BOTXFST DPSSFDU UP POF
EFDJNBM QMBDF
B C D 1.5 cm
3 cm s cm 1.7 m
sm
3 cm s cm
2.3 m
2 cm
'JOE UIF MFOHUI UP UIF OFBSFTU NJMMJNFUSF PG UIF MPOHFTU SPE UIBU XJMM àU JOTJEF B
DZMJOEFS PG UIF GPMMPXJOH EJNFOTJPOT
B %JBNFUFS DN BOE IFJHIU DN Rod
C 3BEJVT NN BOE IFJHIU NN
D %JBNFUFS N BOE IFJHIU N
%
'-6&/$:
5IF DVCF JO UIF EJBHSBN PO UIF SJHIU IBT DN TJEFT D
B 'JOE UIF MFOHUI PG "$ BT BO FYBDU WBMVF
C )FODF àOE UIF MFOHUI PG "% DPSSFDU UP POF EFDJNBM QMBDF
C
A B
$POTJEFS UIF TIBQF TIPXO E D

B 'JOE UIF MFOHUI PG "$ BT BO FYBDU WBMVF 4 cm
F C
C )FODF àOE UIF MFOHUI PG "% DPSSFDU UP POF
EFDJNBM QMBDF 8 cm
A 12 cm B

130#-&.40-7*/(
" NJOFS NBLFT DMBJN UP B DJSDVMBS QJFDF PG MBOE XJUI B SBEJVT PG N GSPN B HJWFO QPJOU BOE JT
FOUJUMFE UP EJH UP B EFQUI PG N *G UIF NJOFS DBO EJH UVOOFMT BU BOZ BOHMF àOE UIF MFOHUI PG UIF
MPOHFTU TUSBJHIU UVOOFM UIBU IF DBO EJH UP UIF OFBSFTU NFUSF
" CPXM JT JO UIF TIBQF PG B IFNJTQIFSF IBMG TQIFSF

XJUI SBEJVT DN 5IF TVSGBDF PG UIF XBUFS
JO UIF DPOUBJOFS IBT B SBEJVT PG DN )PX EFFQ JT UIF XBUFS (JWF ZPVS BOTXFS UP UXP EFDJNBM
QMBDFT
" DVCF PG TJEF MFOHUI M TJUT JOTJEF B TQIFSF PG SBEJVT S TP UIBU UIF WFSUJDFT PG UIF DVCF TJU PO UIF
TQIFSF 'JOE UIF SBUJP S M

3&"40/*/(
5IFSF BSF EJGGFSFOU XBZT UP BQQSPBDI àOEJOH UIF IFJHIU PG B QZSBNJE EFQFOEJOH PO XIBU
JOGPSNBUJPO JT HJWFO 'PS FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH TRVBSFCBTFE QZSBNJET àOE
J UIF FYBDU MFOHUI VTJOH B TVSE
PG UIF EJBHPOBM PO UIF CBTF
JJ UIF IFJHIU PG UIF QZSBNJE DPSSFDU UP UXP EFDJNBM QMBDFT
B C
4 cm
6 cm
2 cm
5 cm
%
3&"40/*/(
'PS UIJT SFDUBOHVMBS QSJTN BOTXFS UIFTF RVFTUJPOT
B 'JOE UIF FYBDU MFOHUI "# C
C 'JOE "# DPSSFDU UP UXP EFDJNBM QMBDFT
2
D 'JOE UIF MFOHUI "$ VTJOH ZPVS SFTVMU GSPN
QBSU B BOE UIFO SPVOE UP UXP EFDJNBM QMBDFT B
E 'JOE UIF MFOHUI "$ VTJOH ZPVS SFTVMU GSPN 7
A 4
QBSU C BOE UIFO SPVOE UP UXP EFDJNBM QMBDFT
F )PX DBO ZPV FYQMBJO UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO ZPVS SFTVMUT GSPN QBSUT D BOE E BCPWF
4QJEFS DSBXM
&/3*$).&/5
" TQJEFS DSBXMT GSPN POF DPSOFS " PG UIF DFJMJOH PG B F B
SPPN UP UIF PQQPTJUF DPSOFS ( PO UIF áPPS 5IF SPPN JT B E A
SFDUBOHVMBS QSJTN XJUI EJNFOTJPOT BT HJWFO JO UIF EJBHSBN 3.9 m
PO UIF SJHIU G
C
B "TTVNJOH UIF TQJEFS DSBXMT JO B EJSFDU MJOF CFUXFFO 4.5 m
H 6.2 m D
QPJOUT àOE IPX GBS DPSSFDU UP UXP EFDJNBM QMBDFT
UIF
TQJEFS DSBXMT JG JU DSBXMT GSPN " UP ( WJB
J # JJ $ JJJ % JW '
C *OWFTUJHBUF PUIFS QBUIT UP EFUFSNJOF UIF TIPSUFTU EJTUBODF UIBU UIF TQJEFS DPVME DSBXM JO
PSEFS UP USBWFM GSPN QPJOU " UP QPJOU ( )JOU DPOTJEFS ESBXJOH B OFU GPS UIF TPMJE
& 5SJHPOPNFUSJD SBUJPT

5IF CSBODI PG NBUIFNBUJDT DBMMFE
USJHPOPNFUSZ EFBMT XJUI UIF SFMBUJPOTIJQ
CFUXFFO UIF TJEF MFOHUIT BOE BOHMFT JO
USJBOHMFT 5SJHPOPNFUSZ EBUFT CBDL UP
UIF BODJFOU &HZQUJBO BOE #BCZMPOJBO
DJWJMJTBUJPOT XIFSF B CBTJD GPSN PG
USJHPOPNFUSZ XBT VTFE JO UIF CVJMEJOH PG
QZSBNJET BOE JO UIF TUVEZ PG BTUSPOPNZ
5IF àSTU UBCMF PG WBMVFT JODMVEJOH DIPSE
BOE BSD MFOHUIT PO B DJSDMF GPS B HJWFO
BOHMF XBT DSFBUFE CZ )JQQBSDIVT JO UIF
OE DFOUVSZ #$& JO (SFFDF 5IFTF UBCMFT
PG WBMVFT IFMQFE UP DBMDVMBUF UIF QPTJUJPO " CBTJD GPSN PG USJHPOPNFUSZ XBT VTFE JO UIF CVJMEJOH PG QZSBNJET
JO BODJFOU &HZQU
PG UIF QMBOFUT "CPVU UISFF DFOUVSJFT
MBUFS $MBVEJVT 1UPMFNZ BEWBODFE UIF TUVEZ PG USJHPOPNFUSZ XSJUJOH CPPLT DBMMFE UIF "MNBHFTU
1UPMFNZ BMTP EFWFMPQFE UBCMFT PG WBMVFT MJOLJOH UIF TJEFT BOE BOHMFT PG B USJBOHMF BOE QSPEVDFE NBOZ
UIFPSFNT XIJDI VTF UIF TJOF DPTJOF BOE UBOHFOU GVODUJPOT
-FUT TUBSU $POTUBODZ PG TJOF DPTJOF BOE UBOHFOU

*O HFPNFUSZ XF XPVME TBZ UIBU TJNJMBS USJBOHMFT IBWF UIF TBNF TIBQF CVU BSF PG EJGGFSFOU TJ[F )FSF BSF
UISFF TJNJMBS SJHIUBOHMFE USJBOHMFT 5IF BOHMF R UIFUB
JT UIF TBNF GPS BMM UISFF USJBOHMFT
13
5 26
θ A 10 39
12 B 15
θ
24 C
θ
36
8F XJMM OPX DBMDVMBUF UISFF TQFDJBM SBUJPT TJOF DPTJOF BOE UBOHFOU Hypotenuse (H)
GPS UIF BOHMF R JO UIF BCPWF USJBOHMFT 8F VTF UIF TJEFT MBCFMMFE Opposite (O)
θ
)ZQPUFOVTF )
0QQPTJUF 0
BOE "EKBDFOU "
BT TIPXO BU SJHIU Adjacent (A)
• $PNQMFUF UIJT UBCMF TJNQMJGZJOH BMM GSBDUJPOT
• 8IBU EP ZPV OPUJDF BCPVU UIF WBMVF PG
" # 5SJBOHMF 0 TJO R
" DPT R
0 UBO R
0 ) ) "
B TJO R JF GPS BMM UISFF USJBOHMFT
)
" # "
"
C DPT R JF GPS BMM UISFF USJBOHMFT
)
" # #
0
D UBO R JF GPS BMM UISFF USJBOHMFT
"
$
• 8IZ BSF UIF UISFF SBUJPT TJO R DPT R BOE
UBO R
UIF TBNF GPS BMM UISFF USJBOHMFT %JTDVTT
'PS B SJHIUBOHMFE USJBOHMF XJUI BOPUIFS BOHMF OBNFE R ,FZ

• 5IF IZQPUFOVTF JT UIF MPOHFTU TJEF PQQPTJUF UIF BOHMF JEFBT
• 5IF PQQPTJUF TJEF JT PQQPTJUF R
• 5IF BEKBDFOU TJEF JT OFYU UP R CVU OPU UIF IZQPUFOVTF
Adjacent
Hypotenuse θ
Opposite
Opposite Hypotenuse
θ
Adjacent
'PS B SJHIUBOHMFE USJBOHMF XJUI B HJWFO BOHMF R UIF UISFF SBUJPT TJOF TJO
DPTJOF DPT
BOE
UBOHFOU UBO
BSF HJWFO CZ
MFOHUI PG UIF PQQPTJUF TJEF
• TJOF PG BOHMF R PS TJO R

MFOHUI PG UIF IZQPUFOVTF
MFOHUI PG UIF BEKBDFOU TJEF
• DPTJOF PG BOHMF R PS DPT R

MFOHUI PG UIF IZQPUFOVTF
MFOHUI PG UIF PQQPTJUF TJEF
• UBOHFOU PG BOHMF R PS UBO R

MFOHUI PG UIF BEKBDFOU TJEF
'PS BOZ SJHIUBOHMFE USJBOHMF XJUI UIF TBNF BOHMFT UIFTF SBUJPT BSF BMXBZT UIF TBNF
5IF UFSN 40)$")50" JT VTFGVM XIFO USZJOH UP SFNFNCFS UIF UISFF SBUJPT
SOH CAH TOA
H
O
Opposite Adjacent Opposite θ
sin θ = cos θ = tan θ =
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse Adjacent A
&YBNQMF -BCFMMJOH UIF TJEFT PG USJBOHMFT

$PQZ UIJT USJBOHMF BOE MBCFM UIF TJEFT BT PQQPTJUF UP R 0
BEKBDFOU UP
R "
PS IZQPUFOVTF )

θ
40- 65* 0/ &9 1 - " / " 5 * 0 /
%SBX UIF USJBOHMF BOE MBCFM UIF TJEF PQQPTJUF

A UIF SJHIU BOHMF BT IZQPUFOVTF )
UIF TJEF
O
PQQPTJUF UIF BOHMF R BT PQQPTJUF 0
BOE UIF
q
SFNBJOJOH TJEF OFYU UP UIF BOHMF R BT
H BEKBDFOU "

&YBNQMF 8SJUJOH USJHPOPNFUSJD SBUJPT

8SJUF B USJHPOPNFUSJD SBUJP JO GSBDUJPO GPSN
GPS FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH USJBOHMFT
B C D
5 3
θ 9
7
θ
θ
5 4
40- 65* 0/ &91-" / " 5* 0/
" 4JEF MFOHUI JT PQQPTJUF UIF SJHIU

B DPT R
) BOHMF TP JU JT UIF IZQPUFOVTF )

(H ) 7
(O) 4JEF MFOHUI JT BEKBDFOU UP BOHMF R

TP JU JT UIF BEKBDFOU "

θ
5 (A)
0 4JEF MFOHUI JT PQQPTJUF UIF SJHIU

C TJO R
) θ BOHMF TP JU JT UIF IZQPUFOVTF )

9 (H) 4JEF MFOHUI JT PQQPTJUF BOHMF R
(A)
TP JU JT UIF PQQPTJUF 0

4 (O)
0 3 (O) 4JEF MFOHUI JT UIF BEKBDFOU TJEF

D UBO R
" UP BOHMF R TP JU JT UIF BEKBDFOU "

(A) 5 4JEF MFOHUI JT PQQPTJUF BOHMF R
(H)
TP JU JT UIF PQQPTJUF 0

θ
&YFSDJTF &

6/%&345"/%*/(
8SJUF UIF NJTTJOH XPSE JO UIFTF TFOUFODFT

B ) TUBOET GPS UIF XPSE
C 0 TUBOET GPS UIF XPSE
H O
D " TUBOET GPS UIF XPSE
E TJO R )ZQPUFOVTF θ
F DPT R "EKBDFOU A
G UBO R 0QQPTJUF
&
6/%&345"/%*/(
&YBNQMF $PQZ FBDI PG UIFTF USJBOHMFT BOE MBCFM UIF TJEFT BT PQQPTJUF UP R 0
BEKBDFOU UP R "
PS
IZQPUFOVTF )

B C D E
θ
θ
θ θ
F G H I
θ
θ θ
'PS UIF USJBOHMF TIPXO TUBUF UIF MFOHUI PG UIF TJEF XIJDI DPSSFTQPOET UP
B UIF IZQPUFOVTF
C UIF TJEF PQQPTJUF BOHMF R α
D UIF TJEF PQQPTJUF BOHMF B 5 4
E UIF TJEF BEKBDFOU UP BOHMF R
F UIF TJEF BEKBDFOU UP BOHMF B θ
3
o
o

'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF 8SJUF B USJHPOPNFUSJD SBUJP JO GSBDUJPO GPSN
GPS FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH USJBOHMFT BOE TJNQMJGZ
XIFSF QPTTJCMF
B C D 6
7 θ
4 5
10
θ θ
4
E 4 F G
θ x
5 θ
y
6
θ 5
H 5t I 6b J
5y
θ 3x
θ
4t q
3a
&
'-6&/$:
)FSF BSF UXP TJNJMBS USJBOHMFT " BOE #
26
13 10
5 B
A
θ θ
12 24
B J 8SJUF UIF SBUJP TJO R BT B GSBDUJPO

GPS USJBOHMF "
JJ 8SJUF UIF SBUJP TJO R BT B GSBDUJPO
GPS USJBOHMF #
JJJ 8IBU EP ZPV OPUJDF BCPVU ZPVS UXP BOTXFST GSPN QBSUT B J BOE B JJ BCPWF
C J 8SJUF UIF SBUJP DPT R BT B GSBDUJPO
GPS USJBOHMF "
JJ 8SJUF UIF SBUJP DPT R BT B GSBDUJPO
GPS USJBOHMF #
JJJ 8IBU EP ZPV OPUJDF BCPVU ZPVS UXP BOTXFST GSPN QBSUT C J BOE C JJ BCPWF
D J 8SJUF UIF SBUJP UBO R BT B GSBDUJPO
GPS USJBOHMF "
JJ 8SJUF UIF SBUJP UBO R BT B GSBDUJPO
GPS USJBOHMF #
JJJ 8IBU EP ZPV OPUJDF BCPVU ZPVS UXP BOTXFST GSPN QBSUT D J BOE D JJ BCPWF
'PS FBDI PG UIFTF USJBOHMFT XSJUF B SBUJP JO TJNQMJàFE GSBDUJPO GPSN

GPS TJO R DPT R BOE UBO R
B C D 12
10 5
5 3 26 θ
13
θ
θ
4 24
'PS UIF USJBOHMF TIPXO PO UIF SJHIU XSJUF B SBUJP JO GSBDUJPO GPSN
GPS
B TJO R C TJO B D DPT R α
E UBO B F DPT B G UBO R 10 8
θ
6

130#-&.40-7*/(
" WFSUJDBM áBH QPMF DBTUT B TIBEPX N MPOH *G UIF QPMF JT

N IJHI àOE UIF SBUJP GPS UBO R
15 m
θ
20 m
8F DBO VTF USJHPOPNFUSZ UP
DBMDVMBUF UIF BOHMF PG UIF
TIBEPX UIBU UIF QPMF DBTUT
&
130#-&.40-7*/(
5IF GBDBEF PG B 3PNBO UFNQMF IBT UIF HJWFO NFBTVSFNFOUT CFMPX 8SJUF EPXO UIF SBUJP GPS
B TJO R
C DPT R
D UBO R
5m
3m
4m θ
5IF 1BOUIFPO B 3PNBO UFNQMF UIBU XBT CVJMU JO $&
'PS FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH

J VTF 1ZUIBHPSBT UIFPSFN UP àOE UIF VOLOPXO TJEF
JJ àOE UIF SBUJPT GPS TJO R DPT R BOE UBO R
B C 7 D 9 E 8
θ 12
4
θ 24 θ 6 θ
3
B %SBX B SJHIUBOHMFE USJBOHMF BOE NBSL POF PG UIF BOHMFT BT R .BSL JO UIF MFOHUI PG UIF
PQQPTJUF TJEF BT VOJUT BOE UIF MFOHUI PG UIF IZQPUFOVTF BT VOJUT
C 6TJOH 1ZUIBHPSBT UIFPSFN àOE UIF MFOHUI PG UIF BEKBDFOU TJEF
D %FUFSNJOF UIF SBUJPT GPS TJO R DPT R BOE UBO R
o
3&"40/*/(
√
5IJT USJBOHMF IBT BOHMFT BOE BOE TJEF MFOHUIT BOE
B 8SJUF B SBUJP GPS
J TJO JJ DPT JJJ UBO 2 60°
1
JW TJO W DPT WJ UBO
C 8IBU EP ZPV OPUJDF BCPVU UIF GPMMPXJOH QBJST PG SBUJPT 30°
√3
J DPT BOE TJO
JJ TJO BOE DPT
&
3&"40/*/(
B .FBTVSF BMM UIF TJEF MFOHUIT PG UIJT USJBOHMF UP UIF OFBSFTU NJMMJNFUSF
C 6TF ZPVS NFBTVSFNFOUT GSPN QBSU B UP àOE BO BQQSPYJNBUF SBUJP GPS
J DPT JJ TJO JJJ UBO
40°
JW TJO W UBO WJ DPT
D %P ZPV OPUJDF BOZUIJOH BCPVU UIF USJHPOPNFUSJD SBUJPT GPS BOE
%FDJEF JG JU JT QPTTJCMF UP ESBX B SJHIUBOHMFE USJBOHMF XJUI UIF HJWFO QSPQFSUJFT &YQMBJO
B UBO R C TJO R
D DPT R E TJO R PS DPT R
1ZUIBHPSFBO FYUFOTJPOT
&/3*$).&/5

B (JWFO UIBU R JT BDVUF BOE DPT R àOE TJO R BOE UBO R

)JOU VTF 1ZUIBHPSBT UIFPSFN 5
C 'PS FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH ESBX B SJHIUBOHMFE USJBOHMF UIFO VTF JU UP
àOE UIF PUIFS UXP USJHPOPNFUSJD SBUJPT θ
4
J TJO R JJ DPT R JJJ UBO R

D 6TF ZPVS SFTVMUT GSPN QBSU B UP DBMDVMBUF DPT R
TJO R
8IBU EP ZPV OPUJDF
E &WBMVBUF DPT R
TJO R
GPS PUIFS DPNCJOBUJPOT PG DPT R BOE TJO R
3FTFBSDI BOE EFTDSJCF XIBU ZPV IBWF GPVOE
' 'JOEJOH TJEF MFOHUIT

'PS TJNJMBS USJBOHMFT XF LOPX UIBU UIF SBUJP PG DPSSFTQPOEJOH TJEFT JT
BMXBZT UIF TBNF 5IJT JNQMJFT UIBU UIF UISFF USJHPOPNFUSJD SBUJPT GPS
TJNJMBS SJHIUBOHMFE USJBOHMFT BSF BMTP DPOTUBOU JG UIF JOUFSOBM BOHMFT BSF
FRVBM 4JODF BODJFOU UJNFT NBUIFNBUJDJBOT IBWF BUUFNQUFE UP UBCVMBUF
UIFTF SBUJPT GPS WBSZJOH BOHMFT )FSF BSF UIF SBUJPT GPS TPNF BOHMFT JO B
SJHIUBOHMFE USJBOHMF DPSSFDU UP UISFF EFDJNBM QMBDFT
"OHMF R
TJO R DPT R UBO R
¡
¡
¡
¡
¡
¡ 5SJHPOPNFUSJD UBCMFT JO
B ZFBS PME &VSPQFBO CPPL
¡ VOEFýOFE
*O NPEFSO UJNFT UIFTF WBMVFT DBO CF FWBMVBUFE VTJOH DBMDVMBUPST UP B IJHI EFHSFF PG BDDVSBDZ BOE DBO CF
VTFE UP IFMQ TPMWF QSPCMFNT JOWPMWJOH USJBOHMFT XJUI VOLOPXO TJEF MFOHUIT
-FUT TUBSU $BMDVMBUPS TUBSUVQ

"MM TDJFOUJàD PS $"4 DBMDVMBUPST DBO QSPEVDF BDDVSBUF WBMVFT PG TJO R DPT R BOE UBO R
• &OTVSF UIBU ZPVS DBMDVMBUPS JT JO EFHSFF NPEF
• $IFDL UIF WBMVFT JO UIF BCPWF UBCMF UP FOTVSF UIBU ZPV BSF VTJOH UIF DBMDVMBUPS DPSSFDUMZ
• 6TF USJBM BOE FSSPS UP àOE UP UIF OFBSFTU EFHSFF
BO BOHMF R XIJDI TBUJTàFT UIFTF DPOEJUJPOT
B TJO R C DPT R D UBO R
*G R JT JO EFHSFFT UIF SBUJPT GPS TJO R DPT R BOE UBO R DBO BDDVSBUFMZ CF GPVOE VTJOH B ,FZ
DBMDVMBUPS JO EFHSFF NPEF JEFBT
*G UIF BOHMFT BOE POF TJEF MFOHUI PG B SJHIUBOHMFE USJBOHMF BSF LOPXO UIFO UIF PUIFS TJEF MFOHUIT
DBO CF GPVOE VTJOH UIF TJO R DPT R PS UBO R SBUJPT
3 x
x
30° x 42° 7.2
71°
4
◦ Y
TJO
Y
DPT ◦ Y
∴ Y ¤ TJO ◦ UBO ◦

∴ Y ¤ DPT ◦
∴ Y ¤ UBO ◦
&YBNQMF 6TJOH B DBMDVMBUPS

6TF B DBMDVMBUPS UP FWBMVBUF UIF GPMMPXJOH DPSSFDU UP UXP EFDJNBM QMBDFT
B TJO C DPT ◦ D UBO ◦
40- 65* 0/ &9 1 - " / " 5 * 0 /
B TJO ◦ UP EQ

TJO ◦ . . . UIF SE EFDJNBM QMBDF JT
HSFBUFS UIBO TP SPVOE VQ
C DPT ◦ UP EQ
DPT ◦ . . . UIF SE EFDJNBM QMBDF JT
MFTT UIBO TP SPVOE EPXO
D UBO ◦ UP EQ
UBO ◦ . . . UIF SE EFDJNBM QMBDF JT
MFTT UIBO TP SPVOE EPXO
&YBNQMF 4PMWJOH GPS Y JO UIF OVNFSBUPS PG B USJHPOPNFUSJD SBUJP
Y
'JOE UIF WBMVF PG Y JO UIF FRVBUJPO DPT ◦ DPSSFDU UP UXP EFDJNBM QMBDFT

40- 65* 0/ &9 1 - " / " 5 * 0 /
Y
DPT ◦

Y ¤ DPT ◦ .VMUJQMZ CPUI TJEFT PG UIF FRVBUJPO CZ BOE
UP EQ
SPVOE BT SFRVJSFE
&YBNQMF 'JOEJOH TJEF MFOHUIT

'PS FBDI USJBOHMF àOE UIF WBMVF PG Y DPSSFDU UP UXP EFDJNBM QMBDFT
B C D
x
7 24°
x x
10
38°
42° 4
40- 65* 0/ &91-" / " 5 * 0 /
0
B TJO ◦ 4JODF UIF PQQPTJUF TJEF 0
BOE UIF
)
Y IZQPUFOVTF )
BSF JOWPMWFE UIF TJO R (O) x 7(H)
TJO ◦
SBUJP NVTU CF VTFE
38°
Y TJO ◦ .VMUJQMZ CPUI TJEFT CZ BOE FWBMVBUF (A)
VTJOH B DBMDVMBUPS
UP EQ
0
C UBO ◦ 4JODF UIF PQQPTJUF TJEF 0
BOE UIF BEKBDFOU
"
TJEF "
BSF JOWPMWFE UIF UBO R SBUJP NVTU CF x (O)
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36° 40 m
Angle of elevation
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5IF FBWFT BSF NN BOE UIF IPVTF JT NN XJEF
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2700 mm
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3200 mm
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y metres
θ monument
(m metres)
h metres height
x metres
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B HSFBUFS IFJHIU BGUFS NJOVUFT &YQMBJO
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d km
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O
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75 km
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20° . . .
75 km
S
N 20°
20°
W B E 20°
340°
d km
S
5IF CPBU IBT USBWFMMFE LN UP UIF FBTU PG JUT 3PVOE UP UIF OFBSFTU LJMPNFUSF BOE XSJUF UIF
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40°
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D N E N
62°
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40° O
W E W E W E
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30°
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+
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O O 35° O
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80 km
W E
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W E
4 km
32°
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60 km
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250°
C 'JOE UIF CFBSJOH PG " GSPN # A
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Finding the hypotenuse Shorter sides Applications
c2= + 22 12 2
a2 + 52 = 72 c
=5 7
c 1 a2 = 72 − 52 a a c b
c = √5 = 24
= 2.24 (to 2 decimal places) ∴ a = √24 5 b
a
SOHCAHTOA Pythagoras’ theorem
sin θ = O = 4 c
H 5 a
cos θ = = 3
A
H 5 b
tan θ = = 4
O c2 = a2 + b2
A 3
5 (H )
θ 3 (A)
4 (O)
Pythagoras’ theorem
and trigonometry
Bearings (Ext) Finding side lengths

True bearings are measured x cm
clockwise from North. 22° 36°
360° T N 000° T 7 cm xm
5m
x 5
cos 22° = tan 36° = x
W E 7
x = 7 cos 22° x × tan 36° = 5
270° T 090° T 5
= 6.49 x=
(to 2 d. p.) tan 36°
S 180° T = 6.88 (to 2 d. p.)
B is 150° T N
from A
150° Finding angles
A
6
30°
N θ 7.5
Elevation and depression
30°
sin θ = 6
7.5
A is 330° T Depression θ
from B B θ = sin−1 ( 6 )
330° 7.5
θ Elevation = 53.13° (to 2 d. p.)
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What
Chapter
you will learn

4 Linear relations
Australian
curriculum
4A Introduction to linear relations NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
(Consolidating) Real numbers
4B Graphing straight lines using Solve problems involving direct proportion
intercepts Explore the relationship between graphs and equations
4C Lines with one intercept corresponding to simple rate problems
4D Gradient Linear and non-linear relationships
4E Gradient and direct proportion Find the distance between two points located on a Cartesian plane
4F Gradient–intercept form using a range of strategies, including graphing software
4G Finding the equation of a line Find the midpoint and gradient of a line segment (interval) on the
4H Midpoint and length of a line Cartesian plane using a range of strategies, including graphing
segment software 16x16
4I Perpendicular and parallel lines Sketch linear graphs using the coordinates of two points
(Extending)
4J Linear modelling
4K Graphical solutions to
simultaneous equations
Online
resources
examples
courses
Computer-generated
imagery (CGI)
Movies and computer games The fundamentals of CGI and
include many scenes and characters computer graphics are more
that are generated by computer, generally based on computer
such as Elsa in Frozen or Nemo programming, including linear
in Finding Nemo. Another classic algebra, which is the focus of this
example is the character Gollum in chapter. Straight lines described by
The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, linear relations can form polygons
one of the first and most successful and with the use of linear algebra
CGI characters to interact with live can be transformed to create
actors in a movie blockbuster. CGI moving three-dimensional images in
characters are added after filming a two-dimensional plane.
the other real-life characters.
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of the graph represents the rate of change the point of intersection. two variables. The rate of change of
of y with respect to x, e.g. for a car travelling one variable with respect to the other
at 60 km/h for t hours, distance = 60t. is the gradient.
Finding the equation of a line

Gradient
Gradient–intercept form (y = mx + c)
This measures the slope of a line Require gradient and y-intercept or
y y Parallel lines have no
any other point to substitute e.g.
intersection point
line with gradient 3 passes through
point (2, 1)
x ∴ y = 3x + c
x substitute x = 2, y = 1
1 = 3(2) + c
Positive Negative 1=6+c
y y ∴c = −5
y = 3x − 5
x x Straight line Midpoint and length of a line segment

y = mx + c Midpoint is halfway between segment
Zero Undefined endpoints, e.g. midpoint of segment
gradient y-intercept
joining (−1, 2) and (3, 6)
Gradient m = rise
run In the form ax + by = d,
e.g. y x +x y +y
4 rearrange to y = mx + c form M = 1 2, 1 2
m= =2 (2, 6) 2 2
2 to read off gradient and
x= −1 + 3 =1
rise = 4 y-intercept 2
2 y = 2 + 6 = 4, i.e. (1, 4)
run = 2 2
x Length of segment
(3, 6)
c 4 c 2 = 42 + 42
Linear relations (−1, 2) 4 c = √32
Parallel and perpendicular lines (Ext)
Parallel lines have the same gradient c = 5.7 (to 1 d.p.)
e.g. y = 2x + 3, y = 2x − 1 and y = 2x
Perpendicular lines are at right angles
Their gradients m1 and m2 are such
1 A linear relation is made up Special lines
that m1m2 = −1, i.e. m2 = − m of points (x, y) that form a
1
A line perpendicular to y = 2x + 3 y
straight line when plotted
has gradient − 1
2 Horizontal line y = c 3
e.g. y = 3 x
Linear graphs y
Sketch with two points. Often we find the x-intercept Vertical line x = b 2 x
(y = 0) and y-intercept (x = 0). e.g. x = 2
e.g. y = 2x − 4 y
y-int: x = 0, y = 2(0) − 4
x-intercept y
= −4 x
x-int: y = 0, 0 = 2x − 4 2 y = mx passes through
the origin, substitute (1, 3)
2x = 4 −4 x
x=2 y-intercept x = 1 to find another
point e.g. y = 3x
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What
Chapter
you will learn

5 Measurement
Australian
curriculum
5A Length and perimeter NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
(Consolidating) Using units of measurement
5B Circumference and perimeter Calculate the areas of composite shapes
of a sector Calculate the surface area and volume of cylinders and solve
5C Area related problems
5D Composite shapes Solve problems 32x32
16x16 involving the surface area and volume of right
5E Surface area of prisms and prisms
pyramids
5F Surface area of a cylinder
5G Volume of prisms
5H Volume of a cylinder
Online
resources
examples
courses
The Millau Viaduct

The Millau Viaduct in France opened shapes that make up the bridge’s
in 2005 and is the tallest bridge structure. These include circles
structure in the world. Some of the (cross-section for the main piers)
measurements for the construction and trapeziums (cross-section for
of the bridge include: the bridge deck). Lengths, areas
• maximum pylon height 343 m and volumes were measured using
above ground metric units like kilometres (km) for
• length 2.46 km length, square metres (m2) for area
• concrete volume 80 000 m3 and cubic metres (m3) for volume.
• steel cables 1500 tonnes You can imagine how important
• road/deck area 70 000 m2 accurate measurements are to the
Many of these measurements are planning, financing and building of
calculated by considering basic such a bridge structure.
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Units Circle circumference Units
C = 2πr or πd ×1000 ×100 ×10
×10003 ×1003 ×103
km m cm mm
km3 m3 cm3 mm3
÷1000 ÷100 ÷10
÷10003 ÷1003 ÷103
1L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 Length and perimeter
Sector
Volume Measurement θ × 2πr
P = 2r + 360
90 × 2π × 3
= 2 × 3 + 360
Prism or cylinders = 6 + 1.5π (exact)
V = Ah = 10.71 cm (to 2 d.p.)
A = area of cross-section
h = height V = πr 2h
V = lwh = π(2)27 3 cm
= 11 × 6 × 5 = 28π
= 330 m3 = 87.96 cm3
2 cm
5m Triangle
7 cm Area
6m h
11 m A = 12 bh b
Surface area
Quadrilaterals
Prism or pyramid Square A = l 2 l
Use a net to help find the l

sum of all surface areas. Rectangle A = lw w
h
5m Parallelogram A = bh
b a
Trapezium A = 12 (a + b)h h
3m b
Units Rhombus or kite A = 12 xy y
xy
TSA = b2 + 4 ( 1 bh)
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x
×10002 ×1002 ×102
= 32 + 4 × 12 × 3 × 5
= 39 m2 km2 m2 cm2 mm2
Composite shapes
÷10002 ÷1002 ÷102
10 m
Cylinder 8m
3 cm Circle
r A = lw − 12 πr 2
4 cm A = πr 2
= 10 × 8 − 12 π × 42
sector A = θ × πr 2
360 = 80 − 8π
TSA = 2πr 2 + 2πrh
= 2π(3)2 + 2π(3)(4) = 120 × π × 52 = 54.87 m2
360
= 18π + 24π 120° = 13 × π × 25 P = 2 × 10 + 8 + 12 2π(4)
= 42π 5m = 28 + 4π
= 26.18 m2 = 40.57 m
= 131.95 cm2
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What
Chapter
you will learn

6 Indices and
surds
Australian
curriculum
6A Index notation NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
(Consolidating) Real numbers
6B Index laws 1 and 2 Apply index laws to numerical expressions with integer indices
6C Index law 3 and the zero Express numbers in scientific notation
power Patterns and algebra
6D Index laws 4 and 5 Extend and apply the index laws to variables, using positive
6E Negative indices integral indices and the zero index
6F Scientific notation MEASUREMENT AND GEOMETRY
6G Scientific notation using Using units of measurement
significant figures very small and very large time32x32
Investigate16x16 scales and
6H Fractional indices and surds intervals
(Extending)
6I Simple operations with surds
(Extending)
Online
resources
examples
courses
Deadly bacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a deadly Bacteria, such as tuberculosis, reproduce
type of bacteria that causes the disease rapidly under favourable conditions. The
tuberculosis. In 1900, tuberculosis was bacteria cells undergo binary fission where
one of the most common causes of death each cell divides in two within a given period
in developed countries and is still one of of time. So after n divisions the number of
the most common causes of death today. cells N is given by N = 2n where n is the
In the developing world about 1.5 million index in the rule. Such rules involving indices
deaths are caused by tuberculosis every help to model population growth of bacteria
year. and other forms of growth and decay.
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Law 4: (ab)m = a mb m a0 = 1 Law 3: (am )n = amn
e.g. (3x 2)3 = 33(x 2)3 Any number (except 0) to the To expand brackets,
= 27x 6 power 0 equals 1. multiply indices.
a m e.g. 3x 0 = 3 × 1
Law 5: b = a m
m
e.g. (x 2)5 = x 2 × 5
b =3
= x10
e.g. x 4
= x4 (3x )0 = 1
2 24
x4
= 16
Index form
Negative indices am index
1
base
a–m = e.g. 2 3 = 2 × 2 × 2
am
e.g. 2x –3 = 2
× 1 34 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
1 x3 a × b × a × b × b = a 2b 3
2
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1 = am
a –m
Index laws 1 and 2
e.g. 1 –2 = (2x)2
(2x) Law 1: a m × a n = a m + n
= 4x 2 When multiplying terms with
the same base, add indices.
e.g. x 3 × x 5 = x 3 + 5
= x8
Scientific notation Law 2: a ÷ a n = a m – n
m
In scientific notation, very large or very Indices and When dividing terms with the
same base, subtract indices.
small numbers are written in the form surds
x7
a × 10m where 1 ≤ a <10 or −10 < a ≤ −1 e.g. = x7 – 4
x4
Large numbers will use positive powers = x3
of 10.
e.g. 2 350 000 kg = 2.35 × 106 kg
Small numbers will use negative
powers of 10. Fractional indices (Ext)
e.g. 16 nanoseconds 1
n
= 0.000000016 s a n = √a
= 1.6 × 10–8 seconds 1
e.g. a 2 = √a
1
3
a 3 = √a
1
e.g. 25 2 = √25 = 5
Operations with surds (Ext) since 52 = 25
1
3
‘Like’ surds can be added or subtracted. 8 3 = √8 = 2
3√7 and 5√7 are ‘like surds’ since 23 = 8
e.g. 3√7 + 5√7 = 8√7
√a × √b = √ab
e.g. √3 × √10 = √3 × 10 = √30 Surds (Ext)
√a = a A surd is a number written with a
√b b root sign which has a decimal
e.g. √20 = 20 expansion that is infinite and
√5 5 non-recurring with no pattern.
= √4 = 2 e.g. √2 = 1.41421356...
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What
Chapter
you will learn

7 Geometry
Australian
curriculum
7A Angles and triangles MEASUREMENT AND GEOMETRY
(Consolidating) Geometric reasoning
7B Parallel lines (Consolidating) Use the enlargement transformation to explain similarity and
7C Quadrilaterals and other develop the conditions for triangles to be similar
polygons Solve problems 32x32in similar
16x16 using ratio and scale factors
7D Congruent triangles figures
7E Using congruence in proof
(Extending)
7F Enlargement and similar
figures
7G Similar triangles
7H Proving and applying similar
triangles
Online
resources
examples
courses
Penrose stairs
Penrose stairs are an example of an you cannot find any errors but when you view
impossible object. They are a two- it as a whole you see the problem of water
dimensional illusion which appears to show travelling up a flat plane yet the water is
a three-dimensional, never-ending staircase. falling and spinning in the wheel. The towers
Such an illusion was featured in the 2010 appear to be the same height yet one is three
movie Inception. The Penrose stairs are a stories and the other only two.
variation of the Penrose Triangle which shows Escher has drawn a building which is
three right angles, which have been joined in impossible as it displays a different reality if
an impossible way to add up to 270 degrees. looked at from above or below. You need to
The Dutch artist MC Escher (1898–1972) look at his work more than once to see the
became famous for his fascinating drawings illusion. The two-dimensional representations
based on such impossible objects. His work are impossible to construct in three-
has a strong geometrical component and a dimensional space.
number of his works such as ‘The Waterfall’ To draw his designs, Escher needed a clear
were based on the Penrose Triangle. They can understanding of the properties of both
easily be found on the internet. two- and three-dimensional geometrical shapes.
As you look at each part of the waterfall
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Right 90° interior angles is 360°
Obtuse 90° < θ < 180° corresponding angles
Straight 180° are equal
Reflex 180° < θ < 360° parallelogram
Revolution 360° Alternate angles
Complementary angles sum to 90° rhombus
are equal
Supplementary angles sum to 180°
Vertically opposite angles are equal. Cointerior angles rectangle
a°
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Congruent triangles a + b = 180 square
These are identical in shape and size.
They may need to be rotated or kite
reflected. We write ∆ABC ≡ ∆DEF
trapezium
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Tests for congruence:
(SSS) – three pairs of corresponding Polygons
sides equal
(SAS) – two pairs of corresponding The sum of the interior angles
sides and included angle are equal in a polygon with n sides is
(AAS) – two pairs of angles pairs and any S = 180(n − 2). Regular polygons
have all sides and angles equal. Triangles
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Sum of angles is 180°.
(RHS) – a right angle, hypotenuse and
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two opposite interior angles
are equal
c°
a° a=b+c
b°
Proving congruence/similarity (Ext) exterior angle
List corresponding pairs of equal Geometry Types:
Acute angled – all angles < 90°
angles and pairs of sides that are
Obtuse angled – 1 angle > 90°
equal/in same ratio. Give reasons for
Right angled – 1 angle 90°
each pair. Write a congruence/ Similar figures
Equilateral – all angles 60° – all
similarity statement giving the These are the same shape but
sides are equal
abbreviated reason. A different size.
Isosceles – 2 angles and 2 sides
e.g. Two figures are similar if one can
are equal
AC (common) be enlarged to be congruent to
Scalene – all sides and angles
BC = DC (given) B C D the other.
are different sizes
∠ACD = ∠ACB = 90° Enlargement uses a scale factor.
(given) image length
Scale factor = original length
∴∆ACD ≡ ∆ACB (SAS)
Similar triangles Applying similar triangles

Similar triangles have corresponding angles equal and
In practical problems, look to identify and prove pairs of
corresponding sides are in the same ratio.
similar triangles. Find a scale factor and use this to find the
We say ∆ABC ||| ∆DEF or ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF
value of any unknowns.
similar to
e.g. shadow cast by a tree is 10.5 m while a person 1.7 m tall
Tests for similar triangles:
has a 1.5 m shadow. How tall is the tree?
(SSS) – three pairs of corresponding sides in the same ratio Similar (AAA)
(SAS) – two pairs of corresponding sides in the same ratio Scale factor = 10.5 =7
1.5
and included angle equal ∴ h = 1.7 × 7 h 1.7
(AAA or AA) – all three pairs of corresponding angles are = 11.9 m 10.5 1.5
equal; two pairs is enough to prove this Tree is 11.9 m tall.
(RHS) – the hypotenuses of right-angled triangles and another
pair of corresponding sides are in the same ratio
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What
Chapter
you will learn

8 Algebraic
techniques
Australian
curriculum
8A Expanding binomial products NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
8B Perfect squares and difference of Patterns and algebra
perfect squares Apply the distributive law to the expansion of algebraic
8C Factorising algebraic expressions including binomials, and collect32x32
expressions, 16x16 like terms where
8D Factorising the difference of two squares appropriate
8E Factorisation by grouping
8F Factorising quadratic trinomials
(Extending)
8G Factorising trinomials of the form
ax2 + bx + c (Extending)
8H Simplifying algebraic fractions:
multiplication and division
8I Simplifying algebraic fractions:
addition and subtraction
8J Further simplification of algebraic
fractions (Extending)
8K Equations with algebraic fractions
(Extending)
Online
resources
examples
courses
Free falling
The distance (x units) of an object the object is instead dropped from a
from the top of a building after it has hot air balloon ascending at 10 m/s,
been dropped (where air resistance the object first travels in an upward
is negligible) can be found using direction. Its distance (x metres)
the formula x = ut + _21 at 2 where u above or below the height of the
is the initial velocity of the object, t balloon from when the object is
the time since the object has been dropped can be found using
dropped and a the acceleration due x = 10t – 4.9t 2. Knowing the time
to gravity, which is approximately taken for the object to reach the
equal to –9.8 m/s2. When an object ground, we could again use algebra
is dropped it has an initial velocity to find factors, such as the height
of 0 m/s, so the distance the object of the balloon, the greatest height
has fallen becomes x = –4.9t 2. reached by the object and the time
Using algebra, the distance from taken for the object to return to the
the building after t seconds can be height from which it was released.
found or the time taken to reach
ground level could be calculated. If
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= (x – 4)(x + 4) e.g. 2(x + 5) = 2x + 10 5
Require two numbers that multiply
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e.g. x 2 − 7x −18 = (x − 9)(x + 2) = (2x − 3)(2x + 3) 2
since −9 × 2 = −18 (x + 3)(2x − 4) = x(2x − 4) + 3(2x − 4)
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Special cases
DOPS (difference of perfect squares)
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Algebraic fractions
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What
Chapter
you will learn

9 Probability and
statistics
Australian
curriculum
9A Probability review S TAT I S T I C S A N D P R O B A B I L I T Y
(Consolidating) Chance
9B Venn diagrams and two-way List all outcomes for two-step chance experiments, both with and without
tables replacement using tree diagrams or arrays
9C Using set notation Assign probabilities to outcomes and determine probabilities for events
9D Using arrays for two-step Calculate relative frequencies from given or collected data to estimate
probabilities of events involving ‘and’ or ‘or’
experiments
Investigate reports of surveys in digital media and elsewhere for information
9E Tree diagrams
on how data were obtained to estimate population means and medians
9F Experimental probability
Data representation and interpretation
9G Summarising data: measures
Identify everyday questions and issues involving at least one numerical and at
of centre
least one categorical variable, and collect data directly from secondary sources
9H Stem-and-leaf plots
Construct back-to-back stem-and-leaf plots and histograms and describe
9I Grouped data
data, using terms including ‘skewed’, ‘symmetric’ and ‘bimodal’
9J Measures of spread
Compare data displays using mean, median and range to describe and
9K Box plots (Extending)
interpret numerical data sets in terms of location (centre) and spread
Investigate techniques for collecting data, including census, sampling and
observation
Online
resources
examples
courses
Are lotteries worth it?

The probability of winning first If you played 1 game per week
division in a lottery such as every week of the year, you would
Tattslotto (also known as Saturday expect to win once every 1562
Lotto and Gold Lotto), based on centuries. Many thousands of
the choice of six numbers chosen people take this chance every week.
from 45, is 1 in 8 145 060. This Looking at the statistics, adults
means that you would expect to in Australia gamble an average of
win first division once in every eight about $1000 per year trying their
million, one hundred and forty-five luck in various national and state
thousand and sixty attempts. This is lotteries and other games of chance.
calculated by counting the number
of possible ways of winning as well
as the total number of ways that six
numbers can be drawn from 45.
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JJJ UIF PVUDPNF XJMM DPOUBJO B BOE B JW UIF PVUDPNF XJMM OPU DPOUBJO B
o o o
130#-&.40-7*/(
5IF UPUBM TVN JT SFDPSEFE GSPN UPTTJOH UXP GPVSTJEFE 5PTT
EJDF
B $PQZ BOE DPNQMFUF UIJT UBCMF TIPXJOH BMM

QPTTJCMF UPUBMT UIBU DBO CF PCUBJOFE 5PTT

C 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU UIF UPUBM TVN JT

J JJ PS
JJJ MFTT UIBO PS FRVBM UP JW NPSF UIBO W BU NPTU
+JMM HVFTTFT UIF BOTXFST UP UXP NVMUJQMFDIPJDF RVFTUJPOT XJUI PQUJPOT " # $ % PS &
B $PQZ BOE DPNQMFUF UIJT UBCMF TIPXJOH BMM QPTTJCMF HVFTTFT UIBU DBO CF PCUBJOFE
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C 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU TIF XJMM HVFTT

J % "
JJ UIF TBNF MFUUFS JJJ EJGGFSFOU MFUUFST
D 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU +JMM XJMM HFU
J FYBDUMZ POF PG IFS BOTXFST DPSSFDU JJ CPUI PG IFS BOTXFST DPSSFDU
.BOZ CPBSE HBNFT JOWPMWF UIF UPTTJOH PG UXP TJYTJEFE EJDF

B 6TF B UBCMF UP IFMQ àOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU UIF TVN PG UIF UXP EJDF JT
J JJ PS
JJJ PS JW MFTT UIBO PS FRVBM UP
W MFTT UIBO WJ BU MFBTU
WJJ BU NPTU WJJJ
C 8IJDI UPUBM TVN IBT UIF IJHIFTU QSPCBCJMJUZ BOE XIBU JT UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG UPTTJOH UIBU TVN
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5XP MFUUFST BSF DIPTFO BU SBOEPN GSPN UIF XPSE ."5)&."5*$*"/
B )PX NBOZ PVUDPNFT TJU JO UIF TBNQMF TQBDF JG TFMFDUJPOT BSF NBEF
J XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU JJ XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
C )PX NBOZ PG UIF PVUDPNFT DPOUBJO UIF TBNF MFUUFS JG TFMFDUJPO JT NBEF
J XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU JJ XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
5XP MFUUFST BSF DIPTFO GSPN UIF XPSE 800% XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU *T JU QPTTJCMF UP PCUBJO UIF
PVUDPNF 0 0
&YQMBJO XIZ
*O B CBH BSF àWF DPVOUFST FBDI PG B EJGGFSFOU DPMPVS HSFFO (
ZFMMPX :
SFE 3
CMVF #
BOE QVSQMF 1

B *G POF DPVOUFS JT ESBXO GSPN UIF CBH SFQMBDFE BOE UIFO B TFDPOE JT TFMFDUFE àOE UIF
QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU B HSFFO DPVOUFS UIFO B CMVF DPVOUFS JT TFMFDUFE 5IBU JT àOE 1S ( #

C *G UIF àSTU DPVOUFS TFMFDUFE JT OPU SFQMBDFE CFGPSF UIF TFDPOE JT TFMFDUFE àOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ
UIBU B HSFFO DPVOUFS UIFO B CMVF DPVOUFS JT TFMFDUFE
" TJYTJEFE EJF BOE B UFOTJEFE EJF IBWF CFFO UPTTFE TJNVMUBOFPVTMZ 8IBU UPUBM TVN T
IBT UIF
IJHIFTU QSPCBCJMJUZ
" TQJOOFS OVNCFSFE UP JT TQVO UXJDF 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU UIF UPUBM GSPN UIF UXP
TQJOT JT
B C D E F
5XP DBSET GSPN UIF EFDL
&/3*$).&/5
5XP DBSET BSF EFBMU UP ZPV GSPN B QBDL PG QMBZJOH DBSET XIJDI JODMVEFT GPVS PG FBDI
PG \ + 2 , "^ :PV LFFQ CPUI DBSET
B %PFT UIJT TJUVBUJPO JOWPMWF XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU PS XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
C )PX NBOZ PVUDPNFT XPVME UIFSF CF JO ZPVS TBNQMF TQBDF BMM QPTTJCMF TFMFDUJPOT PG UXP
DBSET
D 8IBU JT UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG SFDFJWJOH BO BDF PG EJBNPOET BOE BO BDF PG IFBSUT

E 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG PCUBJOJOH UXP DBSET XIJDI
J BSF CPUI UXPT
JJ BSF CPUI IFBSUT
& 5SFF EJBHSBNT

8IFO FYQFSJNFOUT DPOTJTU PG UXP PS NPSF TUFQT B USFF EJBHSBN DBO CF VTFE UP
MJTU UIF TBNQMF TQBDF 8IJMF UBCMFT BSF PGUFO VTFE GPS UXPTUFQ FYQFSJNFOUT
B USFF EJBHSBN DBO CF FYUFOEFE GPS FYQFSJNFOUT XJUI BOZ OVNCFS PG TUFQT
-FUT TUBSU 8IBUT UIF EJGGFSFODF

:PV BSF PGGFSFE B DIPJDF PG UXP QJFDFT PG GSVJU GSPN B CBOBOB BO BQQMF B
BOE BO PSBOHF :PV DIPPTF UXP BU SBOEPN 5IJT USFF EJBHSBN TIPXT
B A
TFMFDUJPO XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU
• )PX NBOZ PVUDPNFT XJMM UIFSF CF O
• )PX NBOZ PG UIF PVUDPNFT DPOUBJO UXP SPVOE GSVJUT B
• )PX XPVME UIF USFF EJBHSBN DIBOHF JG UIF TFMFDUJPO XBT DPNQMFUFE A A
XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU 8PVME UIFSF CF BOZ EJGGFSFODF JO UIF BOTXFST O
UP UIF BCPWF UXP RVFTUJPOT %JTDVTT
B
O A
O
,FZ 5SFF EJBHSBNT BSF VTFE UP MJTU UIF TBNQMF TQBDF GPS FYQFSJNFOUT XJUI UXP PS NPSF TUFQT
JEFBT • 5IF PVUDPNFT GPS FBDI TUBHF PG UIF FYQFSJNFOU BSF MJTUFE WFSUJDBMMZ BOE FBDI TUBHF JT
DPOOFDUFE XJUI CSBODIFT
'PS FYBNQMF
Tossing a coin 3 times Selecting 2 letters from {A, B, C}
(with replacement) Outcomes (without replacement) Outcomes
H HHH B AB
H
H T HHT A
H HTH C AC
T
T HTT A BA
H THH
H B
T THT
T H TTH C BC
T A CA
T TTT
C
B CB
*O UIFTF FYBNQMFT FBDI TFU PG CSBODIFT QSPEVDF PVUDPNFT XIJDI BSF BMM FRVBMMZ MJLFMZ
&YBNQMF $POTUSVDUJOH B USFF EJBHSBN

"O FYQFSJNFOU JOWPMWFT UPTTJOH UXP DPJOT
B $PNQMFUF B USFF EJBHSBN UP TIPX BMM QPTTJCMF PVUDPNFT
C 8IBU JT UIF UPUBM OVNCFS PG PVUDPNFT
D 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG UPTTJOH
J UXP UBJMT JJ POF UBJM JJJ BU MFBTU POF IFBE
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B Toss 1 Toss 2 Outcomes 5IF USFF EJBHSBN TIPXT UXP DPJO UPTTFT POF
H HH BGUFS UIF PUIFS SFTVMUJOH JO ¤ PVUDPNFT
H
T HT
H TH
T
T TT
C 5IF UPUBM OVNCFS PG PVUDPNFT JT 5IFSF BSF GPVS QPTTJCJMJUJFT JO UIF PVUDPNFT
DPMVNO

D J 1S 55
0OF PVU PG UIF GPVS PVUDPNFT JT 55

JJ 1S UBJM
5XP PVUDPNFT IBWF POF UBJM \)5 5)^

JJJ 1S Ņ IFBE
5ISFF PVUDPNFT IBWF BU MFBTU POF IFBE

\)) )5 5)^
&YBNQMF $POTUSVDUJOH B USFF EJBHSBN XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU

5XP QFPQMF BSF TFMFDUFE BU SBOEPN XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU GSPN B HSPVQ PG UISFF "OOBCFM "

#SPEJF #
BOE $ISJT $

B -JTU BMM UIF QPTTJCMF PVUDPNFT GPS UIF TFMFDUJPO VTJOH B USFF EJBHSBN
C 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU UIF TFMFDUJPO XJMM DPOUBJO
J "OOBCFM BOE #SPEJF JJ $ISJT JJJ $ISJT PS #SPEJF
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B Outcomes 0O UIF àSTU DIPJDF UIFSF BSF UISFF PQUJPOT "

B AB # PS $
CVU PO UIF TFDPOE DIPJDF UIFSF BSF POMZ
A UXP SFNBJOJOH
C AC
A BA
B
C BC
A CA
C
B CB

C J 1S "OOBCFM BOE #SPEJF
PG UIF PVUDPNFT DPOUBJO "OOBCFM BOE

#SPEJF " #
BOE # "

JJ 1S $ISJT
PVU PG UIF PVUDPNFT DPOUBJO $ISJT

JJJ 1S $ISJT PS #SPEJF
"MM PG UIF PVUDPNFT DPOUBJO BU MFBTU POF PG

$ISJT PS #SPEJF

&YFSDJTF & o

6/%&345"/%*/(
'JOE UIF UPUBM OVNCFS PG PVUDPNFT GSPN UIFTF FYQFSJNFOUT XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU 'JSTU DPNQMFUF
FBDI USFF EJBHSBN
B 5PTTJOH B DPJO UJNFT C 4FMFDUJOH MFUUFST GSPN UIF XPSE 50
Outcomes Outcomes
H HHH TT
H T
H
T
&
6/%&345"/%*/(
#Z àSTU DPNQMFUJOH FBDI USFF EJBHSBN àOE UIF UPUBM OVNCFS PG PVUDPNFT GSPN UIFTF
FYQFSJNFOUT XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
B 4FMFDUJOH UXP MFUUFST GSPN UIF XPSE 580 C 4FMFDUJOH UXP QFPQMF GSPN B HSPVQ PG
UISFF " # BOE $

Outcomes Outcomes
W TW
T A
C
T
W B
C
o
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF " DPJO JT UPTTFE UXJDF Toss 1 Toss 2 Outcome
B $PNQMFUF UIJT USFF EJBHSBN UP TIPX BMM UIF H HH
QPTTJCMF PVUDPNFT H
C 8IBU JT UIF UPUBM OVNCFS PG PVUDPNFT
D 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG PCUBJOJOH
J UXP IFBET T
JJ POF IFBE
JJJ BU MFBTU POF IFBE
JW BU MFBTU POF UBJM
" TQJOOFS XJUI UISFF OVNCFST BOE JT TQVO UXJDF

B -JTU UIF TFU PG QPTTJCMF PVUDPNFT VTJOH B USFF EJBHSBN
C 8IBU JT UIF UPUBM OVNCFS PG QPTTJCMF PVUDPNFT
D 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG TQJOOJOH
J UXP T JJ BU MFBTU POF
JJJ OP NPSF UIBO POF JW UXP PEE OVNCFST
&YBNQMF 5XP QFPQMF BSF TFMFDUFE BU SBOEPN XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU GSPN B HSPVQ PG UISFF %POOB %

&MMF &
BOE 'FSOBOEP '

B -JTU BMM UIF QPTTJCMF PVUDPNFT GPS UIF TFMFDUJPO VTJOH B USFF EJBHSBN
J %POOB BOE &MMF JJ 'FSOBOEP JJJ 'FSOBOEP PS &MMF
&
'-6&/$:
" ESBXFS DPOUBJOT SFE TPDLT 3
CMVF TPDL #
Sock 1 Sock 2 Outcomes
BOE ZFMMPX TPDL :
BOE UXP TPDLT BSF TFMFDUFE BU R RR
R B RB
SBOEPN XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU Y
B $PQZ BOE DPNQMFUF UIJT USFF EJBHSBN R
C 'JOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG PCUBJOJOH R
J B SFE TPDL BOE B CMVF TPDL
JJ UXP SFE TPDLT B
JJJ BOZ QBJS PG TPDLT PG UIF TBNF DPMPVS
JW BOZ QBJS PG TPDLT PG EJGGFSFOU DPMPVS
" TUVEFOU XIP IBT OPU TUVEJFE GPS B NVMUJQMFDIPJDF UFTU EFDJEFT UP HVFTT UIF BOTXFST GPS
FWFSZ RVFTUJPO 5IFSF BSF UISFF RVFTUJPOT BOE UISFF DIPJDFT PG BOTXFS " # BOE $
GPS
FBDI RVFTUJPO *G POMZ POF PG UIF QPTTJCMF DIPJDFT " # PS $
JT DPSSFDU GPS FBDI RVFTUJPO
àOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU UIF TUVEFOU HVFTTFT
B DPSSFDU BOTXFS C DPSSFDU BOTXFST D DPSSFDU BOTXFST E DPSSFDU BOTXFST

130#-&.40-7*/(
" EJTDPVOU TVQFSNBSLFU TIFMG DPOUBJOT B MBSHF OVNCFS PG
UPNBUP UJOT BOE QFBDI UJOT XJUI OP MBCFMT 5IFSF BSF BO FRVBM
OVNCFS PG UJOT BMM NJYFE UPHFUIFS PO UIF TBNF TIFMG :PV
TFMFDU GPVS UJOT JO B IVSSZ 6TF B USFF EJBHSBN UP IFMQ àOE UIF
QSPCBCJMJUZ PG TFMFDUJOH UIF DPSSFDU OVNCFS PG UJOT PG UPNBUPFT
BOEPS QFBDIFT GPS FBDI PG UIFTF SFDJQF SFRVJSFNFOUT
B :PV OFFE GPVS UJOT PG UPNBUPFT GPS B TUFX
C :PV OFFE GPVS UJOT PG QFBDIFT GPS B QFBDI DSVNCMF
D :PV OFFE BU MFBTU UISFF UJOT PG UPNBUPFT GPS B CPMPHOBJTF
E :PV OFFE BU MFBTU UXP UJOT PG QFBDIFT GPS B GSVJU TBMBE
F :PV OFFE BU MFBTU POF UJO PG UPNBUPFT GPS B WFHFUBCMF TPVQ
.JDIBFM OFFET UP EFMJWFS QBSDFMT UP UISFF Train Bike Bike

QMBDFT " # BOE $ JO PSEFS
JO UIF DJUZ 5IJT
Car
EJBHSBN TIPXT UIF EJGGFSFOU XBZT UIBU IF DBO Home A B C
USBWFM
B %SBX B USFF EJBHSBN TIPXJOH BMM UIF QPTTJCMF Car Train Train
PVUDPNFT PG USBOTQPSUBUJPO PQUJPOT
C 8IBU JT UIF UPUBM OVNCFS PG QPTTJCMF PVUDPNFT
D *G .JDIBFM SBOEPNMZ DIPPTFT POF PG UIFTF PVUDPNFT àOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU IF XJMM VTF
J UIF USBJO BMM UISFF UJNFT
JJ UIF USBJO FYBDUMZ UXJDF
JJJ IJT CJLF FYBDUMZ PODF
JW EJGGFSFOU USBOTQPSU FBDI UJNF
W B DBS BU MFBTU PODF

&
3&"40/*/(
*G B DPJO JT UPTTFE GPVS UJNFT VTF B USFF EJBHSBN UP àOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU ZPV SFDFJWF
B UBJMT C UBJM D UBJMT E UBJMT F UBJMT
B " DPJO JT UPTTFE UJNFT )PX NBOZ PVUDPNFT XJMM UIFSF CF

C " DPJO JT UPTTFE O UJNFT 8SJUF B SVMF GPS UIF OVNCFS PG PVUDPNFT JO UIF TBNQMF TQBDF
6TF B USFF EJBHSBN UP JOWFTUJHBUF UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG TFMFDUJOH UXP DPVOUFST GSPN B CBH PG CMBDL
BOE XIJUF DPVOUFST JG UIF TFMFDUJPO JT ESBXO
B XJUI SFQMBDFNFOU C XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU
*T UIFSF BOZ EJGGFSFODF
4FMFDUJOH NBUDIJOH DMPUIFT
&/3*$).&/5
" NBO SBOEPNMZ TFMFDUT B UJF GSPN IJT DPMMFDUJPO PG POF HSFFO BOE UXP SFE UJFT B TIJSU GSPN B
DPMMFDUJPO PG POF SFE BOE UXP XIJUF TIJSUT BOE FJUIFS B SFE PS B CMBDL IBU 6TF B USFF EJBHSBN UP
IFMQ àOE UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU UIF NBO TFMFDUT B UJF TIJSU BOE IBU BDDPSEJOH UP UIF GPMMPXJOH
EFTDSJQUJPOT
B B SFE UJF SFE TIJSU BOE CMBDL IBU
C BMM UISFF JUFNT SFE
D POF JUFN SFE
E UXP JUFNT SFE
F BU MFBTU UXP JUFNT SFE
G B HSFFO IBU
H B HSFFO UJF BOE B CMBDL IBU
I B HSFFO UJF PS B CMBDL IBU
J OPU B SFE JUFN
K B SFE UJF PS XIJUF TIJSU PS CMBDL IBU
' &YQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ

*O TPNF TJUVBUJPOT JU NBZ OPU CF QPTTJCMF UP
MJTU BMM UIF PVUDPNFT JO UIF TBNQMF TQBDF BOE
àOE UIFPSFUJDBM QSPCBCJMJUJFT *G UIJT JT UIF DBTF
UIFO BO FYQFSJNFOU TVSWFZ PS TJNVMBUJPO DBO
CF DPOEVDUFE UP àOE FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUJFT
1SPWJEFE UIF FYQFSJNFOU JODMVEFT B TVGàDJFOU
OVNCFS PG USJBMT UIFTF QSPCBCJMJUJFT DBO CF
VTFE UP FTUJNBUF UIF DIBODF PG QBSUJDVMBS FWFOUT
&YQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ JT GSFRVFOUMZ VTFE JO
TDJFODF FYQFSJNFOUT BOE GPS SFTFBSDI JO NFEJDJOF
BOE FDPOPNJDT
-FUT TUBSU /FXTQBQFS UIFPSJFT

" UBCMPJE OFXTQBQFS SFQPSUT UIBU PG QFPQMF JOUFSWJFXFE JO UIF TUSFFU IBE B EPTF PG UIF áV "U B TJNJMBS
UJNF B NFEJDBM TUVEFOU UFTUFE QFPQMF BOE GPVOE UIBU IBE UIF áV
• 8IBU JT UIF FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ PG IBWJOH UIF áV BDDPSEJOH UP UIF OFXTQBQFST TVSWFZ
• 8IBU JT UIF FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ PG IBWJOH UIF áV BDDPSEJOH UP UIF NFEJDBM TUVEFOUT SFTVMUT
• 8IJDI PG UIF UXP TFUT PG SFTVMUT XPVME CF NPTU SFMJBCMF BOE XIZ %JTDVTT UIF SFBTPOT
• 6TJOH UIF SFTVMUT GSPN UIF NFEJDBM TUVEFOU IPX NBOZ QFPQMF XPVME ZPV FYQFDU UP IBWF UIF áV JO B HSPVQ
PG BOE XIZ
,FZ &YQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ PS SFMBUJWF GSFRVFODZ JT DBMDVMBUFE VTJOH UIF SFTVMUT PG BO FYQFSJNFOU
JEFBT PS TVSWFZ
OVNCFS PG UJNFT UIF PVUDPNF PDDVST
&YQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ SFMBUJWF GSFRVFODZ
UPUBM OVNCFS PG USJBMT JO UIF FYQFSJNFOU
5IF MPOHSVO QSPQPSUJPO JT UIF FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ GPS B TVGàDJFOUMZ MBSHF OVNCFS PG USJBMT
5IF FYQFDUFE OVNCFS PG PDDVSSFODFT QSPCBCJMJUZ ¤ OVNCFS PG USJBMT
&YBNQMF 'JOEJOH UIF FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ

" CPY DPOUBJOT BO VOLOPXO OVNCFS PG DPMPVSFE CBMMT BOE B CBMM JT ESBXO GSPN UIF CPY BOE UIFO
SFQMBDFE 5IF QSPDFEVSF JT SFQFBUFE UJNFT BOE UIF DPMPVS PG UIF CBMM ESBXO JT SFDPSEFE FBDI UJNF
5XFOUZàWF SFE CBMMT XFSF SFDPSEFE
B 'JOE UIF FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ GPS TFMFDUJOH B SFE CBMM
C 'JOE UIF FYQFDUFE OVNCFS PG SFE CBMMT JG UIF CPY DPOUBJOFE CBMMT JO UPUBM
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
OVNCFS PG SFE CBMMT ESBXO

B 1S SFE CBMM
1S SFE CBMM

UPUBM OVNCFS PG CBMMT ESBXO
5IFSF BSF SFE CBMMT ESBXO BOE CBMMT JO
UPUBM
C &YQFDUFE OVNCFS PG SFE CBMMT JO &YQFDUFE OVNCFS PG PDDVSSFODFT
¤ QSPCBCJMJUZ ¤ OVNCFS PG USJBMT

&YFSDJTF ' o
6/%&345"/%*/(
5IJT UBCMF TIPXT UIF SFTVMUT PG UISFF EJGGFSFOU TVSWFZT PG IPX NBOZ QFPQMF JO 1FSUI VTF QVCMJD
USBOTQPSU 15

4VSWFZ /VNCFS XIP VTF 15 4VSWFZ TJ[F &YQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ

"

#
$
B 8IBU BSF UIF UXP NJTTJOH OVNCFST JO UIF FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ MJTU
C 8IJDI TVSWFZ TIPVME CF VTFE UP FTUJNBUF UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU B QFSTPO VTFT QVCMJD USBOTQPSU
BOE XIZ

5IF FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ PG +FTT IJUUJOH B CVMMTFZF PO B EBSUCPBSE JT PS
)PX

NBOZ CVMMTFZFT XPVME ZPV FYQFDU +FTT UP HFU JG TIF UISFX UIF GPMMPXJOH OVNCFS PG EBSUT
B EBSUT C EBSUT
D EBSUT E EBSUT
5IF SFTVMUT PG UPTTJOH B ESBXJOH QJO BOE PCTFSWJOH IPX NBOZ UJNFT UIF QJO MBOET XJUI UIF
TQJLF QPJOUJOH VQ BSF TIPXO JO UIF UBCMF 3FTVMUT BSF SFDPSEFE BU EJGGFSFOU TUBHFT PG UIF
FYQFSJNFOU
/VNCFS PG UISPXT 'SFRVFODZ TQJLF VQ

&YQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ

8IJDI FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ XPVME ZPV DIPPTF UP CFTU SFQSFTFOU UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU UIF QJO
XJMM MBOE TQJLF VQ 8IZ
' o o
'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF " CBH DPOUBJOT BO VOLOPXO OVNCFS PG DPVOUFST BOE B DPVOUFS JT TFMFDUFE GSPN UIF CBH BOE
UIFO SFQMBDFE 5IF QSPDFEVSF JT SFQFBUFE UJNFT BOE UIF DPMPVS PG UIF DPVOUFS JT SFDPSEFE
FBDI UJNF 4JYUZ PG UIF DPVOUFST ESBXO XFSF CMVF
B 'JOE UIF FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ GPS TFMFDUJOH B CMVF DPVOUFS
C 'JOE UIF FYQFDUFE OVNCFS PG CMVF DPVOUFST JG UIF CBH DPOUBJOFE
J DPVOUFST JJ DPVOUFST JJJ DPVOUFST
*O BO FYQFSJNFOU JOWPMWJOH QFPQMF DIPTFO BU SBOEPN QFPQMF TBJE UIBU UIFZ PXOFE B
IPNF DPNQVUFS
B $BMDVMBUF UIF FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ PG DIPPTJOH B QFSTPO XIP PXOT B IPNF DPNQVUFS
C 'JOE UIF FYQFDUFE OVNCFS PG QFPQMF XIP PXO B IPNF DPNQVUFS GSPN UIF GPMMPXJOH HSPVQ
TJ[FT
J QFPQMF JJ QFPQMF JJJ QFPQMF
#Z DBMDVMBUJOH UIF FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ FTUJNBUF UIF DIBODF UIBU FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH
FWFOUT XJMM PDDVS
B /BU XJMM XBML UP XPSL UPEBZ HJWFO UIBU TIF XBMLFE UP XPSL àWF UJNFT JO UIF MBTU XPSLJOH
EBZT
C .JLF XJMM XJO UIF OFYU HBNF PG DBSET JG JO UIF MBTU HBNFT IF IBT XPO
D #SFUU XJMM IJU UIF CVMMTFZF PO UIF EBSUCPBSE XJUI IJT OFYU BUUFNQU JG JO UIF MBTU BUUFNQUT
IF XBT TVDDFTTGVM UJNFT
o
130#-&.40-7*/(
" TJYTJEFE EJF JT SPMMFE UJNFT )PX NBOZ UJNFT XPVME ZPV FYQFDU UIF GPMMPXJOH FWFOUT UP
PDDVS
B B C B PS B
D B OVNCFS MFTT UIBO E B OVNCFS UIBU JT BU MFBTU
5IF DPMPVS PG DBST BMPOH B IJHIXBZ XBT OPUFE PWFS B TIPSU QFSJPE PG UJNF BOE TVNNBSJTFE JO
UIJT GSFRVFODZ UBCMF
$PMPVS 8IJUF 4JMWFS #MVF (SFFO

'SFRVFODZ
B )PX NBOZ DBST IBE UIFJS DPMPVS

SFDPSEFE
C 'JOE UIF FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ UIBU B
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J CMVF JJ XIJUF
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J CMVF DBST
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130#-&.40-7*/(
5IF MFUUFST GSPN B UISFFMFUUFS XPSE BSF XSJUUFO TFQBSBUFMZ POUP DBSET " DBSE JT DIPTFO BU SBOEPN
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BOE BOE UIF TQJOOFS JT TQVO UJNFT 5IF UBCMF TIPXT UIF SFTVMUT
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B 'JOE UIF FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ PG PCUBJOJOH

J B JJ BU MFBTU B JJJ B PS B
C #BTFE PO UIFTF SFTVMUT IPX NBOZ T XPVME ZPV FYQFDU JG UIF TQJOOFS JT TQVO UJNFT
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o o
3&"40/*/(
1IJM UPTTFE B GBJS TJYTJEFE EJF UJNFT BOE JODSFEJCMZ SFDFJWFT TJYFT
B 'JOE UIF FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ PG SPMMJOH B TJY
C *T JU MJLFMZ UIBU 1IJM XJMM SFDFJWF UIF TBNF OVNCFS PG TJYFT JG IF UPTTFE UIF EJF NPSF
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B C
50 cm
30 cm 40 cm 1m
50 cm
80 cm
D E
4 cm
8 cm 15 cm 30 cm 10 cm
20 cm
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3&"40/*/(
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D *G UIF FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ JT [FSP UIFO UIF UIFPSFUJDBM QSPCBCJMJUZ JT [FSP
E *G UIF UIFPSFUJDBM QSPCBCJMJUZ JT [FSP UIFO UIF FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ JT [FSP
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Odd number of values Even number of values
1 3 5 5 6 7 10 13 17 17 20 21 27 27 28
median
20.5
median
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C J .FBO 5IF TVN JT BOE UIFSF BSF WBMVFT

JJ 9 10 13 15 17 26 'JSTU PSEFS UIF EBUB
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B $BMDVMBUF UIF NFBO GPS UIJT TFU PG EBUB
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C -FU B CF UIF OVNCFS PG IPVST JO UIF
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B 4PMWF GPS B
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B 8IBU JT IFS NFBO TDPSF
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B 8IBU JT IFS NFBO UFTU TDPSF
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B B NFBO PG NFEJBO PG BOE NPEF PG
C B NFBO PG NFEJBO PG BOE NPEF PG
D B NFBO PG NFEJBO PG BOE NPEF PG
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G B NFBO PG NFEJBO PG BOE NPEF PG

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D 8IBU JT UIF NFEJBO TFMMJOH QSJDF PG UIFTF QSPQFSUJFT
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• 8IJDI DMBTT IBE UIF NPTU TUVEFOUT

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JT OP MPTT PG EFUBJM PG UIF PSJHJOBM EBUB
Ordered stem-and-leaf plot

Stem Leaf
1 2 6 A key is added
2 2 3 4 7 to show the
3 1 2 4 7 8 9 place value of
4 2 3 4 5 8 the stems and
5 7 9 leaves.
2⏐4 represents 24 people
#BDLUPCBDL TUFNBOEMFBG QMPUT DBO CF VTFE UP DPNQBSF UXP TFUT PG EBUB 5IF TUFN JT ESBXO JO ,FZ
UIF NJEEMF XJUI UIF MFBWFT PO FJUIFS TJEF JEFBT
Scores for the last 30 football games
Winning scores Losing scores
7 4 5 8 8 9
81 lowest
1 8 0 0 3 3 6 7
winning score
7 5 9 1 2 3 6 Skewed
Symmetrical 8 4 4 1 10 3 9
9 5 0 11 1 111 highest
3 1 12 losing score
10⏐9 represents 109
4ZNNFUSJDBM EBUB XJMM QSPEVDF B HSBQI XIJDI JT TZNNFUSJDBM BCPVU UIF DFOUSF
4LFXFE EBUB XJMM QSPEVDF B HSBQI XIJDI JODMVEFT EBUB CVODIFE UP POF TJEF PG UIF DFOUSF
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B 0SHBOJTF UIF EBUB JOUP BO PSEFSFE TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU
C 'JOE UIF NFEJBO
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40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
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ýOBODF IFBMUI HPWFSONFOU TDJFODF BOE UFDIOPMPHZ
&YBNQMF $POTUSVDUJOH CBDLUPCBDL TUFNBOEMFBG QMPUT

" TIPQ PXOFS IBT UXP KFBOT TIPQT 5IF EBJMZ TBMFT JO FBDI TIPQ PWFS B EBZ QFSJPE BSF NPOJUPSFE
BOE SFDPSEFE BT GPMMPXT
4IPQ "

4IPQ #

B %SBX B CBDLUPCBDL TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU XJUI BO JOUFSWBM PG
C $PNQBSF BOE DPNNFOU PO EJGGFSFODFT CFUXFFO UIF TBMFT NBEF CZ UIF UXP TIPQT
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B 4IPQ " 4IPQ # 5IF EBUB GPS FBDI TIPQ JT BMSFBEZ PSEFSFE
4UFNT BSF JO JOUFSWBMT PG 3FDPSE MFBG EJHJUT
GPS 4IPQ " PO UIF MFGU BOE 4IPQ # PO UIF SJHIU

] NFBOT
C 4IPQ " IBT UIF IJHIFTU OVNCFS PG EBJMZ TBMFT -PPL BU CPUI TJEFT PG UIF QMPU GPS UIF
*UT TBMFT BSF HFOFSBMMZ CFUXFFO BOE TJNJMBSJUJFT BOE EJGGFSFODFT
XJUI POF EBZ PG WFSZ MPX TBMFT PG 4IPQ #
TBMFT BSF HFOFSBMMZ CFUXFFO BOE XJUI
POMZ POF IJHI TBMF EBZ PG
&YFSDJTF )
6/%&345"/%*/(
5IJT TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU TIPXT UIF OVNCFS PG NJOVUFT
"MFYJT TQPLF PO IFS QIPOF GPS B OVNCFS PG DBMMT
4UFN -FBG

] NFBOT NJOVUFT
B )PX NBOZ DBMMT BSF SFQSFTFOUFE CZ UIF TUFNBOEMFBG
QMPU
C 8IBU JT UIF MFOHUI PG UIF
J TIPSUFTU QIPOF DBMM JJ MPOHFTU QIPOF DBMM
D 8IBU JT UIF NPEF UIF NPTU DPNNPO DBMM UJNF
E 8IBU JT UIF NFEJBO DBMM UJNF NJEEMF WBMVF
5IJT CBDLUPCBDL TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU TIPXT UIF UIJDLOFTT PG UZSF USFBE PO B TFMFDUJPO PG DBST GSPN
UIF DJUZ BOE DPVOUSZ
B )PX NBOZ DBS UZSFT XFSF UFTUFE BMUPHFUIFS $JUZ $PVOUSZ
C 8IBU XBT UIF TNBMMFTU UZSF USFBE
UIJDLOFTT JO
J UIF DJUZ JJ UIF DPVOUSZ
] NFBOT NN
D 8IBU XBT UIF MBSHFTU UZSF USFBE UIJDLOFTT JO
E 'JOE UIF NFEJBO UZSF USFBE UIJDLOFTT GPS UZSFT JO
F *T UIF EJTUSJCVUJPO PG USFBE UIJDLOFTT GPS DJUZ DBST NPSF TZNNFUSJDBM PS TLFXFE
G *T UIF EJTUSJCVUJPO PG USFBE UIJDLOFTT GPS DPVOUSZ DBST NPSF TZNNFUSJDBM PS TLFXFE

'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF 'PS FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH EBUB TFUT

J PSHBOJTF UIF EBUB JOUP BO PSEFSFE TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU
JJ àOE UIF NFEJBO JJJ àOE UIF NPEF
JW EFTDSJCF UIF EBUB BT TZNNFUSJDBM PS TLFXFE
B
C

D

E

)
'-6&/$:
5IF OVNCFS PG WBDBOU SPPNT JO B NPUFM FBDI XFFL PWFS B XFFL QFSJPE JT TIPXO CFMPX

B %SBX B TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU PG UIJT EBUB
C *O IPX NBOZ XFFLT XFSF UIFSF GFXFS UIBO WBDBOU SPPNT
D 'JOE UIF NFEJBO OVNCFS PG WBDBOU SPPNT
&YBNQMF 'PS FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH TFUT PG EBUB

J ESBX B CBDLUPCBDL TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU
JJ DPNQBSF BOE DPNNFOU PO UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF UXP EBUB TFUT
B 4FU "
4FU #
C 4FU "

4FU #

D 4FU "

4FU #

B %SBX CBDLUPCBDL TUFNBOEMFBG

QMPUT GPS UIF àOBM TDPSFT PG 4U
,JMEB BOE $PMMJOHXPPE JO UIF
HBNFT HJWFO IFSF
4U ,JMEB

$PMMJOHXPPE

C *O XIBU QFSDFOUBHF PG HBNFT EJE
FBDI UFBN TDPSF NPSF UIBO
QPJOUT
D $PNNFOU PO UIF EJTUSJCVUJPO PG
UIF TDPSFT GPS FBDI UFBN
)
'-6&/$:
5IF EBUB CFMPX HJWFT UIF NBYJNVN UFNQFSBUVSF FBDI EBZ GPS B UISFFXFFL QFSJPE JO TQSJOH

6TF B TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU UP EFUFSNJOF UIF GPMMPXJOH

B IPX NBOZ EBZT UIF UFNQFSBUVSF XBT IJHIFS UIBO ◦ $
C UIF NFEJBO UFNQFSBUVSF
D UIF EJGGFSFODF JO UIF NJOJNVN BOE NBYJNVN UFNQFSBUVSFT

130#-&.40-7*/(
5IJT TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU TIPXT UIF UJNF 4UFN -FBG
UBLFO JO TFDPOET CZ )FMFOB UP SVO N
JO IFS MBTU SBDFT
B 'JOE )FMFOBT NFEJBO UJNF

C 8IBU JT UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF
] SFQSFTFOUT TFDPOET
TMPXFTU BOE GBTUFTU UJNF
D *G JO IFS UI SBDF IFS UJNF XBT TFDPOET BOE UIJT XBT BEEFE UP UIF TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU
XPVME IFS NFEJBO UJNF DIBOHF *G TP CZ IPX NVDI
5XP CSBOET PG CBUUFSJFT XFSF UFTUFE UP EFUFSNJOF UIFJS MJGFUJNF JO IPVST 5IF EBUB CFMPX TIPXT
UIF MJGFUJNF PG CBUUFSJFT PG FBDI CSBOE
#SBOE "

#SBOE #

B %SBX B CBDLUPCBDL TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU GPS UIJT EBUB

C )PX NBOZ CBUUFSJFT GSPN FBDI CSBOE MBTUFE NPSF UIBO IPVST
D $PNQBSF UIF UXP TFUT PG EBUB BOE DPNNFOU PO BOZ TJNJMBSJUJFT PS EJGGFSFODFT
o
3&"40/*/(
5IJT PSEFSFE TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU IBT TPNF VOLOPXO EJHJUT

B 8IBU JT UIF WBMVF PG D B
C 8IBU JT UIF TNBMMFTU OVNCFS JO UIF EBUB TFU D C
D 8IBU WBMVFT DPVME UIF GPMMPXJOH QSPOVNFSBMT UBLF
!
! NFBOT
J B JJ C
)
3&"40/*/(
5IF CBDLUPCBDL TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU CFMPX TIPXT UIF CJSUI XFJHIU JO LJMPHSBNT PG CBCJFT CPSO
UP NPUIFST XIP EP PS EPOU TNPLF
#JSUI XFJHIU PG CBCJFT

4NPLJOH NPUIFST /POTNPLJOH NPUIFST

%P CBCJFT CPSO UP NPUIFST XIP

TNPLF XFJHI NPSF PS MFTT UIBO UIPTF
] NFBOT CPSO UP NPUIFST XIP EPOU TNPLF
] NFBOT
B 8IBU QFSDFOUBHF PG CBCJFT CPSO UP TNPLJOH NPUIFST IBWF B CJSUI XFJHIU PG MFTT UIBO LH
C 8IBU QFSDFOUBHF PG CBCJFT CPSO UP OPOTNPLJOH NPUIFST IBWF B CJSUI XFJHIU PG MFTT
UIBO LH
D $PNQBSF BOE DPNNFOU PO UIF EJGGFSFODFT CFUXFFO UIF CJSUI XFJHIUT PG CBCJFT CPSO UP
NPUIFST XIP TNPLF BOE UIPTF CPSO UP NPUIFST XIP EPOU TNPLF
&YQMBJO XIZ JO B TZNNFUSJDBM EJTUSJCVUJPO UIF NFBO JT DMPTF UP UIF NFEJBO
'JOE UIF NFEJBO JG BMM UIF EBUB JO FBDI CBDLUPCBDL TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU XBT DPNCJOFE
B C

] NFBOT ] NFBOT
)PX TLFXFE
&/3*$).&/5
4LFXOFTT DBO CF QPTJUJWF PS OFHBUJWF *G UIF UBJM PG UIF

EJTUSJCVUJPO JT QPJOUJOH VQ JO B TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU UPXBSET UIF
/FHBUJWFMZ
TNBMMFS OVNCFST
UIFO XF TBZ UIF EBUB JT OFHBUJWFMZ TLFXFE
TLFXFE
*G UIF UBJM JT QPJOUJOH JO UIF SFWFSTF EJSFDUJPO UIFO UIF EBUB JT
EBUB
QPTJUJWFMZ TLFXFE
] NFBOT
B 'JOE UIF NFBO DPSSFDU UP UXP EFDJNBM QMBDFT
BOE UIF
NFEJBO GPS UIF BCPWF EBUB
C 8IJDI PG UIF NFBO PS NFEJBO JT IJHIFS GPS UIF HJWFO EBUB $BO ZPV FYQMBJO XIZ
D 8IJDI PG UIF NFBO PS NFEJBO XPVME CF IJHIFS GPS B TFU PG QPTJUJWFMZ TLFXFE EBUB 8IZ
E 8IBU UZQF PG EJTUSJCVUJPO XPVME MFBE UP UIF NFEJBO BOE NFBO CFJOH RVJUF DMPTF
* (SPVQFE EBUB
'PS TPNF EBUB FTQFDJBMMZ MBSHF TFUT JU NBLFT TFOTF UP HSPVQ UIF EBUB BOE UIFO SFDPSE UIF GSFRVFODZ GPS
FBDI HSPVQ UP QSPEVDF B GSFRVFODZ UBCMF 'PS OVNFSJDBM EBUB B HSBQI HFOFSBUFE GSPN B GSFRVFODZ UBCMF
HJWFT B IJTUPHSBN -JLF B TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU B IJTUPHSBN TIPXT IPX UIF EBUB JT EJTUSJCVUFE BDSPTT UIF GVMM
SBOHF PG WBMVFT " IJTUPHSBN GPS FYBNQMF JT VTFE UP EJTQMBZ UIF MFWFM PG FYQPTVSF PG UIF QJYFMT JO BO
JNBHF JO EJHJUBM QIPUPHSBQIZ *U VTFT NBOZ OBSSPX DPMVNOT UP TIPX IPX UIF MVNJOBODF WBMVFT BSF
EJTUSJCVUFE BDSPTT UIF TDBMF GSPN CMBDL UP XIJUF
" MVNJOBODF WBMVF IJTUPHSBN VTFE JO EJHJUBM QIPUPHSBQIZ TPGUXBSF
-FUT TUBSU #BHHBHF DIFDL

5IJT IJTUPHSBN TIPXT UIF EJTUSJCVUJPO PG UIF XFJHIU PG B OVNCFS PG CBHT DIFDLFE BU UIF BJSQPSU
• )PX NBOZ CBHT IBE B XFJHIU JO UIF SBOHF m LH
• )PX NBOZ CBHT XFSF DIFDLFE JO UPUBM
• *T JU QPTTJCMF UP EFUFSNJOF UIF FYBDU NFBO NFEJBO PS NPEF PG UIF XFJHIU PG UIF CBHT CZ MPPLJOH BU UIF
IJTUPHSBN %JTDVTT
• %FTDSJCF UIF EJTUSJCVUJPO PG DIFDLFE CBH XFJHIUT GPS UIF HJWFO HSBQI
Airport bag weights
4
Frequency
3
2
1
0
5 10 15 20 25 30
Weight (kg)
,FZ " GSFRVFODZ UBCMF TIPXT UIF OVNCFS PG WBMVFT XJUIJO B TFU PG DBUFHPSJFT PS DMBTT JOUFSWBMT
JEFBT (SPVQFE OVNFSJDBM EBUB DBO CF JMMVTUSBUFE VTJOH B IJTUPHSBN
• 5IF IFJHIU PG B DPMVNO DPSSFTQPOET UP UIF GSFRVFODZ PG WBMVFT JO UIBU DMBTT JOUFSWBM
• 5IFSF BSF VTVBMMZ OP HBQT CFUXFFO DPMVNOT
• 5IF TDBMFT BSF FWFOMZ TQSFBE XJUI FBDI CBS TQSFBEJOH BDSPTT UIF CPVOEBSJFT PG UIF DMBTT
JOUFSWBM
• " QFSDFOUBHF GSFRVFODZ IJTUPHSBN TIPXT UIF GSFRVFODJFT BT QFSDFOUBHFT PG UIF UPUBM
-JLF B TUFNBOEMFBG QMPU B IJTUPHSBN DBO TIPX JG UIF EBUB JT TLFXFE PS TZNNFUSJDBM
'SFRVFODZ UBCMF Frequency histogram Percentage
$MBTT 1FSDFOUBHF frequency histogram
JOUFSWBM 'SFRVFODZ GSFRVFODZ 8
% Frequency
o 7 32
Frequency
o 6 24
o 5 16
o 4 8
o
3
0 60 65 70 75 80 85
5PUBM
2
1 Class intervals
0
60 65 70 75 80 85
Class intervals
This gap may be used
when our intervals do not
start at zero.
• *O UIJT GSFRVFODZ UBCMF m JODMVEFT OVNCFST GSPN UP MFTT UIBO
&YBNQMF $POTUSVDUJOH GSFRVFODZ UBCMFT BOE IJTUPHSBNT

5IF EBUB CFMPX TIPXT UIF OVNCFS PG IBNCVSHFST TPME FBDI IPVS CZ B IPVS GBTUGPPE TUPSF EVSJOH B
IPVS QFSJPE

B 4FU VQ BOE DPNQMFUF B HSPVQFE GSFRVFODZ UBCMF VTJOH DMBTT JOUFSWBMT m m m FUD *ODMVEF B
QFSDFOUBHF GSFRVFODZ DPMVNO
C $POTUSVDU B GSFRVFODZ IJTUPHSBN
D )PX NBOZ IPVST EJE UIF GBTUGPPE TUPSF TFMM
J GFXFS UIBO IBNCVSHFST
JJ BU MFBTU IBNCVSHFST
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B 1FSDFOUBHF $SFBUF DMBTT JOUFSWBMT PG GSPN VQ UP TJODF

$MBTT JOUFSWBM 'SFRVFODZ JT UIF NBYJNVN OVNCFS 3FDPSE UIF OVNCFS
GSFRVFODZ
o PG EBUB WBMVFT JO FBDI JOUFSWBM JO UIF GSFRVFODZ
o DPMVNO $POWFSU UP B QFSDFOUBHF CZ EJWJEJOH CZ
o UIF UPUBM
BOE NVMUJQMZJOH CZ
o
o
5PUBM
C $SFBUF B GSFRVFODZ IJTUPHSBN XJUI GSFRVFODZ PO

18 UIF WFSUJDBM BYJT BOE UIF DMBTT JOUFSWBMT PO UIF
15 IPSJ[POUBM BYJT 5IF IFJHIU PG UIF DPMVNO TIPXT
Frequency
12 UIF GSFRVFODZ PG UIBU JOUFSWBM

9
6
3
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Hamburger sales
D J IPVST 'FXFS UIBO IBNCVSHFST DPWFST UIF m BOE
m JOUFSWBMT
JJ IPVST "U MFBTU IBNCVSHFST DPWFST UIF m BOE
m JOUFSWBMT
&YFSDJTF * o
5IJT GSFRVFODZ IJTUPHSBN TIPXT JO IPX NBOZ ZFBST UIF International visitors 6/%&345"/%*/(
OVNCFS PG JOUFSOBUJPOBM WJTJUPST UP 4PVUI "VTUSBMJB JT to SA 2000–2009
XJUIJO B HJWFO SBOHF GPS UIF EFDBEF GSPN UP
4
Frequency
B )PX NBOZ ZFBST JO UIF EFDBEF XFSF UIFSF MFTT UIBO

JOUFSOBUJPOBM WJTJUPST
2
C 8IJDI SBOHF PG WJTJUPS OVNCFST IBE UIF IJHIFTU
GSFRVFODZ
0 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370
Number of visitors
(thousands)
*
6/%&345"/%*/(
8SJUF EPXO UIF NJTTJOH OVNCFST JO UIFTF GSFRVFODZ UBCMFT JF àOE UIF WBMVFT PG UIF QSPOVNFSBMT
B 1FSDFOUBHF C 1FSDFOUBHF
$MBTT JOUFSWBM 'SFRVFODZ $MBTT JOUFSWBM 'SFRVFODZ
GSFRVFODZ GSFRVFODZ
o o
o D Bo C
o E o D
Bo C F o E
5PUBM G 5PUBM F
5IJT GSFRVFODZ IJTUPHSBN TIPXT JO IPX NBOZ CPPLT UIF OVNCFS PG QBHFT JT XJUIJO B HJWFO
JOUFSWBM GPS TPNF UFYUCPPLT TFMFDUFE GSPN B TDIPPM MJCSBSZ
B )PX NBOZ UFYUCPPLT IBE CFUXFFO BOE QBHFT
6
Frequency
C )PX NBOZ UFYUCPPLT XFSF TFMFDUFE GSPN UIF MJCSBSZ
D 8IBU QFSDFOUBHF PG UFYUCPPLT IBE CFUXFFO 4
J BOE QBHFT 2
JJ BOE QBHFT 0 100 200 300 400 500
Pages

'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF 5IF EBUB CFMPX TIPXT UIF OVNCFS PG JDF DSFBNT TPME GSPN BO JDF DSFBN WBO PWFS B EBZ QFSJPE

B 4FU VQ BOE DPNQMFUF B HSPVQFE GSFRVFODZ UBCMF VTJOH DMBTT JOUFSWBMT m m m FUD
*ODMVEF B QFSDFOUBHF GSFRVFODZ DPMVNO
D )PX NBOZ EBZT EJE UIF JDF DSFBN WBO TFMM
J GFXFS UIBO JDF DSFBNT
JJ BU MFBTU JDF DSFBNT
E 8IBU QFSDFOUBHF PG EBZT XFSF
PS NPSF JDF DSFBNT TPME
*
'-6&/$:
5IF EBUB CFMPX TIPXT UIF NBSL PVU PG PO UIF 4DJFODF FYBN GPS :FBS TUVEFOUT

B 4FU VQ BOE DPNQMFUF B HSPVQFE GSFRVFODZ UBCMF VTJOH DMBTT JOUFSWBMT m m m FUD
*ODMVEF B QFSDFOUBHF GSFRVFODZ DPMVNO SPVOEJOH UP UXP EFDJNBM QMBDFT XIFSF OFDFTTBSZ
D J )PX NBOZ NBSLT XFSF MFTT UIBO PVU PG
JJ 8IBU QFSDFOUBHF PG NBSLT XFSF BU MFBTU PVU PG "OTXFS DPSSFDU UP POF EFDJNBM
QMBDF
5IF OVNCFS PG HPBMT LJDLFE CZ B DPVOUSZ GPPUCBMMFS JO FBDI PG IJT MBTU GPPUCBMM NBUDIFT JT
HJWFO CFMPX

B 0SHBOJTF UIF EBUB JOUP B HSPVQFE GSFRVFODZ UBCMF VTJOH B DMBTT JOUFSWBM XJEUI PG TUBSUJOH BU
C %SBX B GSFRVFODZ IJTUPHSBN GPS UIF EBUB
D *O IPX NBOZ HBNFT EJE UIF QMBZFS LJDL GFXFS UIBO TJY HPBMT
E *O IPX NBOZ HBNFT EJE IF LJDL NPSF UIBO HPBMT
8IJDI POF PG UIFTF IJTUPHSBNT JMMVTUSBUFT B TZNNFUSJDBM EBUB TFU BOE XIJDI POF TIPXT B TLFXFE
EBUB TFU
B C
30
25 30
20
15
10 15
5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0 10 20 30 40 50
*
130#-&.40-7*/(
'JOE UIF VOLOPXO OVNCFST QSPOVNFSBMT
JO UIFTF GSFRVFODZ UBCMFT
B 1FSDFOUBHF C 1FSDFOUBHF
$MBTT JOUFSWBM 'SFRVFODZ GSFRVFODZ $MBTT JOUFSWBM 'SFRVFODZ GSFRVFODZ
o B o B
o C o C
o D o D
o E o E
o F G o F G
5PUBM H 5PUBM H
5IJT QFSDFOUBHF GSFRVFODZ IJTUPHSBN TIPXT UIF IFJHIUT PG

PGàDF UPXFST JO B DJUZ
Percentage frequency
30
B 8IBU QFSDFOUBHF PG PGàDF UPXFST IBWF UIF GPMMPXJOH 25
IFJHIUT
20
J CFUXFFO N BOE N
15
JJ MFTT UIBO N
JJJ OP NPSF UIBO N 10
JW BU MFBTU N 5
W CFUXFFO N BOE N PS HSFBUFS UIBO N 0
C *G UIF DJUZ IBE PGàDF UPXFST IPX 50 100 150 200 250
Height (m)
NBOZ IBWF B IFJHIU PG
J CFUXFFO N BOE N
JJ BU MFBTU N
D *G UIF DJUZ IBE PGàDF UPXFST IPX
NBOZ IBWF B IFJHIU PG
J CFUXFFO N BOE N
JJ OP NPSF UIBO N
5IF EBUB CFMPX TIPXT UIF MFOHUI PG PWFSTFBT QIPOF DBMMT JO NJOVUFT
NBEF CZ B QBSUJDVMBS
IPVTFIPME PWFS B TJYXFFL QFSJPE

8IBU QFSDFOUBHF PG QIPOF DBMMT XFSF NPSF UIBO NJOVUFT JO MFOHUI "OTXFS UP POF EFDJNBM
QMBDF
o
*
3&"40/*/(
&YQMBJO XIZ ZPV DBOOPU XPSL PVU UIF FYBDU WBMVF GPS UIF NFBO NFEJBO BOE NPEF GPS B TFU PG
EBUB QSFTFOUFE JO B IJTUPHSBN
8IBU DBO ZPV XPSL PVU GSPN B GSFRVFODZ IJTUPHSBN UIBU ZPV DBOOPU XPSL PVU GSPN B
QFSDFOUBHF GSFRVFODZ IJTUPHSBN $PNQMFUJOH 2VFTUJPO XJMM QSPWJEF B DMVF
5XP TUVEFOUT TIPX EJGGFSFOU IJTUPHSBNT GPS UIF TBNF TFU PG EBUB
Student A Student B
8 12
6 9
4 6
2 3
0 0
5 10 15 20 25 30 15 30
B 8IJDI IJTUPHSBN JT NPSF VTFGVM JO IFMQJOH UP BOBMZTF UIF EBUB
C 8IBU XPVME ZPV BEWJTF TUVEFOU # UP EP EJGGFSFOUMZ XIFO DPOTUSVDUJOH UIF IJTUPHSBN
5IF EJTUSJCVUJPO PG XFFLMZ XBHFT
&/3*$).&/5
5IF EBUB CFMPX TIPXT UIF XFFLMZ XBHFT PG QFPQMF JO EPMMBST

B 8IBU JT UIF NJOJNVN XFFLMZ XBHF BOE UIF NBYJNVN XFFLMZ XBHF
C J 0SHBOJTF UIF EBUB JOUP BCPVU DMBTT JOUFSWBMT
JJ %SBX B GSFRVFODZ IJTUPHSBN GPS UIF EBUB
D J 0SHBOJTF UIF EBUB JOUP BCPVU DMBTT JOUFSWBMT
JJ %SBX B GSFRVFODZ IJTUPHSBN GPS UIF EBUB
E %JTDVTT UIF TIBQFT PG UIF UXP HSBQIT 8IJDI HSBQI SFQSFTFOUT UIF EBUB CFUUFS BOE XIZ
6TJOH B $"4 DBMDVMBUPS * (SBQIJOH HSPVQFE EBUB

+ .FBTVSFT PG TQSFBE
5IF NFBO NFEJBO BOE NPEF BSF UISFF
OVNCFST XIJDI IFMQ EFàOF UIF DFOUSF PG
B EBUB TFU IPXFWFS JU JT BMTP JNQPSUBOU
UP EFTDSJCF UIF TQSFBE 5XP UFBNT PG
TXJNNFST GSPN EJGGFSFOU DPVOUSJFT GPS
FYBNQMF NJHIU IBWF TJNJMBS NFBO SBDF
UJNFT CVU UIF TQSFBE PG SBDF UJNFT GPS FBDI
UFBN DPVME CF WFSZ EJGGFSFOU
-FUT TUBSU 4XJN UJNFT

5XP 0MZNQJD TXJNNJOH UFBNT BSF DPNQFUJOH JO UIF ¤ N SFMBZ 5IF N QFSTPOBM CFTU UJNFT GPS
UIF GPVS NFNCFST PG FBDI UFBN BSF
5FBN " T T T T
5FBN # T T T T
• 'JOE UIF NFBO GPS FBDI UFBN

• 8IJDI UFBNT UJNFT BSF NPSF TQSFBE PVU
• 8IBU EPFT UIF EJGGFSFODF JO UIF SBOHF PG WBMVFT GPS FBDI UFBN UFMM ZPV BCPVU UIF TQSFBE
,FZ 5XP NFBTVSFT DPOTJEFSFE IFSF XIJDI IFMQ UP EFTDSJCF IPX EBUB JT TQSFBE BSF UIF SBOHF BOE
JEFBT JOUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF 5IFTF BSF DBMMFE NFBTVSFT PG TQSFBE
5IF SBOHF JT UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF NBYJNVN BOE NJOJNVN WBMVFT
• 3BOHF NBYJNVN WBMVF m NJOJNVN WBMVF
*G B TFU PG OVNFSJDBM EBUB JT QMBDFE JO PSEFS GSPN TNBMMFTU UP MBSHFTU UIFO
• UIF NJEEMF OVNCFS PG UIF MPXFS IBMG JT DBMMFE UIF MPXFS RVBSUJMF 2
• UIF NJEEMF OVNCFS PG UIF EBUB JT DBMMFE UIF NFEJBO 2
• UIF NJEEMF OVNCFS PG UIF VQQFS IBMG JT DBMMFE UIF VQQFS RVBSUJMF 2
• UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF VQQFS RVBSUJMF BOE MPXFS RVBSUJMF JT DBMMFE UIF JOUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF
*23

*23 2 m 2
• JG UIFSF JT BO PEE OVNCFS PG WBMVFT SFNPWF UIF NJEEMF WBMVF UIF NFEJBO
CFGPSF DBMDVMBUJOH
2 BOE 2
"O PVUMJFS JT B WBMVF UIBU JT OPU JO UIF WJDJOJUZ PG UIF SFTU PG UIF EBUB
&YBNQMF 'JOEJOH UIF SBOHF BOE RVBSUJMFT GPS BO PEE OVNCFS PG EBUB WBMVFT
5IF GPMMPXJOH EBUB WBMVFT BSF UIF SFTVMUT GPS B TDIPPM .BUIFNBUJDT UFTU

B -JTU UIF EBUB JO PSEFS GSPN TNBMMFTU UP MBSHFTU
C 'JOE UIF SBOHF
D 'JOE
J UIF NFEJBO 2
JJ UIF MPXFS RVBSUJMF 2
JJJ UIF VQQFS RVBSUJMF 2

JW UIF JOUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF *23
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B 19 23 56 62 67 68 73 76 79 81 85 89 96 0SEFS UIF EBUB

Q1 Q2 Q3
C 3BOHF m 3BOHF NBYJNVN WBMVF m NJOJNVN WBMVF

D J 2 5IF NJEEMF OVNCFS JT
2 UIF NJEEMF WBMVF PG UIF MPXFS IBMG
JT
JJ 2
IBMGXBZ CFUXFFO BOE 4JODF UIFSF JT BO
PEE OVNCFS PG WBMVFT FYDMVEF UIF OVNCFS
CFGPSF àOEJOH 2 BOE 2
2 UIF NJEEMF WBMVF PG UIF VQQFS IBMG

JT
JJJ 2
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JW *23 m *23 2 m 2

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)FSF JT B TFU PG NFBTVSFNFOUT DPMMFDUFE CZ NFBTVSJOH UIF MFOHUIT JO NFUSFT PG MPOHKVNQ BUUFNQUT

B -JTU UIF EBUB JO PSEFS GSPN TNBMMFTU UP MBSHFTU
C 'JOE UIF SBOHF
D 'JOE
J UIF NFEJBO 2

E *OUFSQSFU UIF *23
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B 5.1 6.7 7.1 7.9 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.8 9.0 9.2 0SEFS UIF EBUB UP MPDBUF 2 2 BOE 2
Q1 Q2 Q3
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N

D J 2 2 JT IBMGXBZ CFUXFFO BOE

N
JJ 2 N 5IF NJEEMF WBMVF PG UIF MPXFS IBMG JT
JJJ 2 N 5IF NJEEMF WBMVF PG UIF VQQFS IBMG JT
JW *23 m *23 JT UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO 2 BOE 2
N
E 5IF NJEEMF PG KVNQT EJGGFSFE CZ MFTT 5IF *23 JT UIF SBOHF PG UIF NJEEMF PG UIF
UIBO N EBUB
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6/%&345"/%*/(
5IJT PSEFSFE EBUB TFU TIPXT UIF OVNCFS PG IPVST PG TMFFQ QFPQMF IBE UIF OJHIU CFGPSF

B 'JOE UIF SBOHF UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF NBYJNVN BOE NJOJNVN WBMVFT

C 'JOE UIF NFEJBO 2 UIF NJEEMF OVNCFS

D 3FNPWF UIF NJEEMF OVNCFS UIFO àOE
J UIF MPXFS RVBSUJMF 2 UIF NJEEMF PG UIF MPXFS IBMG
JJ UIF VQQFS RVBSUJMF 2 UIF NJEEMF PG UIF VQQFS IBMG

E 'JOE UIF JOUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF *23 UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF VQQFS RVBSUJMF BOE MPXFS
RVBSUJMF

+
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5IJT PSEFSFE EBUB TFU TIPXT UIF OVNCFS PG àTI %BOJFM DBVHIU JO UIF XFFLFOET UIBU IF XFOU
àTIJOH EVSJOH UIF ZFBS

B 'JOE UIF SBOHF UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF
NBYJNVN BOE NJOJNVN WBMVFT

C 'JOE UIF NFEJBO 2 UIF NJEEMF OVNCFS

D 4QMJU UIF EBUB JO IBMG UIFO àOE
J UIF MPXFS RVBSUJMF 2 UIF NJEEMF PG
UIF MPXFS IBMG
JJ UIF VQQFS RVBSUJMF 2 UIF NJEEMF PG

UIF VQQFS IBMG

E 'JOE UIF JOUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF *23 UIF
EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF VQQFS RVBSUJMF BOE
MPXFS RVBSUJMF

'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF 'PS FBDI PG UIF GPMMPXJOH TFUT PG EBUB
J MJTU UIF TFU PG EBUB JO PSEFS GSPN JJ àOE UIF SBOHF
TNBMMFTU UP MBSHFTU
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JW àOE UIF MPXFS RVBSUJMF 2
W àOE UIF VQQFS RVBSUJMF 2

WJ àOE UIF JOUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF *23

B
C
D
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F
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B 'JOE UIF SBOHF
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J UIF NFEJBO 2


D *OUFSQSFU UIF *23
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5IF GPMMPXJOH TFU PG EBUB SFQSFTFOUT UIF TBMF QSJDF JO UIPVTBOET PG EPMMBST PG WJOUBHF DBST

B 'PS UIF WJOUBHF DBST àOE
J UIF MPXFTU QSJDF QBJE
JJ UIF IJHIFTU QSJDF QBJE
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W UIF VQQFS RVBSUJMF PG UIF EBUB
WJ UIF *23
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B 4UFN -FBG C 4UFN -FBG

] NFBOT
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C 'JOE UIF JOUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF
D *G -BSB DIBOHFT IFS NJOE BCPVU UIF EBZ TIF TBX GBJSJFT BOE OPX TBZT UIBU TIF TBX
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+
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GPS TBMF 0OF FYQFOTJWF DBS JT QSJDFE
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B %PFT UIF DIBOHF JO QSJDF GPS UIF
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C %PFT UIF DIBOHF JO QSJDF GPS UIF FYQFOTJWF DBS DIBOHF UIF WBMVF PG UIF NFEJBO (JWF SFBTPOT
D %PFT UIF DIBOHF JO QSJDF GPS UIF FYQFOTJWF DBS DIBOHF UIF WBMVF PG UIF *23 (JWF SFBTPOT
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D 5IF MPXFTU PG UIF EBUB JT CFMPX XIJDI WBMVF GPS TIPQ #
E 'JOE UIF JOUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF *23
GPS UIF OVNCFS PG KFMMZ
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J TIPQ " JJ TIPQ #
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G 8IJDI TIPQ PGGFST HSFBUFS DPOTJTUFODZ JO UIF OVNCFS PG KFMMZ CFBOT JO FBDI KBS JU TFMMT
, #PY QMPUT &95&/%*/(
" CPY QMPU JT B DPNNPOMZ VTFE HSBQI GPS B EBUB TFU

TIPXJOH UIF NBYJNVN BOE NJOJNVN WBMVFT UIF NFEJBO
BOE UIF VQQFS BOE MPXFS RVBSUJMFT #PY QMPUT BSF PGUFO VTFE
UP TIPX IPX B EBUB TFU JT EJTUSJCVUFE BOE IPX UXP TFUT
DPNQBSF #PY QMPUT BSF VTFE GPS FYBNQMF UP DPNQBSF B
TDIPPMT FYBNJOBUJPO QFSGPSNBODF BHBJOTU UIF QFSGPSNBODF
PG BMM TDIPPMT JO B TUBUF
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5IFTF UXP CPY QMPUT TIPX UIF QFSGPSNBODF PG UXP TDIPPMT PO UIFJS &OHMJTI FYBNT
#PY )JHI 4DIPPM Q1 Q2 Q3
min max
Mark
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1MPU 4FDPOEBSZ $PMMFHF Q1 Q2 Q3
min max
Mark
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
• 8IJDI TDIPPM QSPEVDFE UIF IJHIFTU NBSL
• 8IJDI TDIPPM QSPEVDFE UIF IJHIFTU NFEJBO 2
• 8IJDI TDIPPM QSPEVDFE UIF IJHIFTU *23

• 8IJDI TDIPPM QSPEVDFE UIF IJHIFTU SBOHF
• %FTDSJCF UIF QFSGPSNBODF PG #PY )JHI 4DIPPM BHBJOTU 1MPU 4FDPOEBSZ $PMMFHF 8IJDI TDIPPM IBT CFUUFS
PWFSBMM SFTVMUT BOE XIZ
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JT B HSBQI XIJDI TIPXT
JEFBT • NBYJNVN BOE NJOJNVN WBMVFT
• NFEJBO 2
• MPXFS BOE VQQFS RVBSUJMFT 2 BOE 2

" RVBSUFS
PG UIF EBUB JT TQSFBE BDSPTT FBDI PG UIF GPVS TFDUJPOT PG UIF HSBQI
Whisker Whisker
Box
25% 25%
25% 25%
Scale
Q1 Q2 Q3
Median
Minimum Lower quartile Upper quartile Maximum
&YBNQMF *OUFSQSFUJOH B CPY QMPU

5IJT CPY QMPU TVNNBSJTFT UIF QSJDF PG BMM UIF CPPLT JO B CPPL TIPQ
Price ($)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
B 4UBUF UIF NJOJNVN BOE NBYJNVN CPPL QSJDFT

C 'JOE UIF SBOHF PG UIF CPPL QSJDFT
D 4UBUF UIF NFEJBO CPPL QSJDF
E 'JOE UIF JOUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF
F 'JGUZ QFS DFOU PG UIF CPPLT BSF QSJDFE CFMPX XIBU BNPVOU
G 5XFOUZàWF QFS DFOU PG UIF CPPLT BSF QSJDFE BCPWF XIBU BNPVOU
H *G UIFSF XFSF CPPLT JO UIF TUPSF IPX NBOZ XPVME CF QSJDFE CFMPX
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B .JOJNVN CPPL QSJDF 25%

.BYJNVN CPPL QSJDF
Q1 Q2 Q3
Min Max
25%
25% 25%
Price ($)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
C 3BOHF m 3BOHF NBYJNVN QSJDF m NJOJNVN QSJDF

D .FEJBO CPPL QSJDF 5IF NFEJBO JT 2
E *OUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF m *OUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF 2 m 2

F PG CPPLT BSF CFMPX 2
G 5IF UPQ PG CPPLT BSF BCPWF 2
H ¤ PG CPPLT BSF QSJDFE CFMPX
CPPLT XPVME CF CFMPX
&YBNQMF $POTUSVDUJOH B CPY QMPU

$POTJEFS UIF GPMMPXJOH TFU PG EBUB SFQSFTFOUJOH TDPSFT SFTVMUJOH GSPN UISPXJOH UXP EJDF BOE BEEJOH
UIFJS TDPSFT

B 'JOE
J UIF NJOJNVN WBMVF JJ UIF NBYJNVN WBMVF JJJ UIF NFEJBO
JW UIF MPXFS RVBSUJMF W UIF VQQFS RVBSUJMF
C %SBX B CPY QMPU UP SFQSFTFOU UIF EBUB
40-65*0/ &91-"/"5*0/
B 2 2 2
0SEFS UIF EBUB
J .JO WBMVF JJ .BY WBMVF %FUFSNJOF UIF NJOJNVN BOE NBYJNVN WBMVF
JJJ 2 JW 2 5IF NFEJBO JT UIF NJEEMF WBMVF
3FNPWF UIF NJEEMF WBMVF UIFO MPDBUF UIF MPXFS
W 2
RVBSUJMF BOE VQQFS RVBSUJMF
C #PY QMPU 5ISPXJOH UXP EJDF %SBX B TDBMFE IPSJ[POUBM BYJT
1MBDF UIF CPY QMPU BCPWF UIF BYJT NBSLJOH JO
UIF àWF LFZ TUBUJTUJDT GSPN QBSU B
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
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a b c d e
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B 5P àOE UIF SBOHF ZPV TVCUSBDU UIF GSPN UIF
C 5P àOE UIF JOUFSRVBSUJMF SBOHF ZPV TVCUSBDU UIF GSPN UIF
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6/%&345"/%*/(
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"
0 3 6 9 12 15
#
0 3 6 9 12 15
$
0 3 6 9 12 15
%
0 3 6 9 12 15

'-6&/$:
&YBNQMF 5IJT CPY QMPU TVNNBSJTFT UIF MFOHUI PG CBCJFT CPSO JO B QBSUJDVMBS XFFL JO B IPTQJUBM
Length (cm)
35 40 45 50 55 60
B 4UBUF UIF NJOJNVN BOE NBYJNVN CBCZ MFOHUIT
C 'JOE UIF SBOHF PG UIF MFOHUI PG UIF CBCJFT
D 4UBUF UIF NFEJBO CBCZ MFOHUI
F 'JGUZ QFS DFOU PG UIF CBCZ
MFOHUIT BSF CFMPX XIBU
BNPVOU
G 5XFOUZàWF QFS DFOU PG UIF
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XIBU BNPVOU
H *G UIFSF XFSF CBCJFT CPSO JO
UIF XFFL IPX NBOZ XPVME CF
FYQFDUFE UP CF MFTT UIBO DN
JO MFOHUI
,
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5IJT CPY QMPU TVNNBSJTFT UIF OVNCFS PG SBCCJUT TQPUUFE QFS EBZ JO B QBEEPDL PWFS B EBZ
QFSJPE
Number of
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 rabbits
B 4UBUF UIF NJOJNVN BOE NBYJNVN OVNCFS PG
SBCCJUT TQPUUFE
C 'JOE UIF SBOHF PG UIF OVNCFS PG SBCCJUT
TQPUUFE
D 4UBUF UIF NFEJBO OVNCFS PG SBCCJUT TQPUUFE
F 4FWFOUZàWF QFS DFOU PG UIF EBZT UIF OVNCFS
PG SBCCJUT TQPUUFE JT CFMPX XIBU BNPVOU
G 'JGUZ QFS DFOU PG UIF EBZT UIF OVNCFS PG
SBCCJUT TQPUUFE JT NPSF UIBO XIBU BNPVOU
H )PX NBOZ EBZT XBT UIF OVNCFS PG TQPUUFE SBCCJUT
MFTT UIBO
&YBNQMF 'PS FBDI PG UIF TFUT PG EBUB CFMPX

J TUBUF UIF NJOJNVN WBMVF
JJ TUBUF UIF NBYJNVN WBMVF
JJJ àOE UIF NFEJBO 2
JW àOE UIF MPXFS RVBSUJMF 2
W àOE UIF VQQFS RVBSUJMF 2
WJ ESBX B CPY QMPU UP SFQSFTFOU UIF EBUB

B
C
D
E

130#-&.40-7*/(
5IF GPMMPXJOH TFU PG EBUB EFTDSJCFT UIF OVNCFS PG DBST QBSLFE JO B TUSFFU PO HJWFO EBZT

B 3FQSFTFOU UIF EBUB BT B CPY QMPU
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J BOE JJ BOE
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,
130#-&.40-7*/(
5IF XFJHIU PG B TBNQMF PG BEVMU MFPQBSET GSPN "GSJDB BOE "TJB BSF TVNNBSJTFE JO UIFTF
CPY QMPUT
Africa
Asia
Weight (kg)
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
B 8IJDI MFPQBSE QPQVMBUJPO TBNQMF IBT UIF IJHIFTU
NJOJNVN XFJHIU
C 8IBU JT UIF EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF SBOHFT GPS CPUI
QPQVMBUJPO TBNQMFT
D *T UIF *23 UIF TBNF GPS CPUI MFPQBSE TBNQMFT *G TP
XIBU JT JU
E 8IBU QFSDFOUBHF PG MFPQBSET IBWF B XFJHIU MFTT UIBO
LH GPS
J "GSJDBO MFPQBSET
JJ "TJBO MFPQBSET
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"TJBO PS "GSJDBO MFPQBSE
5IF UJNF UIBU JU UBLFT GPS B TBNQMF PG DPNQVUFST UP TUBSU VQ JT TVNNBSJTFE JO UIFTF CPY QMPUT
Mac
PC
Time
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 (Seconds)
B 8IBU UZQF PG DPNQVUFS IBT UIF MPXFTU NFEJBO
C 8IBU QFSDFOUBHF PG .BD DPNQVUFST MPBEFE JO MFTT UIBO NJOVUF
D 8IBU QFSDFOUBHF PG 1$ DPNQVUFST UPPL MPOHFS UIBO TFDPOET UP MPBE
E 8IBU EP ZPV OPUJDF BCPVU UIF SBOHF GPS .BD DPNQVUFST BOE UIF *23 GPS 1$ DPNQVUFST
8IBU EPFT UIJT NFBO
, o o
3&"40/*/(
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PWFS B TFBTPO JT TVNNBSJTFE JO UIFTF CPY QMPUT
Yeng
Waldren
Points
0 4 8 12 16
B 8IJDI QMBZFS IBT UIF IJHIFTU NBYJNVN
C 8IJDI QMBZFS IBT UIF IJHIFTU NFEJBO #PY QMPUT DBO CF VTFE UP DPNQBSF UIF
D 8IJDI QMBZFS IBT UIF TNBMMFTU *23 QFSGPSNBODF PG FBDI CBTLFUCBMMFS
E 8IJDI QMBZFS JT B NPSF DPOTJTUFOU CBTLFUCBMM TDPSFS (JWF SFBTPOT
F 8IJDI QMBZFS NPTU MJLFMZ TDPSFE UIF HSFBUFTU OVNCFS PG QPJOUT (JWF SFBTPOT
(JWF BO FYBNQMF PG B TNBMM EBUB TFU XIJDI IBT UIF GPMMPXJOH

B NBYJNVN VQQFS RVBSUJMF
C NFEJBO MPXFS RVBSUJMF
%PFT UIF NFEJBO BMXBZT TJU FYBDUMZ JO UIF NJEEMF PG B CPY PO B CPY QMPU &YQMBJO
$PVME UIF NFBO PG B EBUB TFU CF HSFBUFS UIBO 2 &YQMBJO
0VUMJFST BOE CBUUFSZ MJGF
&/3*$).&/5
0VUMJFST PO CPY QMPUT BSF TIPXO BT B TFQBSBUF QPJOU
Outlier
20 30 40 50 60 70
5IF MJGF JO NPOUIT PG B QBSUJDVMBS LJOE PG CBUUFSZ VTFE JO B TQFDJBM UZQF PG IJHIQPXFSFE DBMDVMBUPS
JT TIPXO JO UIJT EBUB TFU

B 6TF BMM UIF WBMVFT UP DBMDVMBUF 2 2 BOE 2 GPS UIF EBUB TFU
C %P BOZ PG UIF WBMVFT BQQFBS UP CF PVUMJFST
D /PU JODMVEJOH UIF PVUMJFS XIBU JT UIF OFYU IJHIFTU WBMVF
E %SBX B CPY QMPU GPS UIF EBUB VTJOH B DSPTT ¤
UP TIPX UIF PVUMJFS
F $BO ZPV HJWF B MPHJDBM SFBTPO GPS UIF PVUMJFS
6TJOH B $"4 DBMDVMBUPS , 'JOEJOH NFBTVSFT PG TQSFBE BOE ESBXJOH CPY QMPUT
*OWFTUJHBUJPO
)PX NBOZ JO UIF CBH
'PS UIJT BDUJWJUZ ZPV XJMM OFFE
• B CBH PS MBSHF QPDLFU
• EJGGFSFOUDPMPVSFE DPVOUFST
• QBQFS BOE QFO
'JWF DPVOUFST
B 'PSN QBJST UIFO XJUIPVU XBUDIJOH IBWF B UIJSE QFSTPO FH B UFBDIFS
QMBDF àWF DPVOUFST PG UXP
EJGGFSFOU DPMPVST JOUP UIF CBH PS QPDLFU "O FYBNQMF PG àWF DPVOUFST DPVME CF UXP SFE UISFF CMVF CVU
BU UIJT QPJOU JO UIF BDUJWJUZ ZPV XJMM OPU LOPX UIJT
C 8JUIPVU MPPLJOH POF QFSTPO TFMFDUT B DPVOUFS GSPN UIF CBH XIJMF UIF PUIFS QFSTPO SFDPSET JUT DPMPVS
3FQMBDF UIF DPVOUFS JO UIF CBH
D 3FQFBU QBSU C GPS B UPUBM PG USJBMT 3FDPSE UIF SFTVMUT JO B $PMPVS 5BMMZ 'SFRVFODZ
UBCMF TJNJMBS UP UIJT POF 3FE !
]]]] ]]]
#MVF !
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E 'JOE UIF FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ GPS FBDI DPMPVS GPS
5PUBM
FYBNQMF JG SFE DPVOUFST XFSF SFDPSEFE UIFO UIF

FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ

F 6TF UIFTF FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUJFT UP IFMQ FTUJNBUF IPX NBOZ PG FBDI DPMPVS PG DPVOUFS BSF JO UIF

CBH 'PS FYBNQMF JT DMPTF UP UIFSFGPSF HVFTT UXP SFE BOE UISFF CMVF 6TF UIJT UBCMF

UP IFMQ
$MPTFTU NVMUJQMF PG (VFTT PG IPX NBOZ DPVOUFST
$PMPVS 'SFRVFODZ &YQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ
FH PG UIJT DPMPVS
5PUBM
G /PX UBLF UIF DPVOUFST PVU PG UIF CBH UP TFF JG ZPVS FTUJNBUF JT DPSSFDU
.PSF DPMPVST BOE DPVOUFST
B 3FQFBU UIF TUFQT BCPWF CVU UIJT UJNF VTF UISFF DPMPVST BOE DPVOUFST
C 3FQFBU UIF TUFQT BCPWF CVU UIJT UJNF VTF GPVS DPMPVST BOE DPVOUFST
)PX EP "VTUSBMJBOT HFU UP XPSL

5IF DPMMFDUJPO PG EBUB JT BO JNQPSUBOU QBSU PG TUBUJTUJDT 5IFSF BSF B OVNCFS PG XBZT UIBU EBUB NBZ CF
DPMMFDUFE 4PNF NFUIPET BSF B DFOTVT XIJDI JODMVEFT UIF XIPMF QPQVMBUJPO B TVSWFZ XIJDI JODMVEFT
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These can be represented by tables or Within a sample space are a number These organise data from two or more
tree diagrams. They involve more than of subsets. categories
one component and can occur with or A’ = not A A A A’
without replacement . A B B 7 3 10
5 7 3
e.g. a bag contains 2 blue counters A ∪ B means A or B; A B 6 B’ 5 6 11
and 1 green, 2 are selected at random. the union of A and B Venn diagram 12 9 21
(I) Table with replacement. A ∩ B means A and B; A B i.e. 6 in neither category, 7 in both
pick 1 the intersection of A and B categories
b b g A only is the elements in B A 12 4
Pr(A) = =
b (b, b) (b, b) (g, b) Sample A but not in B 21 7
pick 2 b (b, b) (b, b) (g, b) space n(A) is the number of elements in A Pr(B only) = 21 = 17
3
g (b, g) (b, g) (g, g) of 9 Ø is the empty or null set

outcomes e.g. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
Pr(2 of same colour) = 5 A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}
9
(II) Tree without replacement A ∩ B = {2, 4} n(B) = 4
B only = {6, 8}
Pick 1 Pick 2 3 ∈ A means 3 is an element of A Probability review
b bb
b The sample space is the list of all
g bg
b bb 6 possible outcomes of an experiment.
b For all possible outcomes:
g bg outcomes
b gb Pr(event) =
g
b gb number of favourable outcomes
total number of outcomes
e.g. roll a normal six-sided die
Pr(2 of same colour) = 2 = 1
6 3 Pr(>4) = 26 = 13
Probability and
0 ≤ Pr(event) ≤ 1
statistics Pr(not A) = 1 – Pr(A)
Experimental probability Stem-and-leaf plots

Grouped data
This is calculated from results of These display all the data
Data values can be grouped into class
experiment or survey. values using a stem and a leaf.
intervals, e.g. 0–4, 5–9, etc. and recorded
Experimental = number of times event occurs An ordered back-to-back
total number of trials in a frequency table.
probability stem-and-leaf plot.
The frequency or percentage frequency
Expected number = probability × number Leaf Stem Leaf of each interval can be recorded in a
of occurrences of trials 9872 1 03 histogram.
symmetrical
7433 2 224 e.g.

skewed
521 3 3 6 78
30
Frequency
7 4 459
0 5 0 20
3⏐5 means 35 10
key
0 5 10 15 20
Summarising data: Measures of centre
Intervals
Mode is the most common value (there
can be more than one). Two modes
means data is bimodal. Measures of spread
Mean = average Range = maximum value – minimum value
sum of all values
= number Interquartile = upper quartile – lower quartile
of values
range (IQR) (Q3) (Q1)
Median is the middle value of data that is IQR is the range of the middle 50% of data.
ordered. e.g. Finding Q1 and Q3. First, locate
odd data set even data set median (Q2) then find middle values of Box plots (Ext)
2 4 7 10 12 2 4 6 10 15 18 upper and lower half. 25%
Q Q Q3
median min value 1 2 max value
8 1 2 5 6 7 9 10 12 12 15 25%
e.g. 25% 25%
median Q1 Q2 = 8 Q3
Scale
An outlier is a value that is not in the For odd number of values exclude median
vicinity of the rest of the data. from each half. 25% of data is in each of the four sections.
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10
Introduction
to quadratic
equations
Chapter and graphs
What Australian
10A Quadratic equations NUMBER AND ALGEBRA
(Extending) Linear and non-linear relationships
10B Solving ax 2 + bx = 0 and Sketch simple non-linear relations with and without the use of
x 2 = d (Extending) digital technologies
10C Solving x 2 + bx + c = 0
(Extending)
10D Applications of quadratic
equations (Extending)
10E The parabola
10F Sketching y = ax 2 with
dilations and reflections
10G Sketching y = x 2 with
translations
10H Sketching parabolas using
intercept form (Extending)
Online
resources
examples
courses
CSIRO Parkes Observatory

The CSIRO Parkes Observatory quadratic equation. The parabolic
in New South Wales is home shape guarantees that all the radio
to the Parkes Radio Telescope, and microwave signals bounce off
which is famous for providing the the dish surface and are reflected to
first pictures to the world of the the receiver, which sits at a special
Apollo 11 moonwalk in 1969. The point (called the focus) above the
telescope’s gigantic dish has a dish.
diameter of 64 metres and receives The Parkes Radio Telescope
radio and microwave signals from is still in use today as part of the
outer space. Australia Telescope National Facility.
The shape of the dish is
parabolic, meaning that its
curvature can be described by a
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turning point (h, k)
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e.g. y = 2(x + 1)2 + 3
y = (x − h)2 h > 0, graph shifts h units right
TP: (−1, 3)
h < 0, graph shift h units left
y-int: x = 0, y = 2(0 + 1)2 + 3
= 2(1)2 + 3 y y = x2 + 2
e.g.
=5
y = (x − 3)2
2
x
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Basic form y = x 2
Dilation and reflection
y = ax 2
Turning point form Introduction to a < 0, graph is reflected in x-axis
y = a(x − h)2 + k y = −x 2
x = h (axis of symmetry) quadratic equations
and graphs −1 < a < 1:
x-intercepts graph appears wider
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y-intercept 0, 1 or 2)
(h, k) a > 1 or a < −1:
minimum
graph appears narrower than
turning point
y = x 2 or y = −x 2
e.g. y = 3x 2 2
y=x
y = 12x 2
Sketching y = ax 2 + bx + c (Ext)
Find x- and y-intercepts and turning
point then sketch.
e.g. y = x 2 − 6x + 5 Solving quadratic equations (Ext)
y-int: x = 0, y = 02 − 6(0) + 5
Rewrite equation in standard form,
=5
i.e. ax2 + bx + c = 0
x-int: y = 0, 0 = x 2 − 6x + 5
Factorise
0 = (x − 1)(x – 5)
Apply Null Factor Law:
x − 1 = 0 or x − 5 = 0
If a ×b = 0, a = 0 or b = 0,
x = 1 or x = 5
Solve remaining equation
Turning point: halfway between the
e.g. x2 + 5x = 0
x-intercepts: y x(x + 5) = 0
1+5
x= 2 =3 5 x = 0 or x + 5 = 0
Applications (Ext) x = 0 or x = −5
substitute x = 3 into rule
Define variable. e.g. x 2 − 12 = 4x
y = 32 − 6(3) + 5
x Set up equation. x2 − 4x − 12 = 0
= −4 O 1 5 Solve using NuII Factor Law. (x − 6)(x + 2) = 0
(3, −4) minimum
Check answer makes sense. x − 6 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
turning point (3, −4) Answer the question in words. x = 6 or x = −2
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C XIFO UIF DPNNPO GBDUPS EJWJEFT FWFOMZ JOUP UIF 3)4 B Y = C Y=
D .FUIPE B EPOU IBWF UP EFBM XJUI OFHBUJWFT
B B = C + D C B=D−C 'JOBM TUFQ JO NFUIPE B EJWJEF CPUI TJEFT CZ B QPTJUJWF OVNCFS

'JOBM TUFQ JO NFUIPE C EJWJEF CPUI TJEFT CZ B OFHBUJWF OVNCFS
D B = D − E E B = D(C + E)
C E
B Y = C Y=
B−C B−C
F B = − DE G B= C H B = D( − E)
C D C D
D Y= E Y=− PS
B − C B − C C − B
I B = E(C − ) J B = DE − C
D
F Y = −D G Y=C H Y = E + CE + D
B−C
K B = C + DE L B = CF + D
E
I Y = − BC + CD PS BC + CD
B−C+ C−B−
M B = E − FG
D
&YFSDJTF '
&YFSDJTF &
B Y − = Y − C (Y + ) =
B Y − C D Y − E − Y
D (Y − ) = E Y = Y +
F Y − G − Y
F Y − = Y +
B Y + = C + Y − = B -FU F CF UIF OVNCFS PG HPBMT GPS &NNB
D Y + = − E Y − = C F+ D F + F + = E F =
B C − D E F &NNB TDPSFE HPBMT -FPOJF TDPSFE HPBMT
B -FU X CF UIF XJEUI JO DFOUJNFUSFT C MFOHUI = X
F − G H I − D X + (X) = E X =

F MFOHUI = DN XJEUI = DN
J − K L M

N O P −

Y + = EBZT C
x
Y + Y + = LN LN −1 0 1 2
"OTXFST
Y + Y + = D
x
1 2 3 4 5
LN E
x
" # $ −4 −3 −2 −1 0
ýDUJPO OPOýDUJPO CPPLT
F
* BN ZFBST PME x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2
&SJD JT ZST PME OPX
G
'JSTU MFH = LN 4FDPOE MFH = LN 5IJSE MFH = LN x
'PVSUI MFH = LN −10 −9 −8 −7 −6
IPVST H
x
QN −1 0 1 2 3
3FDUBOHMF - = N 8 = N 5SJBOHMF TJEF = N I
x
B −2 −1 0 1 2
C J Y Y + Y + JJ
J
D J Y Y + Y + JJ x
0 1 2 3 4
E J Y Y + Y + JJ
B 5 = Y + C D 3 = Y K
x
E Y = F 2 3 4 5 6
L
x
LN −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
"OOB )FOSZ $IMPF UXJOT M
x
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2
1SPHSFTT RVJ[ B Y< C C> D Z> E N − H Y ≥ I Z ≥ −
√
E (N − O) PS (O − N) F Y + J N< K B ≥ L Y< M Y>

B C − D E −

B Y< C O ≤ − D Y ≥ E B≥

B BC C −Q R D L E −Z F Y ≥ − G Y ≥ H Y < − I U ≤ −
N
B YZ + C + LN D YZ − Y + Z J N > −

E B C + BC + C
B Y ≤ C Y ≤ − D Y ≤ E Y − G Y ≥ −

B Y= C B = D Q = −
B Y< C B < − D Y ≤ − E Y <

E Y = − F U = G L=
F Z < − G Y < −

H Y = − I L =
B Y ≥ C U > − D Z ≤ E B C − < D − < − Y = PS Y = PS Y =
E > −
LN
B
x B J −. FUD
0 1 2 3
JJ OVNCFST NVTU CF MFTT UIBO

C J −, − FUD B B = 1 C B = − C D B = − C

JJ OVNCFST NVTU CF HSFBUFS UIBO −
"OTXFST
&
D J Y −B E B = − C F B= D − C

'
B Y < C Y<
G B = "
D 3FWFSTF JOFRVBMJUZ TJHO XIFO EJWJEJOH CZ B OFHBUJWF OVNCFS è
B C D
B Y < − C Y ≥ − D Y > E Y ≤

F Y > G Y≥
&YFSDJTF *

B Z= C Y = − D Y =
B Y > C − D C Y≥C−B B " C $
B
B ZFT C OP D OP E ZFT
D Y ≤ B(C + D) E Y ≤ BD F Y < DE − C
C B B Y = , Z = C Y = , Z =
G Y ≥ C − DE H Y< D−C D Y = ,Z = E Y = −, Z = −
B
F Y = , Z = G Y = −, Z =
I Y > C − DE J Y<C−D
B B
B Y = , Z = C Y = −, Z =
K Y≤ C+D L Y<C+ D Y = , Z = E Y = , Z =
−B C−B
F Y = , Z = G Y = , Z = −
M Y≤ D−C H Y = −, Z = − I Y = −, Z =
C−B
J Y = , Z = −
&YFSDJTF ) B Y = , Z = C Y = , Z =
B " C % D . E " D Y = , Z = E Y = , Z = −
F Y = , Z = G Y = −, Z =
B C D E
F G H I
J K UPOOFT UPOOFT
B C D E XJEUI = DN MFOHUI = DN
F G H
Y − (Y − ) = Y − Y + UP BWPJE TJHO FSSPS VTF CSBDLFUT
B S= " C S = *
èI 1U XIFO TVCTUJUVUJOH
D O= Q −Y E Y = DE − B B Y = , Z = C Y = −,Z =
N C
%
7 √ D Y = −, Z = −
F S= G W = 13
èI C , Z = C
B Y =
4 − è S √ B+C B+C
H I= I Q = −R ± "
è S C ,Z =
è M C Y=
B+ B+
J H= K " = ($ − #)
5
B LNI D Y = B − C,Z = B + C

C J E = TU JJ LN
B J ◦ ' JJ .◦ ' E Y = B − BC , Z = B − BC − B
B−C B−C

C $ = (' − )
F Y = B , Z = BC + B
B−C B−C
D J −◦ $ JJ .◦ $
G Y = B + BC − C, Z = B + BC
B NT C T B−C B−C
B EFDSFBTF C - D IPVST NJOVUFT
E IPVST NJOVUFT
&YFSDJTF +
B − C + D + E −
B %= D C E = F D % = ..

B J TVCUSBDUJPO JJ BEEJUJPO JJJ TVCUSBDUJPO
E 7 = .1 F $ = + U G E = − U C J BEEJUJPO JJ TVCUSBDUJPO JJJ BEEJUJPO
H $=D B Y = , Z = C Y = , Z =
C
D Y = , Z = E Y = , Z =
F Y = , Z = G Y = , Z = −

B Y = , Z = C Y = , Z = − &YFSDJTF ,
D Y = −, Z =
"OTXFST
B Y + Z = , Y − Z =
B Y = −, Z = − C Y = , Z = C Y = , Z =
D Y = , Z = D 0OF OVNCFS JT UIF PUIFS OVNCFS JT
B Y = −, Z = C Y = , Z = B M = X + , M + X =
D Y = , Z = E Y = −, Z = C M = ., X = .
F Y = , Z = − G Y = , Z = D MFOHUI = DN XJEUI = DN
H Y = , Z = − I Y = −, Z = − B M = X, M + X =
J Y = −, Z = − C M = , X =
D MFOHUI = N XJEUI = N
B Y = , Z = − C Y = , Z = −
B -FU N CF UIF DPTU PG NJML
D Y = , Z = E Y = , Z =
-FU D CF UIF DPTU PG DIJQT
F Y = −, Z = G Y = , Z = −
C N + D = , N + D = D N = , D =
H Y = , Z = − I Y = −, Z = −
E CPUUMF PG NJML DPTUT BOE B CBH PG DIJQT
J Y = , Z = K Y = −, Z = −
B -FU H CF UIF DPTU PG MJQ HMPTT
L Y = −, Z = M Y = −, Z = −
-FU F CF UIF DPTU PG FZF TIBEPX
BOE C H + F = , H + F = D H = , F =
E MJQ HMPTT FZF TIBEPX
DSJDLFU CBMM UFOOJT CBMM
- = . N 8 = . N
CVDLFUT PG DIJQT IPU EPHT
NPCJMF QIPOFT J1BET BEVMUT DIJMESFO
B Y = , Z = QPUBUPFT IB DPSO IB
C Y = , Z = ýWFDFOU BOE UXFOUZDFOU
D .FUIPE C
JT QSFGFSBCMF BT JU BWPJET UIF VTF PG B OFHBUJWF .JDIBFM JT ZFBST PME OPX
DPFGýDJFOU +FOOZ ,SJTUZ
BEVMU UJDLFUT BOE DIJME UJDLFUT
3FBSSBOHF POF FRVBUJPO UP NBLF Y PS Z UIF TVCKFDU
IPVST
B Y = , Z = C Y = −, Z = −
KPHHJOH LNI DZDMJOH LNI
B OP TPMVUJPO C OP TPMVUJPO B .BMDPMN JT ZFBST PME
C 5IF TFDPOE EJHJU PG .BMDPMNT BHF JT NPSF UIBO
B Y = B + C , Z = B − C
UIF ýSTU EJHJU D PS
C Y = C ,Z = −C D Y = − B , Z = − B 0SJHJOBM OVNCFS JT
B C
"OZ UXPEJHJU OVNCFS UIBU IBT UIF ýSTU EJHJU NPSF UIBO UIF
E Y = , Z = C F Y = ,Z = C TFDPOE FH PS FUD
B
G Y = −,Z = H Y = C , Z = C 1SPCMFNT BOE DIBMMFOHFT

B B
X
I Y = C , Z = − C J Y = , Z = C B Y= L+ C ,=B−C D B=
B B X−B Z − LN
K Y = −D,Z = D L Y = C − ,Z = − B
B BC − BC −
M Y = , Z = N Y = D − CE , Z = D + E
B(C + ) C+
B J > JJ < JJJ > JW <
O Y = B + C , Z = B C D C B E
B−C B−C
Y = Z = − [ =
P Y= C , Z = C − B
B + C B + C B Y = BC C Y = PS
B−C
Q Y=− C , Z = CD − B
B − CD B − CD
D Y=− E Y = PS
D+G DE − BG
R Y= ,Z =
B+E C(B + E)
D−G BG − DE
S Y= ,Z =
B−E C(B − E)

.VMUJQMFDIPJDF RVFTUJPOT &YUFOEFESFTQPOTF RVFTUJPOT
"OTXFST
$ % % $ # B < C ≤ C C = " − B
I
" " & # "
# % D N E I = " F N
B+C
B QFS SJEF
C J -FU D CF UIF DPTU PG B CVDLFU PG DIJQT
B N C (Y + Z) D N E O− -FU E CF UIF DPTU PG B ESJOL

JJ E + D = E + D =
B − C D E
JJJ E = D =
B NO C YZ D C E − C
JW $IJQT DPTU QFS CVDLFU BOE ESJOLT DPTU FBDI
F NO + N − G Q + R
B Y + C −Y − D Y − Y
E −B + B F − Y G Y −
B Y= C Y = D Y =
E Y=
$IBQUFS
F Y= G Y = − H Y = − I Y =

&YFSDJTF "
B O + = O = C M − = , M = √
B C D
B D = B + C C Y = Z + [
D Y − = , Y =
D K = L + M
B Y= C Y = D Y= E Y = − B C D E F

G H I
F Y= G Y=
B D = C D = D D = E D =

F D = G D = H D = I D =
B x J D =
−1 0 1 2
B C D E
C
x F G
4 5 6 7 8 9 √ √ √ √
B C D E
√ √
D x F G
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 B NN C NN D NN
E E DN F N
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 G N
B N C N D DN E N
F x F NN G DN
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
N
G
x N
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 N
B Y < C N > − D Z ≥ − E Y < N
F B> G Y≥ N
O TBMFT
≥ B C PS
B & = C B = D I =
%
" 1 N
B Y = W − V C θ= D *=
B S 3 B OP C OP D ZFT E OP
F ZFT G ZFT
E B = 4 − M = 4 − OM
O O B DN C DN D ZFT
B DN C N D SFEVDF JT CZ DN
B Y = Z = C Y = − , Z = −
E DN
D Y = Z = E Y = Z = DN DN
F Y = − Z = − G Y = , Z =
TIPX CBHT SJEFT

&YFSDJTF # DN

B √ C +√ D
"OTXFST
B C D E F
G H I B LN C LN D LN
B DN
B 5 C ' D ' E 5 F 5
C J DN JJ DN JJJ DN
G '
D "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ
B C D E E "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ
F G
B C D E &YFSDJTF %
F G B ZFT C ZFT D OP E ZFT
B DN C DN D DN F ZFT G OP H ZFT I OP
E LN F DN G NN J ZFT
%
√ B C D
B =√ C
% B C D
B DN C NN D N
D =√ = √ √
B DN C DN
√ √ √
B C D B DN C DN
N
N
DN
N √
:
√
DN B J DN JJ DN
√
C J DN JJ DN
N √ √
% % B C D
√
B =√ C D E F 3PVOEJOH FSSPST IBWF BDDVNVMBUFE

% % B J N JJ N JJJ N JW N

B , C √ ,√ C 4IPSUFTU JT N

D √ ,√
&YFSDJTF &
√
B UIF TJEF D C D OP D JT FOPVHI B IZQPUFOVTF C PQQPTJUF D BEKBDFOU
E FSSPS EVF UP SPVOEJOH Y XPVME OPU CF FYBDU E PQQPTJUF F IZQPUFOVTF G BEKBDFOU
√ √ √
B J JJ JJJ B C
C 0# 0$ 0% θ
D EJGGFS CZ UIF TNBMM EJGGFSFODF JT UIF SFTVMU PG SPVOEJOH H O
A H
FSSPST
θ
E "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ
A
O
&YFSDJTF $ D O E
B $ ** C " *** D # * O
N
A H H
N
A θ
NN
θ
N
B N C DN D N E N A
N F G O
B C C DN O A
θ
1 H
H A
A B θ
4
B N C N

H I D J JJ TJO θ = =
A
O q
"OTXFST
θ A
H DPT θ = =
H
O UBO θ = =

B C D E F
E J JJ TJO θ = =

B TJO θ = C UBO θ =

DPT θ = =
D DPT θ = E TJO θ =

UBO θ = =
F UBO θ = G DPT θ = Y
Z
B
H UBO θ = I DPT θ = B
C
Z 15 17
J UBO θ =
Y
B J JJ JJJ UIF TBNF q

C D TJO θ = , DPT θ = , UBO θ =
C J JJ JJJ UIF TBNF
√ √

B J JJ JJJ √ JW
D J JJ JJJ UIF TBNF

√
W WJ
B TJOθ = DPT θ = UBO θ =

C J UIFZ BSF FRVBM JJ UIFZ BSF FRVBM
C TJO θ = DPT θ = UBO θ = B BOTXFST NBZ WBSZ

C J JJ JJJ JW
D TJO θ = DPT θ = UBO θ = W WJ
D TJO ◦ = DPT ◦ TJO ◦ = DPT ◦
B C D E UBO ◦ = ◦ UBO ◦ = ◦
UBO UBO
B ZFT BOZ JTPTDFMFT SJHIUBOHMFE USJBOHMF
F G
C OP BT JU XPVME SFRVJSF UIF IZQPUFOVTF UIF MPOHFTU TJEF
UP
FRVBM UIF PQQPTJUF

D OP BEKBDFOU TJEF DBOU CF [FSP
B C D E OP BT UIF OVNFSBUPS < EFOPNJOBUPS GPS TJO BOE DPT BT UIF

IZQPUFOVTF JT UIF MPOHFTU TJEF
B J JJ TJO θ = B TJO θ = UBO θ =

√

DPT θ = C J DPT θ = UBO θ = √

√ √

UBO θ = JJ UBO θ = TJO θ =

JJJ TJO θ = √ DPT θ = √
C J JJ TJO θ =
D FRVBMT POF
E (TJO θ) + (DPT θ) = UIF 1ZUIBHPSFBO JEFOUJUZ
DPT θ =

UBO θ = &YFSDJTF '

B " C 0 D )
B TJO C UBO D DPT
B C D E
F G H I

B C D E D FRVBM UP UBO ◦
F G H I E J C JJ B JJJ C JW C
"OTXFST
D D B B
J
F TBNF BT UBO θ
B C D E
F G H I
1SPHSFTT RVJ[
J K L M
N O P Q B C
√ √
N B C
N DN
N B DN C DN
B N C DN B "$ C #$ D E

B ◦ C D B C D
E 5IFZ BSF UIF TBNF BT CPUI BSF TVJUBCMF NFUIPET GPS ýOEJOH Y B C D
B J ◦ JJ ◦ JJJ ◦ JW ◦ N
C J CPUI JJ CPUI B DN C DN
JJJ CPUI JW CPUI
D TJO θ ◦ = DPT (◦ − θ◦
&YFSDJTF )
E J ◦ JJ ◦ JJJ ◦ JW ◦
√
B B C D E
F G
C J √ JJ √ JJJ
√
D B C ◦ D ◦ = UBO − ()
√ √

E J JJ JJJ √ JW B ◦ C ◦ D ◦ E ◦

√ F ◦ G ◦ H ◦ I ◦
W WJ J ◦

B TJOF C TJOF D DPTJOF E UBO
&YFSDJTF ( B ◦ C ◦ D ◦ E ◦
F ◦ G ◦ H ◦ I ◦
B Y= C Y= D Y= E Y=
J ◦ K ◦ L ◦ M ◦
F Y= G Y= H Y = . I Y = .
B .◦ C .◦ D .◦ E .◦
B C D E
F .◦ G .◦ H .◦ I .◦
F G H I
J .◦
J
B ◦ C ◦ D ◦ E ◦
B C D E
F ◦ G ◦ H ◦ I ◦
F G H I
◦
J K L M
.◦
B Y = . Z = . C B = . C = .
.◦
D B = . C = . E Y = . Z = .
.◦
F Y = . Z = . G Y = . Z = .
B .◦ C .◦ D .◦
H N = . O = . I Y = . Z = .
B ◦ ◦ ◦ C ◦ ◦ ◦
N
D ◦ ◦ ◦
N
◦
B N C N
∠"$. = .◦ ∠"$# = .◦ OP JU JT OPU IBMG
B # BT TUVEFOU # EJE OPU VTF BO BQQSPYJNBUJPO JO UIFJS
B ◦ C ◦ D ◦ E N
XPSLJOH PVU
F VQ UP ◦
C 6TF ZPVS DBMDVMBUPS BOE EP OPU SPVOE TJO ◦ EVSJOH
XPSLJOH
D J EJGGFSFODF PG JJ EJGGFSFODF PG
&YFSDJTF *
B J JJ B = C =
C J JJ JJJ B ◦ C ◦

B J B JJ B B LN C ◦ 5
α
LN
"OTXFST
LN
q LN
A A
B ◦ + B◦ C B◦ − ◦
C ZFT θ = α BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT BSF FRVBM PO QBSBMMFM MJOFT
B ◦ 5 C ◦ 5 D ◦ 5 E ◦ 5
N
F ◦ 5
N
B LN C LN D LN
N
B J LN JJ LN
N
C LN
N
D J LN JJ NJO
◦
◦
◦ 1SPCMFNT BOE DIBMMFOHFT
√
ZFT CZ N 1=+
B ◦ C N N
NN DN
◦ NN ◦ 5
N SPVOE QFH TRVBSF IPMF
B N ◦ 5
C .◦ B J JJ
D J N=I+Z JJ Z = Y UBO θ C N + O
JJJ N = I + Y UBO θ
" = B UBO θ .VMUJQMFDIPJDF RVFTUJPOT

B J LN JJ LN " # " $ #
C OP TJO ( × θ) < × TJO θ $ % $ " #
" #
D ZFT TJO θ > TJO θ

B ZFT C LN 4IPSUBOTXFS RVFTUJPOT
D OP BGUFS NJOT XJMM CF BCPWF LN √ √
B C D
E LNI PS NPSF
N
B N C LNI
B DN C DN
N
&YFSDJTF + B N C Y = . I = .
B ◦ C ◦ D ◦ E ◦ B C D
F ◦ G ◦ H ◦ I ◦ B C D
B ◦ C ◦ D ◦ E ◦ N
B J ◦ 5 JJ ◦ 5 N
C J ◦ 5 JJ ◦ 5 B LN C LN
D J ◦ 5 JJ ◦ 5 N
E J ◦ 5 JJ ◦ 5 .◦
F J ◦ 5 JJ ◦ 5 N
G J ◦ 5 JJ ◦ 5 N
H J ◦ 5 JJ ◦ 5 B LN C LN
I J ◦ 5 JJ ◦ 5
J J ◦ 5 JJ ◦ 5
LN
LN
LN
LN
B LN C ◦ 5

&YUFOEFESFTQPOTF RVFTUJPOT G Y − − −
Z
"OTXFST
B N − − −
C N E Z = Y − F Z = −Y + G Z = −Y
D J N JJ ZFT
y
B C N
12° 5 d
f
4
100 m 3
2
12° 1
x
D ◦ E N O
−2 −1−1 1 2 3 4
B LN C LN e
−2
−3
$IBQUFS B , C −, D , E −,

F , G , − H −, I −, −
&YFSDJTF " B ZFT C OP D ZFT E ZFT
F OP G OP
B "
#
$
% (−, ) B OP C ZFT D OP E OP
& (−, ) ' (−, ) ( (−, −) F ZFT G OP
) (−, −) * (, −) + (, −) B Z=Y+ C Z = Y D Z = Y +
, (, −) -
E Z = −Y +
C J ' - JJ $ *
B Z = −Y + C Z = −Y −
D J % & JJ + ,
B C − D − E − D Z=Y− E Z = Y +
B C − D E F Z = Y − G Z = Y −

B Y − − − " D # E $ C % B
Z − − − − B 'BMTF C 5SVF D 5SVF E 'BMTF
C Y − − − B 'PS HSBQI UP NPWF EPXO GSPN
JU NPWFT BDSPTT

Z
C 'PS HSBQI UP NPWF VQ GSPN , −
JU NPWFT BDSPTT
D
Y − − −
B ZFT C OP D OP E ZFT
Z − − − −
B Z = Y + C Z = −Y +
B Z=Y− C Z=Y+ D Z = − Y − D Z = −Y − E Z = −Y +
y F Z = Y + G Z = −Y −

c b
6
a
4 &YFSDJTF #
2
B Z=Y+ C Z = Y −
x
O
−6 −4 −2
−2 2 4 6 y
−4 a
3
−6
2
b
E 1
Y − − −
x
Z − − − − − −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3
F Y − − − −2
Z −3

D Z = Y E Z = −Y + L y M y
y
"OTXFST
c
3 2 3
2 x x
O −21 O
1 −5
x
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3
d
−2 B y C y
−3
3
B J JJ JJJ − JW − 2
W − WJ
x x
C J JJ JJJ JW O −1 O
−1
W WJ −
B C − D E −
D y E y
B C − D E
B y C y
x x
O −6 O
5
2 5 −6
−5
x
O 2 x
O 5 F y G y
D y E y
x x
−1
O −2 O
x 2 −6
O 3 −2
x
−3 −2 O
H y I y
F y G y 4
x
x O 1.5
4 x O 2
O −3
3
x −9
O 2 J y
H y I y 1
x
3 O
1
x
O 2
x
O B C
−4 2 y y
4
J y K y
x
O 5
12 x
O 8 −3
x
O 2 x D y E y
−3 −4 O
x
O 2
3
x
O 4
−6

F y G y &YFSDJTF $
"OTXFST
4 B C − D
2 B C − D E
x O
x B C D − E −.
−3 O −10
B y C y
H y I y
5
x x x
O O 2 O 5
2
x
−4 −2.5 0
D y
J y
0.5 4
x
−2 x
O
B N C TFDPOET D d E y
8
1
x
O
t
O 4
F y G y
B N C T
B , − C −, −
x
−3 x
D , − E − , − −2 O

F , − G ,−

H y
B y C y
3
2 x
x x O
O 2 O 8 −1
D y I y
1
2
x
x O
O 1
2
−3

JT UIF Y BOE ZJOUFSDFQU GPS BMM WBMVFT PG B BOE C
B Y + Z = C Y+Z= B C
y y
D Y−Z= E Y − Z = −
F Y+Z=L G Y + Z = −L 5 (1, 5)
2
B D , D C − DC , D D D,−D E −D,D (1, 2)
B C B B C C B x
x O 1
O
F −D,D G CD , CD 1
C B B B

D y E y D y E y
x = − 12
"OTXFST
4
(1, 4) 0.6 y = 0.6
1 (1, 1)
x x
x x − 12 O O
O 1 O 1
F y G y F y G y
y = −3x 5
x x (1, 5)
O 1 O x
1 O 1 y = 5x
−4 (1, −4) x
(1, −3) O
1
−3 (1, −3) −3
H y I y
H y I y
4 (1, 4) y = − 7x
5
x x y = 4x x
O O O 1
1 −1 1 (1, −1) x
O 1 (1, − 7 )
(1, −2) −2 5
−2
Y = − Z = − Z = Y
yh
g e k B (C, D) C N=D
4 l C
i3 N =

2 c
1 &YFSDJTF %
j x
O
−4 −3 −2 −1
a −1
1 2 3 4 B C D E −

−2 f
−3 F − G −
b
−4 B [FSP C OFHBUJWF D QPTJUJWF E VOEFýOFE
i d
B Z = − C Z = D Y = − E Y = B QPTJUJWF C QPTJUJWF
F Z = . G Y = −. D [FSP E [FSP F OFHBUJWF −

B Z= C Y= D Y = − E Z =
B Z = C Z = − G OFHBUJWF − H VOEFýOFE I VOEFýOFE

B (, ) C (−, ) D (, −) E (, )
J QPTJUJWF K QPTJUJWF
F (, ) G (, ) H (, −) I (, )
J (, ) L QPTJUJWF M OFHBUJWF −
B " = TRVBSF VOJUT C " = TRVBSF VOJUT B C D − E F

B J Z = PS Z = − JJ Z = PS Z = −
JJJ Z = PS Z = − G − H − I J

C J Z = PS Z = − JJ Z = PS Z = − K − L M

JJJ Z = PS Z = −

B Z = Y C Z = −Y D Z = Y E Z = −Y " # − $ % & − '

B Z = Y C Z = Y D Z = −Y E Z = −Y
B C y B − C D − E
y
y=8 x=−5
8 B C − D E −
x
−5 O
N
x
O
" # − $ − %
& −. '

= , = IFODF > TP JT TUFFQFS B LNI C DNT D DNNJO

E NNNJO
"OTXFST
B SVO = Y − Y
B - C - D LN
C SJTF = Z − Z
4BMMZ
D N = Z − Z -FPQBSE
Y − Y
NPOUIT
E J N= JJ N = JJJ N = − JW N = B J JJ è JJJ è

F ZFT UIF SJTF BOE UIF SVO XPSL PVU SFHBSEMFTT C C
B J − JJ − 12π
C 10π
D J JJ JJJ JW 8π

6π
4π
&YFSDJTF & 2π
B J LN JJ LN JJJ LN r
O 1 2 3 4 5 6
C LNI D HSBEJFOU JT è UIF DPFGýDJFOU PG S
D /P " = èS TP BSFB "
JT QSPQPSUJPOBM UP TRVBSF PG SBEJVT
E UIFZ BSF UIF TBNF S

B NN B " = I
C J EBZT JJ EBZT C DN JODSFBTF GPS FBDI DN JODSFBTF JO IFJHIU
D
U :FT GPS BOZ ýYFE UJNF FH U = T = E

I NJOVUFT PS TFDPOET
E h LN

20
15 &YFSDJTF '
10
5 B Z = Y + C Z = Y −
0 t D Z = −Y + E Z = −Y −
F Z = − Y − G Z = −Y +
0 1 2 3 4
F
B -IPVS B C − D − E − F
C V G
B Z=Y+ C Z = −Y +
300
200 D Z = Y +
100 B HSBEJFOU = ZJOUFSDFQU = −
0 t C HSBEJFOU = − ZJOUFSDFQU = −
0 1 2 3 D HSBEJFOU = − ZJOUFSDFQU =
D J JJ 7 = U
E HSBEJFOU = ZJOUFSDFQU =
E J 7 = - JJ U = IPVST
B LNI F HSBEJFOU = − ZJOUFSDFQU =
C d G HSBEJFOU = ZJOUFSDFQU =
H HSBEJFOU = ZJOUFSDFQU =
100
I HSBEJFOU = −. ZJOUFSDFQU =
80
B Z = −Y + C Z = Y −
60
D Z = −Y + E Z=Y+
40
20 F Y − Z = G Y + Z =
0 t H Y − Z = I Y − Z = −
0 1 2 3 4
D J JJ E = U
E J LN JJ IPVST PS I NJO
B E = U C H = U D $ = .O
E 1 = U

B , − y G y

"OTXFST
(2, 4)
1
x x
O O
(1, −1) 1
−2
H − y
C , − y
(1, 1)
x x
O
O
−1
(3, −4)
D y
I − y

(2, 2)
( 3, 4 23 )
1
x
O
x
O
− 13
B − y
E − y

4
(1, 3)
2
(2, 1)
x x
O O
1
C , − y
F − y
x
3 O
(1, 5)
−6
x
O
1
D − y

3 (2, 2)
x
O

E , − y J , − y

"OTXFST
x x
O 4
−3
−4 (2, −3)
F , − y K − y

x x
O O
3
(4, −1)
−2
G − y L y

4
(5, 1)
x x
O O
3
H M y
y
4
3
(3, 73 ) (2, 1)
x x
O O
J E JJ G JJJ D JW C W F
I − y WJ B

B y
2
x
O 3
x
O 2
−5

C y H y
"OTXFST
6
2
x x
O O
3
D y B OP C OP D ZFT E OP
D E G I
B Z = Y + ZJOUFSDFQU JT
C FYQBOE CSBDLFUT BOE TJNQMJGZ
x Z = L
O
(1, −1) Z = − B Y + E , N = − B , D = E
C C C C
B Z = Y + C Z = −Y +
D Z = Y + E Z = −Y −

E y
&YFSDJTF (
5 (1, 4)
B Z = Y + C Z = Y −
x D Z = −Y + E Z = −Y −

O
B C D E F
G
B Z=Y+ C Z=Y+
F y D Z = −Y − E Z = Y −
F Z = Y + G Z = −Y +
B Z = Y + C Z = −Y +

O
x D Z = −Y + E Z = Y +
−1 2
F Z = Y G Z = −Y −

B Z = Y + C Z = −Y −
G y D Z = −Y + E Z=Y−
F Z = −Y + G Z = Y −
(4, 3)
H Z = −Y + I Z = −Y +
J Z = −Y + K Z = −Y −
x
O B J JJ Z = Y +
C J − JJ Z = −Y +
D J − JJ Z = −Y +
E J JJ Z = Y −
H y
Y =
8
,−
(1, 4)
7 = −U + 7 = - JOJUJBMMZ
x
O B Z = Y C Z = .Y +
B C D − E

B D = C D= B QPTJUJWF C VOEFýOFE D [FSP
D OP ZJOUFSDFQU JT ýYFE GPS BOZ HJWFO MJOF E OFHBUJWF −
"OTXFST

Z = C Y B N= C N = −
B
B -IPVS
B Z = Y C Z = −Y + D Z = Y +
C
E Z = −Y + F Z = Y + 6000

G Z = − Y −

1SPHSFTT RVJ[
Volume (litres)
B − C
B OPU PO MJOF C PO MJOF 3000
B y
0 21 3 4
x
O 2 Time (hours)
D J JJ 7 = U
E J - JJ IPVST
B Z = −Y + C Z − Y = −
B , −, y
C y
3 (1, 1)
x
x −2
−4
C −, y

y
(3, 1)
y=2
2 x
(1, 2)
x
O 4
y = 2x
x=4
B Z = Y + C Z = −Y −
D Z = Y −

&YFSDJTF ) B Z = −Y + C Z = Y +

"OTXFST
B C D E −
D Z = −Y + E Z=Y+

B C D −. E −.
Z = Z = Y + Z = −Y +
B C D
Z = Y − PS Z = Y +
B
C
D
E
F (−, ) G (−, −) H

B J − JJ − JJJ JW

I
J
K (−., −.)
L (−, −.) M (., −.) C −C
B
B C D E
B J − JJ
F G H I
J
C J JJ −

#(, ) "(−, ) "(−, )
B (−, ) C (, −) D
B Z = − Y + C Z = Y +

B C D Z = Y − E Z = −Y −

Y + Y Z + Z F Z = Y − G Z = −Y +
B Y = C Z=

D .(, −.)
&YFSDJTF +
B J Y − Y JJ Z − Z
& #
JJJ (Y − Y ) + (Z − Z )
B J JJ JJJ
C "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ
C " = + O
B B C D E

B 8 = Y +
C C W /PUF 5IJT HSBQI TIPVME

D J
JJ (−, −.) JJJ
SFBMMZ CF B TFSJFT PG QPJOUT
1200
CVU B GVMM MJOF TFHNFOU JT
E J (−, ) JJ (−, ) JJJ (., −.) 800 VTFE BT B HVJEF
JW (−., .) 400

x
O
&YFSDJTF * 40
D
B ZFT C ZFT D OP E ZFT E
F OP G ZFT B $ = O + C D
B − C − D E B $ = O +
C C /PUF 5IJT HSBQI TIPVME
B ZFT C OP D OP E ZFT SFBMMZ CF B TFSJFT PG QPJOUT
3000 CVU B GVMM MJOF TFHNFOU JT
B Z = Y + C Z = Y + 2500 VTFE BT B HVJEF
D Z = −Y + E Z = −Y − 2000
F Z = Y − G Z = −Y + 1500
1000
500
B Z = −Y + C Z = −Y +
n
O 100
D Z = Y − E Z=Y+ D

E
F Z = Y − G Z = −Y +
B $ = U +
B J Z= JJ Z = − JJJ Z = JW Z = −
C J Y= JJ Y = − JJJ Y = JW Y = −
D J Y= JJ Y = − JJJ Y = JW Y =
E J Z= JJ Z = − JJJ Z = JW Z =

C C D %7%T
C /PUF 5IJT HSBQI TIPVME
"OTXFST
1500
1000 12000 CVU B GVMM MJOF TFHNFOU JT
500 10000 VTFE BT B HVJEF
300 t 8000
O 10 (1200, 7200)
6000
E IPVST
4000
B ' = U + C NJOVUFT D NJOVUFT
2000
B 7 = − U C - n
0
D NJOVUFT PS IPVST NJOVUFT 0 1000 2000
E IPVST NJOVUFT PS NJOVUFT TFDPOET
B 1BSBMMFM MJOFT JF TBNF HSBEJFOU
V
B
C
D OP JOUFSTFDUJPO
1500 E OP JOUFSTFDUJPO F
G
B C −
B
C " = . VOJUT
t
O 30 B VOJUT C VOJUT D VOJUT
C 7 = − U
E VOJUT F VOJUT
D UIF OVNCFS PG MJUSFT ESBJOFE QFS NJOVUF

E - F NJOVUFT
B LNI
C SBUF DIBOHFT JF OFX HSBEJFOU = E = + U EBZT
B NT C − NT D N E TFD IPVST
F JODSFBTJOH BMUJUVEF BU SBUF PG NT
EJBHPOBMT JOUFSTFDU BU UIFJS NJEQPJOU
B J $ = .O + JJ L = −. PS
C J 1 = .O − JJ JJJ MFOHUI "# = MFOHUI "$
B $ = Y + C D " = . TRVBSF VOJUT 1 = VOJUT
E F G 1 = Y −
H 5 = Y − I B #% : Z = −Y + "$ : Z = Y −

Y
C C = − Y = D VOJUT
&YFSDJTF , L = . PS −
B
C (−, ) D
B 5SVF C 'BMTF D 'BMTF E 5SVF .VMUJQMFDIPJDF RVFTUJPOT

B ZFT C ZFT D ZFT
$ % " $ &
B ZFT C ZFT D OP E OP
# # " % %
F ZFT G ZFT H OP I OP
B
C
D (, −) E
F
G
H
I
J
K (−, ) L (−, −) B −,
M
C −
B C/R /PUF 5IJT HSBQI TIPVME
5000 R CVU B GVMM MJOF TFHNFOU JT
4000 C VTFE BT B HVJEF
3000 (750, 3750)

2000
1000
n
O 1000
C

B y F y
"OTXFST
x x
O 2 O 4
−4
C y G y
9
1
22
x
O
−5
x H y
−3 O
D y
3.5
5 x
O
x
O 1
22
−7
I y
E y 2
4 x
−4 O
x
O 4

B LN B -IS
C IPVST C V
"OTXFST
D d V = 2000t
10 000
200 9000
8000
180
d = 175 − 70t 7000
160 6000
140 5000
120 4000
100 3000
2000
80
1000
60 t
O 1 2 3 4
40
D 7 = U
20
E IPVST
t
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 B (SBEJFOU = ZJOUFSDFQU =
B Z= y
C Z = −
8
D Y = − y = 2x + 3
7
y 6
5 5
(1, 5)
4 4
a 3
3
2 2
c 1
1
x x
O O
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4 5 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 4 5
−2
b C (SBEJFOU = − ZJOUFSDFQU =
−3
−4 y
−5 8
y = −3x + 7
E Y= 7
F Z = Y 6
G Z = −Y 5
4 (1, 4)
y
3
5 2
e d
4 1
3 x
2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4 5
1
x
O
–3 –2 –1–1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
–2
–3
–4 f
–5
B C − D − E F

G −

D (SBEJFOU = − ZJOUFSDFQU = &YUFOEFESFTQPOTF RVFTUJPOT

y
"OTXFST
B J IS
5 JJ C JJJ
4 (8, 400)
3 2x + 3y = 9 400
2 300
1 (3, 1)
200
x
−2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 100
−1 80
−2 n
0 8
−3 JW IPVST
−4 C J $ = + O
JJ C
E (SBEJFOU = ZJOUFSDFQU =

y 450 C2 = 65 + 45n
7 (2, 7) 400
6 350
5 300
4 C1 = 80 + 40n
250
3
200 (3, 200)
2y − 3x = 8 2
1 150
x 100
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1 1 2 3 4
50
−2
n
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
B Z = Y + C Z = −Y + D
D Z = Y − E "GUFS IPVST

B $ = W +
B Z= Y− C Z = −Y + C J JJ QFS WBTF
D WBTFT
D Z = Y − E Z = −Y +
B J . (, ) JJ .
C J . (., .) JJ
$IBQUFS
D J . (, ) JJ
E J . (−, .) JJ &YFSDJTF "
B O = C O = D O=
B NN C DN D DN E N
B Z = Y + C Z = −Y −
F N G LN
D Z = −Y − E Z = Y + DN DN

F Z = Y + B B = C = C B = C =
D B = C =
G Y + Z = PS Z = − Y +
B N C DN D NN E LN
B OP C ZFT
F N G DN
B
C (−, )
B DN C DN D DN E N
F DN G LN
B DN C N D DN
B NN C N D DN E NN
F LN G LN
B Y= C Y = D Y = E Y =
F Y= G Y =
N

B DN C N D DN B N
B Y = C Y = . D Y= C N
"OTXFST
DN D J JJ
B 1 = B + C C 1 = Y D 1 = B + C E N
E 1 = Y + Z F 1 = (B + C)
G 1 = Y
&YFSDJTF $
"MM WFSUJDBM TJEFT BEE UP DN BOE BMM IPSJ[POUBM TJEFT BEE UP
DN B C D E
B DN DN C DN DN F G
D DN DN E DN DN DN DN B SFDUBOHMF C DJSDMF D SIPNCVTLJUF
B J DN JJ DN JJJ DN E TFDUPS PG DJSDMF F USJBOHMF G USBQF[JVN
C 1 = ( + Y) ∴ 1 = Y + H QBSBMMFMPHSBN I TRVBSF J TFNJDJSDMF
D J DN JJ DN B C D E

E J Y = . JJ Y = .
F /P BT XJUI OP GSBNF UIF QJDUVSF IBT B QFSJNFUFS PG DN F G

B NN C DN D DN
&YFSDJTF # E N F N G LN

B DN C NN B N C DN D LN E N

B è C è D .è E + è F N G N
B NN C DN D DN E N
F + è G + è H + è I + è
F N G LN
J + è B DN C N D DN

E NN
F DN
G DN
B C D E B N C LN D DN

B N
C DND DN
F G
E N F N G N

B . ×
DN C NN
B N C DN D NN E LN
D N
B DN C N D DN E DN
N
F N G LN
LN
B N C DN D NN E N
N
B è C è D è E è

F è G è
%
B + è C + è D è + "
B S =
E + è F è + G è + è
N C J DN JJ N JJJ LN
N B J ◦ JJ ◦
DN C BT BOHMF XPVME CF HSFBUFS UIBO ◦ XIJDI JT OPU QPTTJCMF
B DN N JT UIF MBSHFTU BSFB QPTTJCMF JF GVMM DJSDMF
C J DN JJ DN B J N JJ N

D C N
D ZFT
B .è N C . + .è

D + è E + .è

F + è G + .è &YFSDJTF %
B S = $ B TFNJDJSDMF BOE SFDUBOHMF
è
C USJBOHMF BOE TFNJDJSDMF
C J DN JJ N
D SIPNCVT BOE QBSBMMFMPHSBN
D E=$
è
E DN

C Rectangular prism
B 1 = × + + × èS " = CI + èS
"OTXFST

= + + .è = × + × è × .

= + .è
= + .è
= . N
= . N
C 1 = + + + + " = MX − CI D Triangular prism

= DN
= ×− ××

= −
= DN
B N N C N N
D N N E N N
F N N G NN NN
B DN C DN D DN
E N F DN G DN E Square pyramid
B N C DN D N
E N F DN G N
B N N C NN NN
D DN DN E N N
F DN DN G N N
B DN C N D N E DN
F N G DN H NN
I DN J NN
N F Tetrahedron
DN (triangular pyramid)
B DN C N D N
DN
B + è C D − è

E è F . + .è G + è

DN
B IZQPUFOVTF EJBNFUFS
XPVME FRVBM OPU
G Pentagonal pyramid
C IZQPUFOVTF TMPQFE FEHF
TIPVME CF DN OPU DN
D IZQPUFOVTF EJBNFUFS
TIPVME CF OPU N
DN
B DN DN C DN
D DN
&YFSDJTF &
B 54" = × × + × × + × ×
B Cube
= + +
= N
C 54" = × × × + × + × + ×

= + + +
= DN
B DN C DN D N E DN
F N G N

B NN C DN D N G LN H N
B DN C DN I N J NN
"OTXFST
D N E N DN
F DN G DN DN
N B DN
N C J N JJ N
DN D
B N C - B è N C è DN D è N
B DN C DN )BMG DZMJOEFS JT NPSF UIBO IBMG TVSGBDF BSFB BT JU JODMVEFT OFX
B 10 cm2 C 16 cm2 SFDUBOHVMBS TVSGBDF
" # " #
B è + DN C è + DN

" #
D è
24 cm2 D + N

1SPHSFTT RVJ[
B < > B N C DN
C 4 = O + D "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ B $ = NN " = NN
B DN C N D DN E N C $ = DN " = DN
F DN G NN B DN C DN D è DN
DN
&YFSDJTF ' B 1 = N " = N
B C 1 = DN " = DN
4.1 N
B DN C DN D DN
B N C DN
11
26 &YFSDJTF (
B C
4.1 , 6 cm , 10 cm
D ,2m E
C , 5 mm
5
Radius
5
31.4 F , 14 cm G , 10 m
32
B TRVBSF C USJBOHMF D SFDUBOHMF E USBQF[JVN

F IFYBHPO G USJBOHMF
5
B NN C DN D DN
E N F N
B DN CZ DN C DN CZ DN
G LN H N- I -
D N CZ N
J - K N- L L- M .-
B N C DN D N
B DN C N D NN
B DN C DN D N
B DN C N D DN
DN
E DN F N G DN
B DN C NN
H N I N J DN
D N
B N C DN D DN
B N C N D DN
B DN C N D DN
E DN F N
B - C - D -

DN "OTXFST DBO WBSZ CVU = èS I OFFET UP IPME USVF GPS S
N BOE I JO DFOUJNFUSFT %FTJHOFST OFFE UP DPOTJEFS QSPEVDUJPO
"OTXFST
:FT UIF UBOL POMZ IPMET - DPTUT NBUFSJBM DPTUT BOE LFFQJOH UIF TVSGBDF BSFB UP B
B DN C N D LN E N NJOJVNVN TP UIBU UIFZ DBO NBYJNJTF QSPýUT BT XFMM BT UIF
F N G NN BCJMJUZ UP VTF TUBDL BOE NBSLFU UIFJS QSPEVDUT *G UIF
B - C - D - DPOUBJOFS JT GPS DPME TUPSBHF UIFO ýUUJOH JOUP B TUBOEBSE GSJEHF
B N C N EPPS JT BMTP B DPOTJEFSBUJPO
B J JJ JJJ

C J JJ JJJ PS
B 7 = Y I C 7= T D 7= U # $ & # "
B "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ C % # & $ &

D "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ
&YFSDJTF ) B DN C N D DN E DN
B S = I = C S = . I = . F DN G DN H -
D S = . I = . E S = I = I N- J -
F S = . I = . G S = . I = . B N C NN D DN
B DN C N D DN B DN C NN D NN
E LN E N F DN G DN
B - C N- D DN E - B N C N
F N G N- B " = . DN 1 = DN
B DN C N D N C " = . N 1 = N
E DN F N G N B 1 = N " = N
B - C - D - E - C 1 = N " = N
F - G - D 1 = LN " = LN
B N C - B N N C DN DN
- B DN C N
$ZMJOEFS CZ N B NN C N
B DN C N D N B DN C N D NN
E N F DN
G DN &YUFOEFESFTQPOTF RVFTUJPOT
B C B DN C D DN
B è N C è DN D è LN E N DMBJN JT DPSSFDU
E è DN F è DN G è NN
B DN C DN D DN
" OVNCFS PG BOTXFST 3FRVJSF I = èS E N F DN G N
B DN C N H
D N E DN F DN
G N 4FNFTUFS SFWJFX
3FWJFXJOH OVNCFS BOE åOBODJBM NBUIFNBUJDT
-
OPOTIBEFE JT IBMG UIF TIBEFE BSFB # & % % "
N
√
DN = DN 4IPSUBOTXFS RVFTUJPOT

DN B C D E

EBZT
B C D E
7 = è S
B C LNI D N-I
I=−S
S

&YUFOEFESFTQPOTF RVFTUJPO 4IPSUBOTXFS RVFTUJPOT
"OTXFST
B J JJ JJJ ZFBST JW B y
C
D J +JN CZ JJ +JN CZ
x
O 3
-JOFBS BOE TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT
.VMUJQMFDIPJDF RVFTUJPOT −6
& " $ # %
C y
B Y= C Y> D N= E Z = − 6

F B≤ G Y=−
x
O 8
B N−= C /PBI HFUT QPDLFU NPOFZ

D y
B C * = 4 − B D
O
B Y = Z = C Y = − Z = −
4 (1, 4)
D Y = Z = − E Y = − Z =
3
2
&YUFOEFESFTQPOTF RVFTUJPO 1
(0, 0)
x
B J Y + > JJ HBNFT O 1 2 3
C J -FU Y CF UIF DPTU PG B SBGþF UJDLFU BOE Z UIF DPTU PG B
CBEHF
JJ Y + Z = . BOE Y + Z =
B C − D − E
JJJ " SBGþF UJDLFU DPTUT BOE B CBEHF DPTUT
B Z = −Y + C Z = Y −
D Z = Y E Z = −Y +
1ZUIBHPSBT UIFPSFN BOE USJHPOPNFUSZ

% " $ " &
4IPSUBOTXFS RVFTUJPOT B LHI

C 4 = − U
B Y = . C Y = . D Y = . E θ = . D S
B Y = Z = . C Y = .
B N C .◦
B LN XFTU C ◦ 180
&YUFOEFESFTQPOTF RVFTUJPO t
O 15
B N
C .◦
E IPVST
D J N JJ T
F J 1 = + I JJ
-JOFBS SFMBUJPOT .FBTVSFNFOU

.VMUJQMFDIPJDF RVFTUJPOT .VMUJQMFDIPJDF RVFTUJPOT
$ % # $ " $ & % " "

4IPSUBOTXFS RVFTUJPOT B C − D E −

"OTXFST
B N C DN
F − G H − I
UJOT
B C D E
B N C N
B Y= C Z = .
F − G − H I

&YUFOEFESFTQPOTF RVFTUJPO B J NJOT JJ NJOT JJJ NJOT
C = DFMMT
B N
B × = C ZFBST
C J N JJ N
NPOUIT
D
B J JJ JJJ − JW −
E N
C 4BNF TJHOT HJWF QPTJUJWF XIFO NVMUJQMZJOH
F N
D " QPTJUJWF BOTXFS JT NVMUJQMJFE CZ UIF OFHBUJWF POF PVU UIF
GSPOU
$IBQUFS
B J JJ − JJJ − JW
C J " QPTJUJWF DVCFE JT QPTJUJWF
&YFSDJTF " JW " OFHBUJWF BOTXFS JT NVMUJQMJFE CZ OFHBUJWF
B C D E D JJ " OFHBUJWF OVNCFS DVCFE XJMM CF OFHBUJWF
JJJ " QPTJUJWF BOTXFS JT NVMUJQMJFE CZ OFHBUJWF POF
B C D E − F

G Z H X I U B C D E

B C D E
F G H I
F G H I
B C D E
J
B B×B×B×B C C×C×C
D Y×Y×Y B -$. = )$' = C -$. = )$' =
E Y×Q×Y×Q×Y×Q×Y×Q×Y×Q×Y×Q D -$. = )$' = E -$. = )$' =
F ×B××B××B××B F -$. = )$' = G -$. = )$' =
G ×Z××Z××Z H -$. = )$' =
H ×Y×Y×Z×Z×Z×Z×Z I -$. = )$' =
I Q×R×Q×R J − × T × T × T × U × U
&YFSDJTF #
K ×Y×Y×Y×Z×Z×Z×Z×Z
L ×Z×[×Z×[×Z×[×Z×[×Z×[×Z×[ B NVMUJQMZ CBTF BEE C EJWJEF CBTF TVCUSBDU
M ×B×C×B×C×B×C B × × × × × =
B C D E C × × × × × × =
F − G − H I D × × × × =
×
J K L M

E × × × =
×
N− O P Q −
B 5SVF C 5SVF D 'BMTF E 'BMTF
B C D Z E Y F 5SVF G 'BMTF H 'BMTF I 5SVF
F D G E H Y Z I C B C D E
" # " # " # " #
F G H I
B C D
J K L M (−)
" # " #
E Y Z B Y C B D U E Z

F E G Z H C I R
B Y Z C (Y) (Z) PS Y Z
J Y Z K Y Z L Y Z M Y Z [
D (E) (F) PS E F E C Z
N N O F G P D E Q Z [

F (QR) PS Q R G (NO) PS N O

B B C Y D R E E
B × C D × E
F C G E H B I Z
F × G ×

J N K Y L Z M B B C D Y E Z

NN O X P B Q Y F C G B H E I Z
"OTXFST

J [ K B G L Y Z M ST

R Y Z S TU T NO U −Y B C D E

F Z G I H C I Y
B C C Z D D E Y F U
J Z
G Q H E I Y J Y Z
K C H L N O M Q R B C D Y E E F
Y Y
N Y B
B
O
C
Z
D B C E
D F N O G B

Y Z
F G G Y C H L N I B J JJ JJJ

C J JJ JJJ
J N O
D ZFBST
B C D E F XBZT
G H I J B C D E F G
K L M B × OPU + , B
B = C D = C QPXFS PG POMZ BQQMJFT UP Y , Y
E = F G = D QPXFS [FSP BQQMJFT UP XIPMF CSBDLFU
H × = I × = B J JJ (−) = JJJ Y
B XBZT C XBZT JW B
B B QPXFS PG POF OPU BEEFE C J BCD JJ BNOQ JJJ YZ[
C Y QPXFS PG POF OPU TVCUSBDUFE B "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ C "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ
B C D E
D B ÷ JT OPU
F G H I
J
E Y OVNFSBUPS QPXFS JT MBSHFS IFODF Y JO OVNFSBUPS

F Y NVUJQMZ DPFGýDJFOUT OPU BEE &YFSDJTF %
G = B × B = B PSEFS PG PQFSBUJPOT EPOF JODPSSFDUMZ N
B BN × CN C BN
B Y C Y D Y E −Y C
F Y G Y H I −Y B B × B × B

B Y + Z C B + C D UY+Z E Y − Z =×××B×B×B
F Q − Z G Q + R − S H Q − R − S
= × B
I B J BY − C Y + K BY + Z CY + Z C BC × BC × BC × BC
L BY − Z CZ − Y M X − Y CY +
=B×B×B×B×C×C×C×C
N BY + Z− O QB RC − P NZ − − Y
= B × C
"OTXFST XJMM WBSZ
"OTXFST XJMM WBSZ D Y×Y×Y

&YFSDJTF $ = Y×Y×Y
××
B NVMUJQMZ C
Y
B C =

B ( × ) × ( × ) × ( × ) =
E B×B×B×B×B
C ( × × ) × ( × × ) × ( × × ) = C C C C C
D (Y × Y × Y × Y) × (Y × Y × Y × Y) = Y
=B×B×B×B×B
E (B × B) × (B × B) × (B × B) × (B × B) × (B × B) = B C×C×C×C×C
B Z C N D Y E C
= B
F G H I C
J N K R L −D M K B Y C Z D B E S
B C D E F −C G −S H (−) I = I

F − G H I J I D E J Y Z K Q R L Y Z M

K − L M − N O N −X Z O −Q R S P T U
P Q Q Y Z [

Q Y C
B C D E
R Z Z Q *OEFY GPSN
"OTXFST
T N B 8IPMF OVNCFS
F G H I
S O PS GSBDUJPO
O S G X Z
J K L M
N O H Y *OEFY GPSN − − −
Y L N X Z
N O P − 8IPMF OVNCFS = =
Z H O Y
PS GSBDUJPO
Y Z
Q
B C
B C D E
B BC C BC D −B C E Y Z Y B C

F −C D E G B H B F G H I
Y Z
I −B C
J N Q U
Q N Y
K −E G H L Y Z [ J K L M
N R O Z
M −B C W
B Y C Y D B C E B C N O P Q
B C S T V N O
−Y
F N O G D E H B Z C C D N E Y
B C
I −B C J O K B CD L Y Z [ F R G U H I I Q

S U J BC K EF L N O M Y Z
M
T
B J JJ N − Z O −C P − HI Q V U

C /=U

C Z I
D J JJ B C D E O
B Y H N
E J JJ
F G H I
B C D E F
G Y V Z C
B #Z TJNQMJGZJOH UIFSF BSF TNBMMFS OVNCFST UP SBJTF UP B C D E
Z W B B D
QPXFST B C I N X NO Y
F G H I
JJJ JW D E
L Q UV W Z
C J JJ

B C D E −
B ', (−) = +() C 5, (−) = −()
D 5, (−) = −() E ', (−) = +() F G − H − I

B
C J K L M

D OP
E OP ( − ) ̸= − N O P − Q
F J 5 JJ ' JJJ 5 JW ' R − S T U −

&YFSDJTF & V W X − Y

B C D E H

B B − C − D − E −
*OEFY GPSN
F − G −
8IPMF OVNCFS
PS GSBDUJPO B OFHBUJWF QPXFS POMZ BQQMJFT UP Y
Y
C = IBT B QPTJUJWF QPXFS B−

*OEFY GPSN − − − D − − = × × C = C
C
8IPMF OVNCFS = = B ÷ = ×
PS GSBDUJPO
C J JJ JJJ JW C
Y B

B C D
D (GSBDUJPO)− = SFDJQSPDBM PG GSBDUJPO E F G
"OTXFST
H I J
E J JJ JJJ JW
B C D
B C D E E F G
H I J
F G H I
B × C × D × −
E . × F . × −
1SPHSFTT RVJ[ G . × − H . ×
B B×B×B×B C × IL × IL × IL B C
D × × × = D E F
G
E − × − × − = −
B . × C . ×
" # " # D . × − E . × −

B N C × D F I F . × − G . × −

B C B D L N E H × − I . × −
B N J . × K . ×
F B G
L . × M ×
B Y C YZ
B . × C . ×
B Y C −R
. × LN
B C D E −
N O . × − H
B B C N D E B . × C . ×

B C C I K L
D −Y Z D . × E . ×

E F . × G . ×
D
H × I . × J . × −
−X Y
F G B D K L . × − M . × −
Z
Z D N × − O × −
B C D B E P . × − Q . × −
N Y B
−V X B × C × D . × −
F −N G
U W E . × − F . ×
B C D E G × H × − I . ×

B × C ×
D × E ×
&YFSDJTF '
F . × G . ×
B C D E H . × I ×
F G J × − K . × −
B C D L . × − M
B QPTJUJWF C OFHBUJWF D QPTJUJWF E OFHBUJWF × = TFDPOET
B × C . × D . × B × − LN = DN
E −. × F −. × C × − TFDPOET POF UIPVTBOEUI PG B TFDPOE
G −. × H . × = TFDPOET

I × J . ×
B × − C × − &YFSDJTF (
D −. × − E . × −
F − × − G . × − B
H −. × − I . × − C
J . × − D
B × C . × E
D . × E . × B ZFT C OP D OP E OP
F . × G × − F ZFT G ZFT H ZFT I OP
H . × − I . × − J OP
J − × − K −. ×
L . × M −. ×


B C D E F B C D E
G H I J K
"OTXFST
F G H I
L M
B C D E F
B . × C . ×
D . × E . × G H I J K
F . × − G . × − L M

H . × − I . × −
B B C B D B E B
J . × K . ×
L . × M . × − F Y G Y H Y I Y

B . × C . × J Z K Z L Z M Y
D . × E . ×
N Y O B P B Q O
F . × G . × −

H × − I × − B B C B D B
J × −
E B F C G Y
B . × − C . × −
D −. × E . × −
F . × G . × B C D E F

H . × I . × −
G H I
J . × K . ×
L . × M −. × B C D E
B . × C . × F G H I
√ √ √ √
D . × E . × − B C D E
√ √
F . × G . × F G
! " ! "
H . × I . ×
+ −

+ −

J K . × − B B = B = C B = B =

−
. × LH D B = B =

. × LN E
−
B = B = ! "

. × LN + −
F B × B− = B
= B =
× , . × . × . ×
G B ÷ B = B − = B =
. ×
B . × C . × − #SBDLFUT OFFEFE GPS GSBDUJPOBM QPXFS ∧ () =

D . × E . × − B J JJ JJJ
F . × G . × − C B

TIPVME CF . × D (B ) = B× = B
B J . × JJ . × − E J JJ JJJ
JJJ . × F B
( )
C *U JT [FSP G B = B × = B
D *U DMBSJýFT UIF QSFDJTJPO PG UIF OVNCFS H J B JJ B JJJ B JW B
B . ×
B C D E F
C J . × JJ . ×
JJJ . × G H I

&YFSDJTF ) B C D E

B C D E
F G &YFSDJTF *
B 5SVF C 'BMTF D 5SVF E 5SVF B MJLF C MJLF D VOMJLF E VOMJLF
F 'BMTF G 'BMTF H 'BMTF F VOMJLF G MJLF H MJLF I VOMJLF
B C D B CPUI = C CPUI =
√ √ √ √
B C D E D CPUI = E CPUI =
√

√

√

√
F G H I

√ √ √ √
B C D E 4IPSUBOTXFS RVFTUJPOT
√ √ √ √
F + G +
B C Y Z D B C
"OTXFST
√ √ √ √
H − I − J K − " # " #
E ×
√ √ √ √
L − M +
√ √ √
B C D E F F × G × ×
√ √
G H I J B Y C B C D D N O E B
√ √ √
K L M N O C
√ F Y Z G
P B
√ √ √ √ B N
B √− C √ − √ D √ +
C B
E F G − H
D −B C
√ √
I + J − E C

√ √ √ √ F
B C D E√
√ √ √ G B
F G H I
Y
√ √ √ √ B C D E
B + C + Y U U Z
√ √ √
D + E −
√ √ F G N
F − G − Y Z
√ √ √ √ Y Y Z
B C D E B C D N O
√ √ √ √ Z
F G H I
√ √ √ √ ., . × − , . × − , ., . ×
B C D E
√ √ √ √ B C D E
F G H I
√ √ √ √ √ √ B . × QFPQMF C . × LN
B + + + C + − −
√ √ √ D . × − TFDPOET E . × − N
D + − −
√ √ √ B . × C . × −
E + − − F G
√ √ D . × −
H I J + K −
√ √ B . × C . × −
L − M +
B C D E F

G

B C D

B C B T C Y D N O E B
√ √ √
B + C + D
√ √ √ √
E F G H
√
B U C
U I J

NJOVUFT
− &YUFOEFESFTQPOTF RVFTUJPOT

C N
B Y

B J JJ JJJ C D E Y
B O
C B . × − /
√ C J . × N JJ . × /
√ √
B C √ PS D D &BSUI B = . NT .BST B = . NT−
−

BoD "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ "DDFMFSBUJPO EVF UP HSBWJUZ PO &BSUI JT NPSF UIBO UJNFT

B Y = PS C Y = PS UIBU PO .BST
Y = × × =
Y = −, Z = $IBQUFS

&YFSDJTF "
% # & " $
# % $ & # B SJHIU C ◦ D SFWPMVUJPO E PCUVTF
$ " F BDVUF G ◦ H ◦ I TVQQMFNFOUBSZ
J ◦ K FRVBM

B JTPTDFMFT USJBOHMF C PCUVTF BOHMF USJBOHMF "0 = #0 SBEJJ
D FRVJMBUFSBM USJBOHMF E JTPTDFMFT USJBOHMF ∆"0# JT JTPDFMFT TJEFT FRVBM ∠"0# = ◦
"OTXFST
F BDVUF BOHMFE USJBOHMF G TDBMFOF USJBOHMF ∴ ∠0"# = ◦ CBTF BOHMFT PG JTPTDFMFT USJBOHMF
H SJHIUBOHMFE USJBOHMF B ◦ C ◦
B J ∠#"$ JJ PCUVTF D ∠8:; + B◦ + C◦ = ◦ BOHMF TVN PG B USJBOHMF
JJJ "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ JW ◦ ∠9:; + ∠8:; = ◦ TUSBJHIU MJOF
C J ∠132 JJ BDVUF
∴ ∠9:; = B◦ + C◦
JJJ "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ JW ◦
-FU UIF JOUFSJPS BOHMFT PG BOZ USJBOHMF CF B◦ C◦ BOE D◦
D J ∠9:; JJ SFþFY
/PX B + C + D =
5IF FYUFSJPS BOHMFT CFDPNF ◦ − B◦ ◦ − C◦
E J ∠435 JJ TUSBJHIU BOHMF
◦ − D◦ TUSBJHIU MJOF

&YUFSJPS TVN = ( − B)◦ + ( − C)◦ + ( − D)◦
F J ∠30# JJ PCUVTF
= ◦ − B◦ − C◦ − D◦
G J ∠"0# JJ SJHIU = ◦ − (B + C + D)◦
JJJ "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ JW ◦ = ◦ − ◦
B ◦ C ◦ D ◦ E ◦
= ◦
F ◦ G ◦ B Y = Y = . C Y = Y =
B J ◦ JJ ◦ D Y = Y =
C J ◦ JJ ◦ E (Y + ) + Y = Y =
D J ◦ JJ ◦ F Y + = Y =
E J ◦ JJ ◦ G Y + = Y =
F J ◦ JJ ◦
G J ◦ JJ ◦ &YFSDJTF #
H J ◦ JJ ◦
B FRVBM C FRVBM D TVQQMFNFOUBSZ
I J ◦ JJ ◦ **
B ◦ BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT JO ** MJOFT
J J ◦ JJ ◦ **
C ◦ DPJOUFSJPS BOHMFT JO ** MJOFT
K J ◦ JJ ◦ **
D ◦ DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT JO ** MJOFT
B $ C 4 D / E $ F 4 **
E ◦ BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT JO ** MJOFT
G / H 4 I /
F ◦ WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF
B B = C B = D B = E B = **
G ◦ DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT PO ** MJOFT
F B = G B =
H ◦ TVQQMFNFOUBSZ BOHMFT
B PCUVTF JTPTDFMFT ◦ C BDVUF TDBMFOF ◦ **
I ◦ DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT PO ** MJOFT
D SJHIUBOHMFE TDBMFOF ◦ **
J ◦ DPJOUFSJPS BOHMFT PO ** MJOFT
E FRVJMBUFSBM ◦ F PCUVTF JTPTDFMFT ◦
B OP BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT BSF OPU FRVBM
G SJHIUBOHMFE JTPTDFMFT ◦
C ZFT DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT BSF FRVBM
H PCUVTF TDBMFOF ◦ I FRVJMBUFSBM ◦
D ZFT BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT BSF FRVBM
J BDVUF TDBMFOF ◦
E OP DPJOUFSJPS BOHMFT EPOU BEE UP ◦
B T = C U = D S =
F ZFT DPJOUFSJPS BOHMFT BEE UP ◦
E B = Y = F B = C =
G ZFT DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT BSF FRVBM
G D = E =
H OP DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT BSF OPU FRVBM
B ◦ C ◦ D ◦ E ◦
I OP BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT BSF OPU FRVBM
F ◦ G ◦ H ◦ I ◦
J OP DPJOUFSJPS BOHMFT EP OPU BEE UP ◦
B Y = C Y = D Y =
B B = C = C D = E =
B ◦ C ◦ D ◦ E ◦
D F = G = H =
F ◦ G ◦ H ◦ I ◦
E B = C = F B = C = D =
J ◦
G F = G = E =
∠"0# + ∠"#0 = ◦ (FYUFSJPS BOHMF PG USJBOHMF)
B Y = Z = C U = [ =
∠"0# = ◦ D V = W = X = E Y =
(SFþFY) Y = F Y = G Y =
B ◦ C ◦ D ◦ E ◦
F ◦ G ◦

B C D B QBSBMMFMPHSBN SFDUBOHMF LJUF
B ◦ − B◦ C ◦ − B◦ C SFDUBOHMF TRVBSF D TRVBSF SFDUBOHMF
"OTXFST
D ◦ − (B◦ + C◦ ) E ◦ − (B◦ + C◦ ) E TRVBSF SIPNCVT LJUF
F B◦ + D◦ G ◦ − D◦ B C D
∠"#$ = ◦ B C D E
∠#$% = ◦ F G
∠"#$ + ∠#$% = ◦ " QBSBMMFMPHSBN IBT PQQPTJUF TJEFT QBSBMMFM BOE
**
∴ "# ** %$ BT DPJOUFSJPS BOHMFT BSF TVQQMFNFOUBSZ FRVBM 3FDUBOHMFT TRVBSFT BOE SIPNCJ IBWF UIFTF
B DPJOUFSJPS BOHMFT PO QBSBMMFM MJOFT BEE UP ◦ QSPQFSUJFT BOE NPSF
BOE BSF UIFSFGPSF BMM
C BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT BSF FRVBM PO QBSBMMFM MJOFT QBSBMMFMPHSBNT
D ∆"#$ => B + C + D = BOE UIFTF BSF UIF UISFF
B 4 = (O − ) C * = (O − )
BOHMFT PG UIF USJBOHMF O
**
B ∠#"& = ◦ − B◦ BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT BOE "# ** %&
D & = E ◦
◦ ◦ ◦ O
∠"#$ = − D −( − B) (BOHMF TVN PG B USJBOHMF)
= ◦ − D◦ − ◦ + B◦ B J POF JJ UXP JJJ ýWF
C O −
= −D◦ + B◦
( − B) + ( − C) + ( − D) + ( − E) +
= B◦ − D◦ ( − F) =
C ∠"#% = ◦ − (B◦ + C◦ ) (BOHMF TVN PG USJBOHMF ∆"#%) TVN PG FYUFSJPS BOHMFT JT ◦
∠"#$ + ∠"#% = ◦ (TUSBJHIU MJOF) ++++−(B + C + D + E + F) =

∴ ∠"#$ = B◦ + C◦ − (B + C + D + E + F) =
D DPOTUSVDU 9: UISPVHI # QBSBMMFM UP "&
** B + C + D + E + F =
∴ ∠"#: = B◦ (BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT, "& ** 9:) B B + C + D + E + F + G =
**
∴ ∠$#: = C◦ (BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT, %$ ** 9:) C B + C + D + E + F + G + H =
∴ ∠"#$ = B◦ + C◦ &YFSDJTF %
E $POTUSVDU 9: UISPVHI " QBSBMMFM UP &%
** B TJ[F C ∆"#$ ≡ ∆456 D 4"4 3)4 ""4
∠9"% = ◦ − C◦ (DPJOUFSJPS BOHMFT, &% ** 9:)
B J 9: JJ 9; JJJ :;
∠%"# = ◦ − B◦ (SFWPMVUJPO) C J ∠" JJ ∠# JJJ ∠$
∴ ∠9"# = ◦ − B◦ − (◦ − C◦ ) B ∆"#$ ≡ ∆'() C ∆%&' ≡ ∆456
= ◦ + C◦ − B◦ D ∆".1 ≡ ∆$#% E ∆#.8 ≡ ∆4-,
** B 4"4 C ""4 D 3)4 E 4"4
∠"#$ = ∠9"# (BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT BOE 9: ** #$)
F 444 G 3)4 H ""4 I 444
∴ ∠"#$ = ◦ + C◦ − B◦ B Y = , Z = C Y = , Z =
D B = , C = E B = , C =
&YFSDJTF $ F Y = ., C = G B = , Y = ., C =
B C D E F H Z = ., B = I B = ., C =
G B ∆"#$ ≡ ∆456 3)4
B ◦ C ◦ D ◦ C ∆%&' ≡ ∆()* 444
B QBSBMMFM C SJHIU D USBQF[JVN E FRVBM D ∆"#$ ≡ ∆%&' 4"4
B DPOWFY RVBESJMBUFSBM C OPODPOWFY IFYBHPO E ∆"#$ ≡ ∆()* ""4
D OPODPOWFY IFQUBHPO F ∆"$# ≡ ∆%&' 4"4
B C D E ∆%&' ≡ ∆#31

F G ∆-./ ≡ ∆,*+
B C D E ∆#$% ≡ ∆'()
F G ∆./0 ≡ ∆321
B C D E B #$ = C #$ =
F C = B = G C = B = OP − UIFZ DBO BMM CF EJGGFSFOU TJ[FT POF NJHIU IBWF BMM TJEFT
H C = B = I C = B = DN BOE BOPUIFS BMM TJEFT DN
B POF HJWFO UIF PUIFS QBJS BSF WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF
J
C ""4
B 444 C FRVBM

B POF HJWFO #" = #$
BOE TJEF #% JT DPNNPO #$ = %" HJWFO
C 4"4 ∴ ∆"#$ ≡ ∆$%" 444
"OTXFST
D ∆"#% ≡ ∆$#% K #% JT DPNNPO
**
E ∠"%# = ∠$%# DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT JO DPOHSVFOU ∠"#% = ∠$%# (BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT, "# ** $%)
**
USJBOHMFT
∠"%# = ∠$#% (BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT, "% ** $#)
CVU ∠"%# + ∠$%# = ◦ TUSBJHIU BOHMF
∴ ∆"#% ≡ ∆$%# ""4
∴ ∠"%# = ∠$%# = ◦ L 0" = 0$ SBEJJ
BOE "$ JT QFSQFSEJDVMBS UP %# 0# JT DPNNPO

BoF "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ "# = $# HJWFO
∴ ∆"0# ≡ ∆$0# 444
&YFSDJTF &
M 0" = 0% BOE 0# = 0$ SBEJJ
B #% C "$ D "$ ∠"0# = ∠$0% (WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF)

0" = 0# SBEJJ PG DJSDMF DFOUSF 0 ∆"0# ≡ ∆$0% (4"4)
B ∠&$% C ∠$#" D ∠%&$ B %$ = #$ HJWFO
B 444 C ∠#.$ &$ = "$ HJWFO
B "% = $% (HJWFO) ∠%$& = ∠#$" WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF
◦
∠%"# = ∠%$# = (HJWFO) ∴ ∆"#$ ≡ ∆&%$ 4"4
%# JT DPNNPO C ∠&%$ = ∠"#$ DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT JO DPOHSVFOU

∴ ∆"#% ≡ ∆$#% 3)4
USJBOHMFT
**
C "$ JT DPNNPO ∴ "# ** %& BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT BSF FRVBM
"% = "# HJWFO

B "& = $% HJWFO
∠%"$ = ∠#"$ HJWFO

#& = #% HJWFO
∴ ∆"%$ ≡ ∆"#$ 4"4

∠"#& = ∠$#% WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF XJUI ∠"#&
D "$ JT DPNNPO HJWFO ◦
∠"%$ = ∠"#$ (HJWFO) ∴ ∆"#& ≡ ∆$#% 3)4
∠%"$ = ∠#"$ (HJWFO) C ∠&"# = ∠%$# DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT JO DPOHSVFOU

USJBOHMFT
∴ ∆"%$ ≡ ∆"#$ (""4) **

∴ "& ** $% BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT FRVBM
E "$ JT DPNNPO
B %# JT DPNNPO
"% = "# HJWFO
"# = $% HJWFO
%$ = #$ HJWFO
"% = $# HJWFO
∴ ∆"%$ ≡ ∆"#$ 444
∴ ∆"#% ≡ ∆$%# 444
F "$ = %$ HJWFO
C ∠"%# = ∠$#% DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT JO DPOHSVFOU

#$ = &$ HJWFO
USJBOHMFT
∠"$# ≡ ∠%$& WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF

**
∴ "%** #$ BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT FRVBM
∴ ∆"#$ ≡ ∆%&$ 4"4
B 0# = 0$ SBEJJ
G "$ = &$ HJWFO
** 0" = 0% SBEJJ
∠$"# = ∠$&% BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT "# ** %&
∠"0# = ∠%0$ WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF
∠"$# = ∠&$% WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF
** ∴ ∆"0# ≡ ∆%0$ 4"4
(PS ∠$#" = ∠$%& (BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT "# ** %&))

C ∠"#0 = ∠%$0 DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT JO DPOHSVFOU
∴ ∆"#$ ≡ ∆&%$ ""4
USJBOHMFT
H %$ = #$ HJWFO
**
** ∴ "# ** $% BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT FRVBM
∠&%$ = ∠"#$ (BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT %& ** "#)

B #% JT DPNNPO
∠%$& = ∠#$" (WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF)
** "% = $% HJWFO
(PS ∠%&$ = ∠#"$ (BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT "# ** %&)) ∠"%# = ∠$%# HJWFO
∴ ∆$%& ≡ ∆$#" (""4) ∴ ∆"#% ≡ ∆$#% 4"4
I #% JT DPNNPO C ∠"#% = ∠$#% DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT JO DPOHSVFOU

"% = $% HJWFO
USJBOHMFT
∠"%# = ∠$%# (HJWFO) BOE ∠"#% + ∠$#% = ◦ TUSBJHIU MJOF
∴ ∆"#% ≡ ∆$#% (4"4) ∴ ∠"#% = ∠$#% = ◦ BOE "$ JT QFSQFOEJDVMBS

J "$ JT DPNNPO UP #%
"# = $% HJWFO

B %# JT DPNNPO ∠%&$ = ∠#&$ DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT JO DPOHSVFOU
∠"#% = ∠$#% HJWFO ◦
USJBOHMFT
"OTXFST
∠"%# = ∠$%# HJWFO
∠%&$ + ∠#&$ = ◦ TUSBJHIU MJOF
∴ ∆"#% ≡ ∆$#% ""4

∴ ∠%&$ = ∠#&$ = ◦
C "% = $% DPSSFTQPOEJOH TJEF JO DPOHSVFOU USJBOHMFT
BOE "& = $& DPSSFTQPOEJOH TJEFT JO DPOHSVFOU
∴ ∆"$% JT JTPTDFMFT FRVBM TJEFT
USJBOHMFT
$POTJEFS ∆0"% BOE ∆0#% ∴ "$ CJTFDUT #% BU ◦

0% JT DPNNPO A
0" = 0# SBEJJ
"% = #% HJWFO
M
∴ ∆0"% ≡ ∆0#% 444
∠0%" = ∠0%# = ◦ DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT JO

DPOHSVFOU USJBOHMFT BSF FRVBM BOE TVQQMFNFOUBSZ UP B TUSBJHIU
C B
MJOF
N
∴ 0$⊥"# MFU ∆"#$ CF BOZ FRVJMBUFSBM USJBOHMF "# = $# = "$
$POTJEFS ∆"%$ BOE ∆$#" 4UFQ POF
"$ JT DPNNPO +PJO $ UP . UIF NJEQPJOU PG "#
** 1SPWF ∆$". ≡ ∆$#. 444
∠%"$ = ∠#$" BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT "% ** #$
** ∴ ∠$". = ∠$#. DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT JO DPOHSVFOU

∠%$" = ∠#"$ BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT %$ ** "#
∴ ∆"%$ ≡ ∆$#" ""4

USJBOHMFT
4P "% = #$ "# = %$ BSF FRVBM DPSSFTQPOEJOH TJEFT JO 4UFQ UXP

DPOHSVFOU USJBOHMFT +PJO " UP / UIF NJEQPJOU PG $#
"# = %$ PQQPTJUF TJEFT PG QBSBMMFMPHSBN
1SPWF ∆"/$ ≡ ∆"/#
∠"&# = ∠$&% WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF
∴ ∠"$/ = ∠"#/ DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT JO DPOHSVFOU
** USJBOHMFT
∠#"& = ∠%$& BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT %$ ** "#
∴ ∆"#& ≡ ∆$%& ""4

/PX ∠$"# = ∠"#$ = ∠"$#
4P "& = $& BOE #& = %& DPSSFTQPOEJOH TJEFT JO BOE BT ∠$"# + ∠"#$ + ∠"$# = ◦ BOHMF TVN PG
DPOHSVFOU USJBOHMFT ∆"#$
A ∠$"# = ∠"#$ = ∠"$# = ◦

B
1SPHSFTT RVJ[
B ◦ C ◦
B C D E
D C F G
$POTJEFS ∆"%$ BOE ∆#$% B :FT BT UIFSF JT B QBJS PG FRVBM BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT
"% = $# BOE %$ JT DPNNPO PQQPTJUF TJEFT PG B SFDUBOHMF C /P BT UIF QBJS PG DPJOUFSJPS BOHMFT BSF OPU TVQQMFNFOUBSZ
BSF FRVBM
B B = BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT FRVBM JO QBSBMMFM MJOFT
∠"%$ = ∠#$% = ◦ BOHMFT PG B SFDUBOHMF

C = DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT FRVBM JO QBSBMMFM MJOFT
∴ ∆"%$ ≡ ∆#$% 4"4

C X = BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT FRVBM JO QBSBMMFM MJOFT
4P "$ = #% DPSSFTQPOEJOH TJEFT JO DPOHSVFOU USJBOHMFT

D Y = BOHMF TVN PG B RVBESJMBUFSBM
∴ 5IF EJBHPOBMT PG B SFDUBOHMF BSF FRVBM E Y = FYUFSJPS BOHMF PG B SFHVMBS IFYBHPO
B $POTJEFS ∆"#& BOE ∆$%& B ""4 C 4"4

"# = $% TJEFT PG B SIPNCVT
"$ JT DPNNPO
**
∠"#& = ∠$%& BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT "# ** $%
%$ = #$ HJWFO
**
∠#"& = ∠%$& BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT "# ** $%
∠"$% = ∠"$# HJWFO ◦
∴ ∆"#& ≡ ∆$%& ""4

∴ ∆"#$ ≡ ∆"%$ 4"4
C $POTJEFS ∆%$& BOE ∆#$& "# = "% DPSSFTQPOEJOH TJEFT JO DPOHSVFOU USJBOHMFT
$& JT DPNNPO ∴ ∆"#% JT JTPTDFMFT

%$ = #$ TJEFT PG B SIPNCVT
%& = #& DPSSFTQPOEJOH TJEFT JO DPOHSVFOU USJBOHMFT
∴ ∆%$& ≡ ∆#$& 444

B "& = %$ HJWFO B DN = LN C DN
∠"#& = ∠%#$ WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF BOHMFT
"OTXFST
B /"
∠&"# = ∠$%# BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT "& ∥ $%
C J M JJ M JJJ M
∴ ∆"#& ≡ ∆%#$ ""4

C ◦
D DN D J JJ JJJ

E DN E [FSP
&YFSDJTF ' &YFSDJTF (

B ∠' C ∠% D () E "& F B & C $ D %' E #$
B EPVCMF C EPVCMF D EPVCMF E F ∠" G ∠&
F ZFT
B 0"′ JT B RVBSUFS PG 0" C 0%′ JT B RVBSUFS PG 0% B 4"4 """ BOE 3)4 C TIBQF TJ[F
D E ZFT B """ C 3)4 D 444 E 4"4

F 3)4 G """ H 4"4 I 444
!!! !!!
B ZFT C DN D N B ∆"#$ !!! ∆()* C ∆"#$ !!! ∆./0
!!! !!!
B "′ #′ $′ TIPVME IBWF TJEFT UIBU PG "#$ D ∆"#$ !!! ∆"%& E ∆)'( !!! ∆)+*
!!! !!!
F ∆"%$ !!! ∆"&# G ∆"#% !!! ∆&$%
C "′ #′ $′ TIPVME IBWF TJEFT EPVCMF UIBU B """ C
PG "#$ B 3)4 C
C J "′ #′ $′ %′ TIPVME IBWF TJEFT MFOHUIT UIBU PG "#$%
B J JJ
JJ "′ #′ $′ %′ TIPVME IBWF TJEF MFOHUIT UJNFT UIBU
PG "#$% C J JJ
B J JJ JJJ B """ C
C J JJ JJJ B J """ JJ

C J """ JJ
D J JJ JJJ D J """ JJ

B C D
E J JJ JJJ
B ∆%&' C ∆%&' D ∆"#$ E ∆%&'
F J JJ JJJ ∠"$# = ◦ """
G J JJ JJJ ∠89: = ◦ OPU TJNJMBS BT BOHMFT OPU FRVBM
B J JJ
QBJST PG FRVBM BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT BSF BMXBZT GPSNFE
C J JJ
""" JO DPOHSVFODZ B TJEF MFOHUI JT OFFEFE GPS UIF USJBOHMFT

UP CF UIF TBNF TJ[F JO TJNJMBSJUZ JU JT OPU OFFEFE
D J JJ
B 5SJBOHMF
0SJHJOBM *NBHF
E J JJ
-FOHUI TDBMF GBDUPS
B J N JJ N JJJ N "SFB
C J N JJ N "SFB TDBMF GBDUPS
D J N JJ N 7PMVNF
B DN C DN D N 7PMVNF TDBMF GBDUPS
B B > C B< D B=
C "SFB TDBMF GBDUPS = MFOHUI TDBMF GBDUPS

B BMM BOHMFT PG BOZ TRVBSF FRVBM ◦ XJUI POMZ TJEF MFOHUI
D O
C BMM BOHMFT JO BOZ FRVJMBUFSBM USJBOHMF FRVBM ◦ XJUI
E J JJ JJJ
POMZ TJEF MFOHUI
D 5IF MFOHUI BOE XJEUI NJHIU CF NVMUJQMJFE CZ EJGGFSFOU F

OVNCFST
E JTPTDFMFT USJBOHMFT EP OPU IBWF UP IBWF UIF TBNF G 7PMVNF TDBMF GBDUPS = MFOHUI TDBMF GBDUPS

TJ[F FRVBM BOHMFT H O
I J JJ JJJ
L

&YFSDJTF ) B """ C N
N
"OTXFST
∠$
N
B ∠"$# BOE ∠&$%
N
C ∠#"$ = ∠%&$ BOE ∠$#" = ∠$%&
B ∠$

C J "$ JJ %#
!! B 'JSTUMZ ∠"%$ = ∠"$% = ◦ (CBTF BOHMFT PG JTPTDFMFT
B ∠"&# = ∠$%# BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT &" !! %$
!!
∠&"# = ∠%$# BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT &" !! %$
∆"%$)
∠&#" = ∠%#$ WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF
∠"$# = ◦ (TUSBJHIU BOHMF)
!!!
∴ ∆"&# !!! ∆$%# """
!! ∠$"# = ◦ (BOHMF TVN PG ∆"$#)

C ∠#"$ = ∠%&$ BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT "# !! %&
!! /PX ∠%"# = ◦

∠"#$ = ∠&%$ BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT "# !! %&

1SPPG ∠%"$ = ∠%#" (HJWFO ◦ )
!!!
∴ ∆"$# !!! ∆&$% """
∠% JT DPNNPO
D ∠$ JT DPNNPO ∠"$% = ∠#"% CPUI ◦
!! !!!
∠$%# = ∠$&" DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT "& !! #%
∴ ∆"$% !!! ∆#"% """
!!
∠$#% = ∠$"& DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT "& !! #%
!!! C %$ = $# =
∴ ∆$#% !!! ∆$"& """

E ∠" JT DPNNPO
!! B J ∠# JT DPNNPO
∠"&# = ∠"%$ DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT &# !! %$
!! ∠%"# = ∠"$# HJWFO ◦
∠"#& = ∠"$% DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT &# !! %$

!!!
!! ∴ ∆"#% !!! ∆$#" """
∴ ∆"&# !! ∆"%$ """
JJ ∠% JT DPNNPO
F ∠" JT DPNNPO
∠%$" = ∠%"# HJWFO ◦
∠"#& = ∠"%$ HJWFO

!!!
!!! ∴ ∆"#% !!! ∆$"% """
∴ ∆"#& !!! ∆"%$ ""
OPUF BOHMFT JT FOPVHI − ∠"&# = ∠"$% BOHMF TVN C J #% = JJ "$ = JJJ "# =

PG B USJBOHMF
B ∠"$# = ∠&$% WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF
G ∠"#% = ∠#$% HJWFO ◦

!!!
∠$"# = ∠$&% BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT %& !!! #"
∠#"% = ∠$#% HJWFO

!!!
!!! ∴ ∆"#$ !!! ∆&%$ """
∴ ∆"#% !!! ∆#$% ""
B ∠$ JT DPNNPO ∴ %$ = &$ SBUJP PG DPSSFTQPOEJOH TJEFT JO TJNJMBS

#$ "$
$" = = = USJBOHMFT
$%
= &$
$& = =
"$
$#
!!! ∴ "$ = $&
∴ ∆$%# !!! ∆$"& 4"4
BT "$ + $& = "&

C ∠% JT DPNNPO
"& = "$
"% = = C ∠$ JT DPNNPO
$%
∠%#$ = ∠"&$ HJWFO
!!!
%# = = ∴ ∆$#% !!! ∆$&" """
%&
!!!
∴ ∆"#% !!! ∆$&% 4"4
∴ %# = = #$ SBUJP PG DPSSFTQPOEJOH TJEFT JO TJNJMBS
"& $&
D ∠%$& = ∠#$" WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF
USJBOHMFT
&$ = ∴ #$ = $&

"$
#$ = $&

%$ = =
#$ .
!!!
∴ ∆%$& !!! ∆#$" 4"4
B """ C N

D ∠$ JT DPNNPO 4IPSUBOTXFS RVFTUJPOT
**
∠$#% = ∠$"& DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT #% ** "&
"OTXFST
B JTPTDFMFT Y = Z =
***
∴ ∆$#% *** ∆$"& """
C SJHIU BOHMFE Y =
D PCUVTF BOHMFE Y = Z =
∴ $# = $% SBUJP PG DPSSFTQPOEJOH TJEFT JO TJNJMBS B B = WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF
C = TUSBJHIU BOHMF
$" $&
C Y = SFWPMVUJPO
Z = DPJOUFSJPS BOHMFT JO QBSBMMFM
USJBOHMFT
MJOFT
∴ = $% D B = (BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT BOE QBSBMMFM MJOFT)

$&
C = (BOHMF TVN PG JTPTDFMFT USJBOHMF)
∴ $& = $%
D = (DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT BOE QBSBMMFM MJOFT)
∴ $& = $% ∠"#$ = ◦

B B = , C = C Y = D Y =
E ∠$ JT DPNNPO E B =
∠$#% = ∠$"& HJWFO ◦
B 444 Y = C OPU DPOHSVFOU
***
∴ ∆$#% *** ∆$"& """
D 3)4 Y = E ""4 Y =
B "% JT DPNNPO
∴ #% = $& (SBUJP PG DPSSFTQPOEJOH TJEFT JO TJNJMBS USJBOHMFT)
"& $" ∠"%$ = ∠"%# HJWFO ◦
= $# $% = #% HJWFO
$" ∴ ∆"%$ ≡ ∆"%# 4"4
= $# C J "$ = &$ HJWFO
$# + "# ∠#"$ = ∠%&$ HJWFO
$# + "# = $# ∠"$# = ∠&$% WFSUJDBMMZ PQQPTJUF
∴ "# = $# ∴ ∆"$# ≡ ∆&$% ""4
JJ BT ∠#"$ = ∠%&$ BMUFSOBUF BOHMFT BSF FRVBM
**
1SPCMFNT BOE DIBMMFOHFT ∴ "# ** %&
'PS JNBHF ∆"′ #′ $′ 0"′ = 0" 0#′ = 0#

0$′ = 0$
B ZFT 4"4 C ZFT """ D OPU TJNJMBS
B C D
B ∠$ JT DPNNPO
∠%#$ = ∠&"$ = ◦ HJWFO
***
∴ ∆#$% *** ∆"$& """
C N

◦ **
" # BOE $ TIPVME CF QMBDFE XIFSF UIF UISFF BMUJUVEFT PG UIF B ∠"#$ + ∠#$' = ◦ DPJOUFSJPS BOHMFT "# ** $'
USJBOHMF JOUFSTFDU UIF UISFF TJEFT ∴ ∠#$' = ◦

◦ ∴ ∠%$' = ◦
/PX ∠&%$ + ∠%$' = ◦ + ◦
= ◦
**
∴ %& ** $' BT DPJOUFSJPS BOHMFT BEE UP ◦
C ∠$%" = ◦ SFWPMVUJPO
.VMUJQMFDIPJDF RVFTUJPOT SFþFY ∠#$% = ◦ SFWPMVUJPO
∠%"# = ◦ BOHMF TVN JO JTPTDFMFT USJBOHMF
% " # % $
#"%$ RVBESJMBUFSBM BOHMF TVN ◦
% & # % "
∴ B = − ( + + )
=
PS PUIFS QSPPG

D "# = $% HJWFO
B B = C = PS B = C =
∠"#$ = ∠%$# HJWFO
C B = − C = − PS B = − C = −
"OTXFST
#$ JT DPNNPO D B = C = − PS B = − C =
∴ ∆"#$ ≡ ∆%$# 4"4
E B = C = − PS B = − C =
∴ "$ = #% DPSSFTQPOEJOH TJEFT JO DPOHSVFOU USJBOHMFT
B Y + Y + Y + C Y − Y + Y −
B ∠&$% D Y − Y + Y − E Y + Y − Y +
C ∠"#$ = ∠&%$ HJWFO ◦
F Y − Y + Y −
G Y − Y + Y −
***
∴ ∆"#$ *** ∆&%$ """
H Y + BY − B Y + B I Y − BY + B
D N J Y + B K Y − B
Y + Y + Y +
$IBQUFS
&YFSDJTF #
&YFSDJTF "
B +Y + = Y + Y +
B Y Y Y C +Y + = Y + Y +
C Y + Y + Y + = Y + Y + D −Y + = Y − Y +
B Y Y Y E −Y + = Y − Y +

C (Y + )(Y + ) = Y + Y + Y + B J Y + Y + JJ Y + Y +
= Y + Y + JJJ Y + Y +
B Y + Y + Y + = Y + Y + C J Y − Y + JJ Y − Y +
C Y
+ Y − Y − = − Y − Y JJJ Y − Y +
D Y + Y − Y − = Y − Y − B +Y − = Y − C −Y − = Y −
E Y − Y − Y + = Y − Y + D +Y − Y − = Y −
B Y + Y + C C + C + E −Y + Y − = Y −
D U + U + E Q + Q + B Y + Y + C Y + Y +
F Y
+ Y + G E + E + D Y + Y + E Y + Y +
H B + B + I Z + Z + F Y + Y + G Y + Y +
J N + N + H Y + Y + I Y + Y +
B Y − Y − C Y + Y − J Y − Y + K Y − Y +
D Y
− Y − E Y − Y − L Y − Y + M Y − Y +
F Y + Y − G Y + Y − N Y − Y + O Y − Y +
H Y
+ Y − I Y− Y + P Y − Y + Q Y − Y +
J Y − Y + K Y + Y + B Y + Y + C Y + Y +
L Y
+ Y + M Y + Y + D Y
+ Y + E Y + Y +
N Y + Y − O Y + Y − F Y + Y + G Y + Y +
P Y − Y − Q Y − Y − H + Y + Y I + Y + Y
R Y + Y − S Y − Y − J Y − Y + K Y − Y +
T Y − Y + U Y − Y + L Y − Y + M Y − Y +
V Y − Y + N Y + YZ + Z O Y + YZ + Z
B B + BD + BC + CD C B + BD − BC − CD P Y + YZ + Z Q Y + YZ + Z
D BC + CD − B − BD E YZ − Y[ − Z + Z[ R Y − YZ + Z S Y − YZ + Z
F Z[ − Z − Y[ + YZ G + Z − Y − YZ T Y − YZ + Z U Y − YZ + Z
H Y − YZ − Z I B − BC − C V Y − YZ + Z
J Y + YZ − Z K B + B − BC − C B − Y + Y C − Y + Y
L Y − YZ + Z M Y Z − Z[ − YZ[ D − Y + Y E − Y + Y
B Y + Y + F − Y + Y G − Y + Y
C J N JJ N H − Y + Y I − Y + Y
B Y C Y − Y + J − Y + Y K − Y + Y
B − Y + Y C N L − Y + Y M − Y + Y
B C D E B Y − C Y − D Y − E Y −
F G H Y, Y I Y, Y F Y − G Y − H Y − I Y −
J Y Y K Y Y J Y − K − Y L − Y M − Y

B Y − C Y − D Y − L −Z(Z + ) M −B(B + )
E Y − Z F Y − Z N −Y( + Y) O −Q( + Q)
"OTXFST
G Y − Z H Y − Z P −C( + C) Q −Y( + Y)
I Y − Z J Y − Z B (Y + )( + Y) C (Y + )( + Y)
K Y − Z L Y − Z D (N − )( + N) E (Y − )(Y + )
M Y − Z F (B + )( − B) G (Y + )( − Y)
B J Y JJ Y − H (Z + )(Z − ) I (Y + )(B − Y)
C /P UIFZ EJGGFS CZ J (U + )(U + ) K (N − )(N + )
B − Y C ( − Y)( − Y) = − Y + Y L (Z − )(Z − ) M ( − Y)( + Y)
D DN E DN B (B + ) C (Y − ) D (C + )
B B + C C (B + C)(B + C) = B + BC + C E Y(Y − ) F Z(Z + ) G B(B − ) H YZ(Y − + Z)
D B−C E (B − C)(B − C) = B − BC + C I BC( − B + C) J (N + )(N + )
F BC G BC TP ZFT GPVS DPVSUT BSFB JT BC K (Y + )(Y − ) L (C − )(C + )
B Y − C /P BSFB PG SFDUBOHMF JT TRVBSF VOJU MFTT M (Y + )(Y − ) N ( − Z)(Z − )
B B − C O (Y + )(Y + ) P (Z + )(Z − )
C J (B − C) = B − BC + C B (Y + ) C (Y + ) D (Y + )
JJ C(B − C) = BC − C JJJ C(B − C) = BC − C E (Y + ) F (Y + ) G (Y + )
D ZFT B − BC + C + BC − C + BC − C = B − C Y
B Y + Y C −Y + D Y + Y − B U( − U)
E −Y − Y F G Y C J N JJ N JJJ N
H −Y − I −Y + D TFDPOET
J Y + YZ − Z K Y + L −Y B C D − E −
M Y − Y + N Y − Y + F G
O Y + YZ + Z B (B + B + ) C [([ − + Z)
D Y(Y − Z + YZ) E C(Z − + C)
&YFSDJTF $ F −Z(Y + [ + Y[) G BC( + C + B)
B C D E F B −(Y − ) = ( − Y)
G H I C −(Y − ) = ( − Y)
B Y C Y D B E B D −(O − ) = ( − O)
F −Z G −Y H −Y I −Y E −(C − ) = ( − C)
J −Y F −N( − N) = N(N − )
B J JJ Y JJJ Y G −Y( − Y) = Y(Y − )
C JJJ H −Y( − Y) = Y(Y − )
D UFSNT IBWF OP DPNNPO GBDUPS I −Z( − Z) = Z(Z − )
J −O( − O) = O(O − )
B Y C B D E F
K −(Z − ) = ( − Z)
G H Y I O J Z
L −(NO − ) = ( − NO)
K Y L YZ M BC
M −(Y − ) = ( − Y)
B (Y + ) C (Y + ) D (Y − ) E (Y − )
B (Y − )(Y − ) C (Y − )(Y + )
F ( + Z) G ( + B) H ( − C)
D (Y − )(Y + ) E (Y − )(Y − )
I ( − Y) J (B + C) K (N + O)
F (Y − )( − Y) G (Y − )(Y − )
L (Y − Z) M (B − C)
H (Y − )( − Y) I (Y − )(Y − )
N Y(Y + ) O B(B − ) P Z(Z − ) Q Y( − Y)
J (Y − )(Y − )
R Q(Q + ) S Y( − Y)
T C(C + ) U Z( − Z)
V B( − B) W N( + N)
&YFSDJTF %
X Y(Z − Y) Y BC( − C) B Y − C Y − D Y − E Y − Z
B −(Y + ) C −(Y + ) F Y − Z G B − C

D −(Y + Z) E −(B + C) B C D E

F −(Y + ) G −(Z + ) F Y G B H C I Z
H −(Y + Z) I −(N + O) B (Y + )(Y − )
J −Y(Y + ) K −Y(Y + ) C Y − () = (Y + )(Y − )

! "! " ! "! "
D (Y) − () = (Y + )(Y − ) F B+C B−C G Y+ Y−

E (B) − (C) = (B + C)(B − C) ! "! "
"OTXFST
H B C B C
B (Y + )(Y − ) C (Z + )(Z − )
+

−

D (Z + )(Z − ) E (Y + )(Y − ) ! "! "
F (Y + )(Y − ) G (C + )(C − ) I B+C B−C J (Y + Z)(Y − Z)(Y + Z )

H (B + )(B − ) I (Y + Z)(Y − Z) K (B + C)(B − C)(B + C )
J (B + C)(B − C) K ( + B)( − B)
L (B + C)(B − C)(B + C )
L ( + Y)( − Y) M ( + C)( − C)
N ( + Z)( − Z) O ( + C)( − C) M (Y + Z)(Y − Z)(Y + Z )

P (Y + )(Y − ) Q ( + Z)( − Z)
B (Y + )(Y − ) C (Y + )(Y − )
&YFSDJTF &
D (C + )(C − ) E (N + )(N − ) B Y − C B + D − + B E − + Y
F (Z + )(Z − ) G (B + )(B − ) F B + B G C − C H Y − Y I Z − Z
H ( + Y)( − Y) I ( + C)( − C) J BY + Y + B + K BY − B + Y −
J ( + Z)( − Z) K (Y + Z)(Y − Z) L CY − C − Y + M D − DY − + Y
L (Y + Z)(Y − Z) M (B + C)(B − C) B +Y C −Y D −Y E Y+
N (Q + R)(Q − R) O (N + O)(N − O) F B+ G B− H −B I + B
P (B + C)(B − C) Q (B + C)(B − C) B (Y − )(Y − ) C (Y + )(Y + )
B (Y + )(Y − ) C (B + )(B − ) D (Y − )(Y + ) E (Y + )( − Y)
D (Y + )(Y − ) E (Z + )(Z − ) F (Y − )( − Y) G (Y + )(Y − )
F ( + Y)( − Y) G ( + N)( − N) H ( − Y)(Y + ) I (Y + )( − Y)
H (YZ + )(YZ − ) I ( + YZ)( − YZ) J (Y − )(Y + )
J ( + BC)( − BC) B (Y + )(Y + ) C (Y + )(Y + )
B (Y + )(Y + ) C (Y + )(Y + ) D (Y + )(Y + ) E (Y − )(Y + )
D (Y + )(Y + ) E (Y + )(Y − ) F (Y − )(Y + ) G (Y − )(Y + )
F (Y − )(Y − ) G (Y + )(Y − ) H (Y + )(Y − ) I (Y + )(Y − )
H ( + Y)( − Y) I −Y(Y + ) J (Y + )(Y − ) K (Y − )(Y − B)
J ( + Y)( − Y) L (Y − )(Y − D) M (Y − )(Y − B)
B ( + U)( − U) B (B + D)(C + E) C (C − D)(B + E)
C J N JJ N D (Z − [)(Y + X) E (T − )(S + U)
D TFDPOET F (Y + Z)(Y − ) G (C − B)(B − D)
B J Y JJ ( + Y)( − Y) B (Y − C)(Y + ) C (Y − D)(Y + )
C J DN JJ DN D (Y + C)(Y + ) E (Y + D)(Y − )
B (Y + )(Y − ) C (Y + )(Y − ) F (Y + B)(Y − ) G (Y − C)(Y − )
D ( + B)( − B) E (Y + Z)(Y − Z) B (Y − )(Y + ) C (Y + )(Y + )
F (C + B)(C − B) G (D + BC)(D − BC) D (Y + )(Y − ) E ( − Y)(Y + )
H (Z[ + Y)(Z[ − Y) I (C + B)(C − B) F (Y − )( + B) G ( − Y)(Z − )
B 'BDUPSJTF FBDI CJOPNJBM H (O + )(N − ) I ( − S)(Q + )
(Y + )(Y − ) = (Y + ) (Y − ) J ( − Z)(Y + )
= (Y + )(Y − ) B Y + Y − BY − B C Y − EY − DY + DE
C 5BLF PVU DPNNPO GBDUPS PG D Y − Y[ + Z − Z[ E BY + CY − B − C
− (Y − ) F DY − CY − CD + C G YZ + Y[ − Z − Z[
H BC + BD + C + CD
= ( + Y − )(−(Y − )) JOTFSU CSBDLFUT XIFO TVCUSBDUJOH
I NZ + N[ − YZ − Y[
B CJOPNJBM
B (Y + )(Y + ) C (Y + )(Y + )
= ( + Y)( − Y + ) SFNFNCFS − × − = +
D (Y + )(Y + ) E (Y − )(Y + )
= ( + Y)( − Y)
F (Y + )(Y − ) G (Y − )(Y − )
! "! " ! "! "
B Y + Y − C Y+ Y− B .FUIPE B(Y + ) − (Y + ) = (Y + )(B − )

! "! " ! "! " .FUIPE Y(B − ) + (B − ) = (B − )(Y + )
D Y + Y − E Y+ Y− C J (Y − )(C + ) JJ (Y + )(Z − )

JJJ (N + )(N − O) JW ( − O)(N − ) B (Y + ) C (Y + ) D (Y + )
W ( − C)(B + C) WJ (B − )(C + D) E (Y − ) F (Y − ) G (Y − )
"OTXFST
"OTXFST XJMM WBSZ H (Y + ) I (Y − )
B (B − )( − Y − D) C (B + )(C + − B) J −(Y − )
D (B + )(Y − − C) E (B − C)( − C − B) C D F G
F ( − B)(D − Y + ) G (Y − )(B + C − ) B (Y − ) − C (Y + ) −
H (B − D)(B − C + CD) D (Y + ) − E (Y − ) −
I ( − Z)(Y − [ + Z) F (Y + ) − G (Y − ) −
J (Y − )(Y + Z − [) K (BC − D)(Y + Z − )
&YFSDJTF (
&YFSDJTF ' B C D − E −
B Y + Y + C Y + Y + F − − G − − H − I −
D Y + Y − E Y + Y − B = Y + Y + Y +
F Y + Y − G Y + Y −
= Y(Y + ) + (Y + )
H Y − Y + I Y − Y +
= (Y + )(Y + )
J Y − Y +
C = Y + Y + Y +
B C D E
F − G − H − I − = Y(Y + ) + (Y + )
J − − K − − L − − M − − = (Y + )(Y + )
B (Y + )(Y + ) C (Y + )(Y + ) D = Y − Y − Y +
D (Y + )(Y + ) E (Y + )(Y + ) = Y(Y − ) − (Y − )
F (Y + )(Y + ) G (Y + )(Y + )
= (Y − )(Y − )
H (Y + )(Y + ) I (Y + )(Y + )
E = Y + Y − Y −
J (Y + )(Y + ) K (Y + )(Y + )
L (Y + )(Y + ) M (Y + )(Y + ) = Y(Y + ) − (Y + )
B (Y + )(Y − ) C (Y + )(Y − ) = (Y + )(Y − )
D (Y + )(Y − ) E (Y + )(Y − ) F = Y + Y + Y +
F (Y + )(Y − ) G (Y + )(Y − )
= Y(Y + ) + (Y + )
H (Y + )(Y − ) I (Y + )(Y − )
= (Y + )(Y + )
J (Y + )(Y − )
G = Y − Y + Y −
B (Y − )(Y − ) C (Y − )(Y − )
D (Y − )(Y − ) E (Y − )(Y − ) = Y(Y − ) + (Y − )
F (Y − )(Y − ) G (Y − )(Y − ) = (Y − )(Y + )
H (Y − )(Y − ) I (Y − )(Y − ) B (Y + )(Y + ) C (Y + )(Y + )
J (Y − )(Y − ) D (Y + )(Y + ) E (Y + )(Y + )
B (Y − )(Y + ) C (Y − )(Y + ) F (Y + )(Y + ) G (Y + )(Y + )
D (Y − )(Y + ) E (Y − )(Y + ) H (Y + )(Y + ) I (Y + )(Y + )
F (Y − )(Y + ) G (Y − )(Y + ) J (Y + )(Y + )
H (Y − )(Y + ) I (Y − )(Y + ) B (Y + )(Y − ) C (Y − )(Y + )
J (Y − )(Y + ) D (Y + )(Y − ) E (Y + )(Y − )
B (Y + )(Y + ) C (Y + )(Y + ) F (Y + )(Y − ) G (Y − )(Y + )
D (Y + )(Y + ) E (Y + )(Y − ) H (Y − )(Y − ) I (Y − )(Y − )
F (Y − )(Y + ) G (Y − )(Y − ) J (Y − )(Y − ) K (Y − )(Y + )
H (Y − )(Y + ) I (Y − )(Y + ) L (Y − )(Y − ) M (Y + )(Y − )
J (Y − )(Y − ) K (Y − )(Y − ) N (Y + )(Y − ) O (Y − )(Y − )
L (Y − )(Y + ) M (Y − )(Y + ) P (Y − )(Y + )
B Y C Y PS Y D Y Y Y E Y Y Y B (Y + )(Y + ) C (Y + )(Y − )
F Y Y Y G Y Y Y D (Y − )(Y − ) E (Y + )(Y − )
H Y Y Y I Y Y F (Y − )(Y + ) G (Y + )(Y − )
B J Y(Y + ) JJ Y + Y − H (Y + )(Y − ) I (Y + )(Y + )
JJJ (Y + )(Y − ) J (Y − )(Y + ) K (Y − )(Y − )
C J N JJ N L (Y − )(Y − ) M (Y − )(Y + )

B (Y − )(Y + ) C (Y − )(Y + ) B Y − C Y− D Y− E
Y +
D (Y − )(Y − ) E (Y − )(Y − )
"OTXFST
F G
F (Y − )(Y + ) G (Y − )(Y + ) Y+ Y−
B −(Y − )(Y − ) C −(Y − )(Y + )
D −(Y + )(Y − ) E −(Y + )(Y − ) B Y− C Y− D (Y − ) E Y+
(Y − )
F −(Y − )(Y − ) G −(Y − )(Y − )
B Y C (Y − ) D E Y−
B (Y + )(Y − ) Y+ Y+ (Y + )

C (Y − )(Y + ) F (Y + ) G
D /P ZPV HFU UIF TBNF SFTVMU (Y + ) Y+
E J (Y + )(Y − ) JJ (Y − )(Y + ) B Y+ C Y+ D Y− E
Y+
JJJ (Y − )(Y + )
F G
"OTXFST XJMM WBSZ Y− Y −
TFF BOTXFST UP 2VFTUJPOT BOE
B (Y + )(Y − ) C Y+ D Y−
Y+ Y−
1SPHSFTT RVJ[
E Y− F Y − G Y − H Y+
Y+ − Y −Y (Y + )
B Y + Y + C B + B −
I
D Y + Y − E B − BC + C (Y + )
B Z + Z + C Y − Y +
D B − B + E L + LN + N B − C − D − E −

B Y − C Y − Z
F − G −(Y + )
B (B − ) C Y(Y − )
D −Y(Y + ) E (B + )( + B) B B + C (B − ) D Y + E Y+

F ( + B)( − B) G (L − )(L − )
B (Y + )(Y − ) C (B + )(B − ) F Y+ G
Y−
D (Y + Z)(Y − Z) E (B + )(B − )
F (YZ + )(YZ − ) G (I + )(I − ) B − Y + C − Y − D − Y − E −
Y+ Y+
B (Y + )(Y + ) C (B + )(B − )
F − G (Y + ) H (Y + )
D (Y − I)(Y + ) Y+ Y
B (Y − )(Y + ) C (B + )(Q − ) I − J Y K −
(Y + ) Y−
B (Y + )(Y + ) C (B + )(B − )
D (N − )(N − ) E (L − )(L + )
&YFSDJTF *
B (L + )(L + ) C (Y + )(Y + )
D (B − )(B + ) E (N − )(N − ) B C D E
B Y C Y D E F
&YFSDJTF ) G
B C D Y E Y F B Y + Y = Y
Y
H Y+
G
Y
I (Y − ) C Y − Y = Y

B (Y + ) C ( − Y) D Y(Y − )
E Y(Y + ) D (Y + ) + (Y + ) = Y + + Y + = Y +

B (Y − ) = Y − C ( − Y) B C D E
Y( − Y)
F
D (Y + )(Y + )
(Y − ) B Y C Y D Y E Y

B C D E Y−
F Z G B H C I N

F (Y − ) G
Y+ J N K B L Y M − Q

B Y− C (Y − ) D E N − C O
Z
P Y Q Y

F Y− G (Y + ) H I

Z +
B Y + C Y D B − E B C D Y E Y

F (Y − )(Y + ) G (Y − )(Y + )
"OTXFST
F N + G Y − H C −
H (Y − )(Y − ) I (Y + )

Z − B − Y C Y − D Y− E − Y −
I Y J K U − L − Y

F Y − G − Y − H Y −
M N −

I − Y J Y −
B C D − E
Y Y Y Y
B − Y C Y + D Y− E Y −
F G H − I −
Y Y Y Y
F Y G − Y H Y + I Y −
Y + + Y Y + Y −
B C D E
Y Y Y Y
− Y Y− Y − − Y J − Y
F G H I
Y Y Y Y
B Y − C Y −

B +Y C Y − D − − Y (Y − )(Y + ) (Y + )(Y − )
Y Y Y
D Y + E Y +

E − Y F Y − G − Y H Y − (Y − )(Y + ) (Y − )(Y + )
Y Y Y Y
F Y + G Y −

I − − Y (Y + )(Y + ) (Y + )(Y − )
Y
H Y+ I − Y
(Y + )(Y + ) (Y − )(Y − )
B Y C Y D Y E Y
− Y
J
(Y − )(Y − )
F Y G Y
− Y −Y −
B C
(Y + ) (Y + )
B EJEOU NBLF B DPNNPO EFOPNJOBUPS Y Y − − Y
D E
(Y − ) (Y − )
C EJEOU VTF CSBDLFUT (Y + ) = Y + , Y + −Y − Y
F G
(Y − ) (Y − )
D EJEOU VTF CSBDLFUT (Y − ) = Y − , Y − Y + − Y
H I
(Y + ) (Y + )
E EJEOU NVMUJQMZ OVNFSBUPS JO CZ Y BT XFMM BT EFOPNJOBUPS Y −
Y J
( − Y)
Y −
Y −
Y B C Y +
(Y − ) Y
B Y + = (Y + ) = Y + Y − Y + Y + Y
D E
Y (Y − )(Y + )
C Y + Y + Y +
F Y − Y − G
( − Y)(Y − ) (Y − )
D 6TJOH EFOPNJOBUPS EPFT OPU HJWF BOTXFS JO TJNQMJýFE − Y − Y
H E − Y I
GPSN BOE SFRVJSFT FYUSB TUFQT 1SFGFSBCMF UP VTF BDUVBM (Y − ) (Y + )(Y + )
-$% Y − Y −
J
(Y + )
B − Y C Y D Y E Y −
B TFDPOE MJOF − × (−) = + OPU −
F Y − G Y + H I C Y +

Y Y
− Y Y − Y +
J − K L B
Y Y Y (Y + )(Y + )(Y + )
− Y Y Y − − Y
M N − O P − Y C
(Y + )(Y + )(Y + )
Y Y Y Y
D − Y
(Y − )(Y − )( − Y)
&YFSDJTF +
E Y − F Y +
B −Y − C −Y − D − − Y (Y + )(Y − ) (Y − )( − Y)
E −Y + F − + Y G − + Y G Y + Y
(Y + )(Y − )(Y + )

B B
B C Y − D E − Y F H Y=− PS
−Y −Y Y − − Y B − C − B B − B + C
"OTXFST
G
I Y = BD J Y = BD K Y = D − B
B C D D−B C C
(Y + ) (Y − ) (Y − )
L Y = C − CD M Y = BE − C
E − Y F Y − B−D D−E
(Y + )(Y − ) (Y + )(Y − )
N Y = BC − B O Y=B+C
G Y + H Y − −B
(Y − )(Y + ) (Y + )(Y + )(Y − )
Y + P Y = BC − B
I J Y + B−C
(Y − )(Y + ) (Y − )(Y − )
K − 1SPCMFNT BOE DIBMMFOHFT

Y(Y − )(Y + )
B C D
&YFSDJTF , B C
B = C = D = BOE E =
B C D E
B (O + ) + PS O + O +
F G
C B OVNCFS PG BOTXFST
B Y C Y D (Y + ) E Y + F
(O − )(O + )
G −(Y + ) H (Y − ) I ( − Y)
J O − BOE O + BSF CPUI FWFO TJODF UIFZ BSF
J Y −
DPOTFDVUJWF FWFO OVNCFST POF PG UIFN JT EJWJTJCMF CZ
B C D E F
IFODF UIFJS QSPEVDU JT BMTP EJWJTJCMF CZ
JJ O − O O + BSF DPOTFDVUJWF OVNCFST POF PG UIFN
G H − I J
NVTU CF EJWJTJCMF CZ 4JODF O JT QSJNF JU NVTU CF O −
B C D E F PS O + TP UIFJS QSPEVDU JT EJWJTJCMF CZ

JJJ O − JT EJWJTJCMF CZ BOE BOE TJODF UIFZ IBWF OP
G H I J − DPNNPO GBDUPS JU NVTU BMTP CF EJWJTJCMF CZ × =

B − C − D E 'BDUPSJTF FBDI FYQSFTTJPO BOE DBODFM
F − G Y − Y + = (Y − ) XIJDI JT BMXBZT HSFBUFS UIBO PS
FRVBM UP [FSP
B C D E F
3ZBO
G H I − J

B − C − D − E −
" & % $ #
F − G − % " & # "
B Y + Y = C Y =

B C D E F
B Y + Y − C Y − Y +
G H I J − D Y − Y − E Y + Y −

B Y + Y + C Y − Y +
B Y + Y = C HBNFT D Y − Y + E Y − F − Y

G Y −
0O UIF TFDPOE MJOF OPU FWFSZ UFSN IBT CFFO NVMUJQMJFE CZ
B (B + C) C Y( − Y)
5IF Y TIPVME CF Y UP HJWF BO BOTXFS Y =
D −YZ(Y + ) E (Y − )(Y + )
0O UIJSE MJOF PG XPSLJOH − × (−) = + OPU − HJWJOH F (Y + )(Y − ) G (Y − )(Y − )
BOTXFS Y = − B (Y + )(Y − ) C (Y + )(Y − )
B C D E D (Y + Z)(Y − Z) E ( + Y)( − Y)

F G − F (Y − )(Y + ) G ( − Y)( + Y)
B Y = BC C Y = CE D Y = BD B (Y − )(Y + ) C (Y + )(Y − )

B − CD D−C D (Y − )( + C)
E Y = CE + CF − BD F Y = D − C B (Y + )(Y + ) C (Y − )(Y + )
D B −
D (Y − )(Y − ) E (Y + )(Y − )
G Y = C + B F (Y + ) G (Y + )(Y + )

H (Y − )(Y + ) I (Y − )(Y − )

B Y+ C D Y− JO JO

"OTXFST
B C Y− D Y E B J { } JJ JJJ

F Y + G JW W
Y
B Y C Y − D C J { } JJ JJJ JW
Y
Y − Y + W
E F
Y (Y + )(Y + ) D J { } JJ JJJ JW
− Y
G
(Y − ) W

B Y = C Y= D Y= E Y = −
E J { } JJ JJJ JW

&YUFOEFESFTQPOTF RVFTUJPOT W

B Y +
N
C J /P DIBOHF F J { } JJ JJJ

JJ (Y − ) N TRVBSF NFUSF MFTT JO BSFB
JW W
D J XJEUI = (Y − ) N EFDSFBTFE CZ NFUSFT
JJ " = (Y + )(Y − ) = (Y + Y − ) N G J {} JJ JJJ JW
JJJ " = N W
B N B C D E F

C J - = 8 = ( + Y) N
G
JJ (Y + Y + ) N
D B C D E F

G
E Y(Y + ) N
F Y= B C

$IBQUFS B C D E F

G H I J K

&YFSDJTF "
B {) " 3 4}
B J JJ JJJ
C J JJ JJJ

C 0.25
x
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.10 B C D E

F G H I
1FSDFOUBHF

'SBDUJPO
%FDJNBM
/VNCFS MJOF B C D E F

B x G H I J
0 0.5 1

C x

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 B C D E

D x

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 F G H I

E x 5IF TBNQMF TQBDF IBT GPVS FMFNFOUT BT UIF MFUUFS 0 BQQFBST
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
UXJDF {4 - 0 0} "NBOEB IBT POMZ DPOTJEFSFE UIF OBNF

F
x PG UIF MFUUFS OPU UIF UPUBM OVNCFS PG FMFNFOUT JO UIF TBNQMF
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
TQBDF 1S (4) =
G x
0 0.85 1
B E G

B C D E B J JJ JJJ JW

"OTXFST
F G H I J W WJ

B NJOT C J JJ JJJ JW

C

W WJ

D J JJ JJJ JW
B
" /PU " 5PUBM
W WJ #

/PU #
&YFSDJTF # 5PUBM
B A B
C J JJ JJJ JW
W WJ WJJ 3 2 6
D J JJ
1
B # C % D " E $
C
B " /PU " 5PUBM
" /PU " 5PUBM
#
#
/PU #
/PU #
5PUBM
5PUBM
C A B
" /PU " 5PUBM
#
/PU # 9 3 4
5PUBM 4
B B C
Phone iPod Car House
19 3 6
1 3 3
2 3
C J JJ JJJ
D
D J JJ JJJ

B 3BJO XBUFS /P SBJO XBUFS 5PUBM
B J JJ JJJ JW 5BQ XBUFS

/P UBQ XBUFS
W WJ
5PUBM
C J JJ JJJ JW C D E

W WJ

B $SFBN /PU DSFBN 5PUBM
*DF DSFBN A B
/PU JDF DSFBN
5PUBM z x y
C J JJ
w
D J JJ JJJ

B 5 − Y − Z + [ C 5−Y D 5−Z
E Y−[ F Z−[ G Z−[ H 5−Y+[

C A B
" /PU " 5PUBM
"OTXFST
#
/PU # − 2 3 1
5PUBM 4
'JMMJOH JO UBCMF TP UPUBMT BEE VQ SFRVJSFT B OFHBUJWF
D J { } JJ { }
OVNCFSo JNQPTTJCMF
JJJ { } JW {}

B J E J JJ JJJ JW
A B
B
10 2 8 A B
0
JJ 4 2 2
A B
12
9 6 5
0 C J { } JJ { }
JJJ JJJ { }
A B
JW { }
D J JJ JJJ JW
14 4 2
0 W WJ

C J A B B J 5SVF JJ 5SVF JJJ 'BMTF JW 'BMTF
W 5SVF WJ 'BMTF WJJ 5SVF WJJJ 'BMTF
40 10 50 C J JJ JJJ

0
B J JJ JJJ
JJ A B
C J JJ JJJ

19 19 62
D J JJ JJJ
0
JJJ E J JJ JJJ
A B
B J {'SFE 3PO 3BDIFM} JJ {'SFE 3BDIFM )FMFO}
6 77 17 JJJ {} JW {'SFE 3BDIFM}
0 C J JJ JJJ JW

D PWFSMBQ = (" + #) − 5PUBM
W WJ

&YFSDJTF $ B C D E
F G H I
B $ C % D & E " F '
G #
B C D E
B # C % D " E $
B PXO CPUI B EPH BOE B DBU
B C D E
C PXO EPHT PS DBUT PS CPUI
B J { }
D EPFT OPU PXO B DBU
JJ { } JJJ { }
E PXOT B DBU CVU OP EPHT

B ZFT E PVUDPNFT
TU
"OTXFST
t ◦ ◦
t ¨ ◦ t
◦ t
A B
OE ◦ t ◦
¨ ◦ ◦
◦ t ◦
◦ ◦
¨
C /P BT " ∪ # JODMVEFT POMZ FMFNFOUT GSPN TFUT " BOE # B 5BCMF "
′ C 5BCMF #
# POMZ = # ∩ "
D J JJ

" "′ 5PUBM E J JJ
# O(" ∩ #) O(# ∩ "′ ) O(#) B
#′ O(" ∩ #′ ) O("′ ∩ #′ ) O(#′ ) "
′ t ◦
5PUBM O "
O "
O TBNQMF TQBDF
t t t
◦ t
.VUVBMMZ FYDMVTJWF FWFOUT IBWF OP DPNNPO FMFNFOUT

# ◦ t ◦
◦ ◦
JF " ∩ # = ∅
◦ t ◦
◦ ◦
C
D J JJ JJJ
A B
B

B J { }

JJ { } JJJ { }

JW { }

W { } WJ { }
4BNQMF TQBDF = {

. . .
} JF BMM QBJST
WJJ { }
GSPN UBCMF
WJJJ { }
JY { C

}
D
C J JJ JJJ JW
B

W WJ WJJ WJJJ

D UIFZ BSF FRVBM

&YFSDJTF %

B PVUDPNFT

C

D J JJ JJJ JW

B
C PVUDPNFT % 0 (
% 9 0 %
( %
) )
)
)
)
)
)
0 % 0
9 ( 0
5 5
5
5
5
5
5
( % (
0 (
9
D PVUDPNFT C

" # $
" 9 # "
$ "
D

# " #
9 $ #
$ " $
# $
9

B &YFSDJTF &
TU
"OTXFST
B ))) ))5 )5) )55 5)) 5)5 55) 555 PVUDPNFT
9

C 55 50 05 00 PVUDPNFT

9

B PVUDPNFT C PVUDPNFT
OE

9
B )) )5 5) 55

9 H
C J JJ H
T
D J JJ JJJ JW
H
B
T
T

C

D J JJ JJJ JW

B Spin 1 Spin 2 Outcomes
1 11
C J JJ JJJ JW 2 12
1
3 13
W
1 21
B 2 2 22
" # $ % & 3 23
" " "
# "
$ "
% "
& "
1 31
# " #
# #
$ #
% #
& #
3 2 32
$ " $
# $
$ $
% $
& $
3 33
% " %
# %
$ %
% %
& %
C
& " &
# &
$ &
% &
& &
D J JJ JJJ JW

C J JJ JJJ B Person 1 Person 2 Outcomes

E DE
D J JJ
D
B J JJ JJJ JW F DF

D ED
W WJ WJJ WJJJ E

F EF
C
D FD
B J JJ
F
C J JJ
ZFT BT JG POF 0 JT SFNPWFE BOPUIFS SFNBJOT UP CF VTFE E FE
C J JJ JJJ
B C

B Sock 1 Sock 2 Outcomes

B R RR
C D E
R B RB
Y RY
F R RR

B XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU R B RB
Y RY
C
R BR
D B R BR

Y BY
E J JJ B YB
Y R YR
R YR
C J JJ JJJ JW

B C D E B

C J JJ
"OTXFST

B C D E
D J JJ JJJ
F B C 4&&

B To A To B To C B J JJ JJJ
C
Bike
Car D
Bike
Train 2
1
Train Bike 3
Train Car
Train
B

Bike
C /P BT UIF OVNCFS PG UISPXT JODSFBTFT UIF FYQFSJNFOU
Bike Car
Train TIPVME QSPEVDF
" #SFTVMUT DMPTFS UP UIF UIFPSFUJDBM
Car Bike QSPCBCJMJUZ

Train Car
Train B GBJS DMPTF UP DIBODF PG UBJMT
C C CJBTFE OFBSMZ BMM SFTVMUT BSF IFBET
D J JJ JJJ JW D DBOU EFUFSNJOF PO TVDI B TNBMM TBNQMF

B 4IBEFE "SFB = . ∴ TIPUT ≈
W 5PUBM "SFB

B C D E C × =

F D − × ≈

B C O
E è − è × ≈
ZFT UIFSF JT B EJGGFSFODF QSPCBCJMJUZ PG PCUBJOJOH UXP PG UIF è
TBNF DPMPVS JT MPXFS XJUIPVU SFQMBDFNFOU B OP C USVF D OP E USVF
B C D E CMVF SFE HSFFO ZFMMPX

TUSBXCFSSZ DBSBNFM DPDPOVU OVU NJOU
F G H I

&YFSDJTF (
J K

B DPNNPO C NJEEMF D NFBO
&YFSDJTF '
NFBO NFEJBO NPEF
B " = . # = . B

C
C $ BT JU JT B MBSHFS TBNQMF TJ[F
D
B C D E
E
GSPN UIF UISPXT BT UIF NPSF UJNFT BO FYQFSJNFOU F
JT DBSSJFE PVU UIF DMPTFS UIF FYQFSJNFOUBM QSPCBCJMJUZ CFDPNFT G
UP UIF BDUVBMUIFPSFUJDBM QSPCBCJMJUZ
NFBO NFEJBO NPEF
B
B
C J JJ JJJ
C
B D

C J JJ JJJ E OPOF
F
B C D
G OPOF
B C D E H −
I

B PVUMJFS = NFBO = NFEJBO = B C D

C PVUMJFS = −. NFBO = NFEJBO =
"OTXFST
B Outcomes
D PVUMJFS = − NFBO = − NFEJBO = −
A WA
B ZFT C OP D OP E ZFT W
B T C T Y WY
B C W AW
B C A
Y AY

W YW
BOTXFST NBZ WBSZ Y
B JT B TFU C JT B TFU A YA
D JT B TFU E JT B TFU C J JJ JJJ JW

F − − JT B TFU G JT B TFU B

B C
C BOE
ESPQT
D BOE
ESPQT B
"O PVUMJFS IBT B MBSHF JNQBDU PO UIF BEEJUJPO PG BMM UIF TDPSFT C
BOE UIFSFGPSF TJHOJýDBOUMZ BGGFDUT UIF NFBO "O PVUMJFS EPFT D
OPU NPWF UIF NJEEMF PG UIF HSPVQ PG TDPSFT TJHOJýDBOUMZ
B C D E B NJMMJPO
F /P BT JU XJMM TUJMM MJF JO UIF DPMVNO C
B C D D
B E .FBO = .FEJBO =
C J #+ JJ #+ JJJ "
D IF DBOOPU HFU BO "+ &YFSDJTF )
E J JJ B
F . = + N C J NJO JJ NJO

G N = . − D NJO
E NJO
1SPHSFTT RVJ[ B
C J NN JJ NN
B {, , , , , } C {#( (# ## ((}
D J NN JJ NN
E J NN JJ NN

B F TLFXFE
G TZNNFUSJDBM
T S
B J TUFN MFBG

15 13 12

C JJ JJJ JW TLFXFE
D C J TUFN MFBG

= .

B J {, , , , , , , , , , }
JJ {, , , , , }
JJJ {, , }
JJ JJJ JW BMNPTU TZNNFUSJDBM
JW {, , , , , , }
C J JJ JJJ

D J TUFN MFBG B $PMMJOHXPPE 4U ,JMEB

"OTXFST

JJ JJJ
JW BMNPTU TZNNFUSJDBM
E J TUFN MFBG
C $PMMJOHXPPE 4U ,JMEB

D $PMMJOHXPPE JT BMNPTU TZNNFUSJDBM EBUB BOE CBTFE PO UIFTF
SFTVMUT TFFN UP CF DPOTJTUFOU 4U ,JMEB IBT HSPVQT PG TJNJMBS
TDPSFT BOE XIJMF MFTT DPOTJTUFOU UIFZ IBWF IJHIFS TDPSFT

B EBZT C ◦ $ D ◦ $

B T C T D ZFT T MPXFS
JJ JJJ JW TLFXFE
B #BUUFSZ MJGFUJNF
B TUFN MFBG
#SBOE " #SBOE #

C D

B J 4FU " 4FU #

] SFQSFTFOUT IPVST

C #SBOE " #SBOE #

D #SBOE " DPOTJTUFOUMZ QFSGPSNT CFUUFS UIBO #SBOE #

B D =
JJ 4FU " IBT WBMVFT TQSFBE CFUXFFO BOE XIJMF 4FU # C
IBT NPTU PG JUT WBMVFT CFUXFFO BOE XJUI BO PVUMJFS D J PS JJ PS
BU B
C J 4FU " 4FU # C
D *O HFOFSBM CJSUI XFJHIUT PG CBCJFT BSF MPXFS GPS NPUIFST

XIP TNPLF

*O TZNNFUSJDBM EBUB UIF NFBO JT DMPTF UP UIF NFEJBO BT

UIF EBUB JT TQSFBE FWFOMZ GSPN UIF DFOUSF XJUI BO FWFO

OVNCFS PG EBUB WBMVFT XJUI B TJNJMBS EJGGFSFODF GSPN UIF

NFBO BCPWF BOE CFMPX JU
JJ 4FU " IBT WBMVFT CFUXFFO BOE XJUI UIF GSFRVFODZ B C
EFDSFBTJOH BT UIF OVNCFST JODSFBTF XIFSFBT 4FU # IBT B NFBO = NFEJBO =
WBMVFT CFUXFFO BOE XJUI UIF GSFRVFODZ JODSFBTJOH C NFEJBO BT NPSF PG UIF TDPSFT FYJTU JO UIF IJHIFS TUFNT
BT UIF OVNCFST JODSFBTF CVU B GFX MPX TDPSFT MPXFS UIF NFBO
D J 4FU " 4FU # D UIF NFBO JT IJHIFS GPS QPTJUJWFMZ TLFXFE EBUB BT UIF
NBKPSJUZ PG UIF TDPSFT BSF JO UIF MPXFS TUFNT IPXFWFS B

GFX IJHI TDPSFT JODSFBTF UIF NFBO

E TZNNFUSJDBM EBUB

&YFSDJTF *

B C o
B B = C = D = E = F = G =
C B = C = D = E = F =
JJ 4FU " BOE # BSF TJNJMBS 5IF GSFRVFODZ EFDSFBTFT BT UIF B
OVNCFST JODSFBTF C
D J JJ

B B B = C = . D = . E = F = G =
$MBTT 'SFRVFODZ 1FSDFOUBHF GSFRVFODZ H =
"OTXFST
o C B = C = D = E = F = G = H =
o B J JJ JJJ JW
o W
o C J JJ
o D J JJ

C 24 #FDBVTF ZPV POMZ IBWF UIF OVNCFS PG TDPSFT JO UIF DMBTT
20
JOUFSWBM OPU UIF JOEJWJEVBM TDPSFT
Frequency
16
5IF OVNCFS PG EBUB JUFNT XJUIJO FBDI DMBTT
12
B 4UVEFOU "
8
C .BLF UIF JOUFSWBMT GPS UIFJS HSPVQT PG EBUB TNBMMFS TP UIBU
4
UIF HSBQI DPOWFZT NPSF JOGPSNBUJPO
O 10 20 30 40 50 B NJOJNVN XBHF NBYJNVN XBHF
Icecreams sold C J
D J JJ 8FFLMZ XBHFT
'SFRVFODZ
E o
B o
$MBTT 'SFRVFODZ 1FSDFOUBHF GSFRVFODZ
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

JJ 10
C 28
Frequency
24
5
Frequency
20
16
12 O 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 9001000
8 Weekly wages ($)
4 D J
8FFLMZ XBHFT 'SFRVFODZ
O 50 60 70 80 90 100
o
Exam mark
D J JJ o
B o
/VNCFS PG HPBMT 'SFRVFODZ o
o JJ 20
o
Frequency
o
10
o
o
O 200 400 600 800 1000
Weekly wages ($)
C 10 E .PSF JOUFSWBMT TIPXT HSFBUFS EFUBJM 4JODF ýSTU HSBQI IBT
8 FBDI QBJS PG JOUFSWBMT RVJUF TJNJMBS UIFTF UXP HSBQIT BSF
Frequency
6
RVJUF TJNJMBS
4
2 &YFSDJTF +
O B
3 6 9 12 15
D C
E D J JJ
B TZNNFUSJDBM EBUB C TLFXFE EBUB E

B B NJO = DN NBY = DN C DN
C D DN E DN F DN G DN
"OTXFST
D J JJ H CBCJFT
E B NJO = SBCCJUT NBY = SBCCJUT C
D E F G
3BOHF 2 2 2 *23
H
B
B J JJ JJJ JW
C
W
D
WJ 2 4 8 11 13
E
F
G 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
B NJO C J JJ JJJ JW
C J NJO JJ NJO JJJ NJO W
JW NJO WJ 10 34 43 56 88
D 5IF NJEEMF PG WJEFPT SFOUFE WBSJFE JO MFOHUI CZ NJO
B J JJ JJJ JW 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
W WJ D J JJ JJJ JW
C 5IF NJEEMF PG QSJDFT EJGGFST CZ OP NPSF UIBO W
D /P FGGFDU PO 2 2 PS 2 CVU UIF NFBO XPVME JODSFBTF WJ 244 255 435 674 933
B
C
B 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
C E J JJ JJJ JW
D /P POMZ UIF NBYJNVN WBMVF IBT DIBOHFE TP OP JNQBDU W
PO *23 WJ 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.95 1.3
/P BT UIF SBOHF JT UIF EJGGFSFODF JO UIF IJHIFTU BOE
MPXFTU TDPSF BOE EJGGFSFOU TFUT PG UXP OVNCFST DBO IBWF UIF x
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
TBNF EJGGFSFODF − = , − =
B
B :FT o UIF MPXFSJOH PG UIF IJHIFTU QSJDF SFEVDFT UIF SBOHF
x
C /P o UIF NJEEMF QSJDF XJMM OPU DIBOHF
0 5 13 26.5 39 48 50
D /P BT POMZ POF WBMVF UIF IJHIFTU IBT DIBOHFE ZFU JU TUJMM C J JJ JJJ JW
SFNBJOT UIF IJHIFTU 2 BOE 2 SFNBJO VODIBOHFE B "GSJDB
B :FT *23 = − = 3BOHF =
C LH
C :FT IBT *23 =
D ZFT LH
B J 2 = ; 2 = ; 2 = E J JJ
JJ 2 = ; 2 = .; 2 = F "GSJDBO
C KFMMZ CFBOT B .BD
D KFMMZ CFBOT C
E J *23 = JJ *23 = D
F 4IPQ # JT MFTT DPOTJTUFOU UIBO TIPQ " BOE JUT EBUB JT NPSF E 5IFZ BSF UIF TBNF .BD IBT PG UJNFT XJUIJO TBNF
TQSFBE PVU SBOHF BT NJEEMF PG 1$ TUBSU VQ UJNFT .BD JT NPSF
G 4IPQ " DPOTJTUFOU
B 8BMESFO C :FOH D :FOH
&YFSDJTF , E :FOH TNBMMFS SBOHF BOE *23
B NJOJNVN WBMVF C MPXFS RVBSUJMF 2 F :FOH IJHIFS NFEJBO
D NFEJBO 2 E VQQFS RVBSUJMF 2 B C
F NBYJNVN WBMVF G TDBMF H XIJTLFS /P UIF NFEJBO JT BOZXIFSF XJUIJO UIF CPY JODMVEJOH BU UJNFT
I CPY BU JUT FEHFT
B UIF NJOJNVN GSPN UIF NBYJNVN :FT POF SFBTPO JT JG BO PVUMJFS JT UIF IJHIFTU TDPSF UIFO UIF
C UIF MPXFS RVBSUJMF 2 GSPN UIF VQQFS RVBSUJMF 2 NFBO 2 <FH >
%

B 2 = C A B
2 =
"OTXFST
2 = 8 9 16
C ZFT
12
D
E D J JJ JJJ JW

x
1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 B PVUDPNFT
F 5IJT DBMDVMBUPS XBT VTFE MFTT PGUFO UIBO UIF PUIFST TP UIF
CBUUFSZ MBTUFE MPOHFS SFE SFE
SFE
SFE
SFE
HSFFO HSFFO
HSFFO
HSFFO
HSFFO

CMVF CMVF
CMVF
CMVF
CMVF
B = C D C J JJ JJJ

B C B Coin 1 Coin 2 Outcomes

10c ($1, 10c)
B J JJ $1

10c ($1, 10c)
C $1 (10c, $1)

10c
D 10c (10c, 10c)

$1
E 10c
(10c, $1)

B NFBO BOE NFEJBO JODSFBTF CZ SBOHF VODIBOHFE 10c (10c, 10c)
C NFBO NFEJBO BOE SBOHF BMM EPVCMF C

D NFBO BOE NFEJBO EPVCMF BOE EFDSFBTF CZ SBOHF
EPVCMFT B = C
N HSBNT
B PS C B C D
BOE B &NQMPZFF &NQMPZFF


# " % # %

# & $ # &
] NFBOT
C J &NQMPZFF &NQMPZFF
JJ &NQMPZFF &NQMPZFF
B C D D &NQMPZFF UIFZ IBWF B IJHIFS NFBO BOE NPSF TBMFT BU

UIF IJHI FOE
B Delivered Online E &NQMPZFF TZNNFUSJDBM FNQMPZFF TLFXFE
B
20 10 15 $MBTT JOUFSWBM 'SFRVFODZ 1FSDFOUBHF GSFRVFODZ
o
5
o
C o
D J JJ JJJ o

o
B
′ o
" " 5PUBM
# 5PUBM
#′
5PUBM

C Finish times in car rally H 5IFSF JT OPU NVDI EJGGFSFODF XIFO BJSMJOF "T PVUMJFS JT
8 SFNPWFE *U IBT B NBSHJOBMMZ CFUUFS QFSGPSNBODF XJUI
"OTXFST
Frequency PG þJHIUT EFMBZFE MFTT UIBO NJOT DPNQBSFE XJUI
6
4 NJOT GPS BJSMJOF #
2
O
120 130 140 150 160 170 180 $IBQUFS
Interval (mins)
D J JJ
B SVOT
&YFSDJTF "
C 3 12 27 37 55 B C − D E −
F G H I
J −
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Number of runs B OP C OP D ZFT E ZFT
D SVOT F ZFT G OP H OP I ZFT
J ZFT
&YUFOEFESFTQPOTF RVFTUJPOT B C − D − E − F
B J G −
TU TQJO B Y − = , Y =

C Y + = , Y = − PS Y = , Y = − PS Y =

B Y + Y − = C Y − Y + =
OE TQJO

D Y − Y + = E Y − Y − =

F Y + Y + = G Y − Y + =

H Y + = I Y − Y − =
J Y + Y − =
JJ JJJ JW W
B ZFT C ZFT D OP E OP
C J JJ F ZFT G ZFT H OP I OP
S D
J OP
CPUI BSF TPMVUJPOT
10 15 15
CPUI BSF TPMVUJPOT
5 B − C − D E
JJJ JW W F − G − H − I −,

WJ UIF QSPCBCJMJUZ B QFSTPO EJE OPU CVZ B TBVTBHF PO J − K L − M −

JUT PXO
B , − C −, D − , − E
B :FT NJOT
C J JJ JJJ
F −, − G , − H , I −,
D BOE F
Airline (1) (7) (10.5) (18) (26) J ,−

B
Airline (0) (4) (12) (15.5) (24) B − C D − E , −

A
x F −,

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Delay time (mins) B Y + Y + = C Y − Y =
E /P UIF NFEJBO UJNF JT NJOT TP IBMG UIF þJHIUT IBWF MFTT D Y − Y − = E Y + Y − =
UIBO NJOVUF EFMBZ F Y − Y − = G Y − Y + =
G "JSMJOF " SBOHF = , *23 = . H Y − Y − = I Y − Y − =
"JSMJOF # SBOHF = , *23 =
B − C D E −
#PUI BJSMJOFT IBWF B WFSZ TJNJMBS TQSFBE PG UIFJS EBUB XIFO
F − G −
UIF PVUMJFS JT SFNPWFE

B (Y + )(Y + ) = B Y = −, Y = C Y = −, Y =
C CPUI TPMVUJPOT BSF UIF TBNF Y = − D Y = −, Y = E Y = −, Y =
"OTXFST
D J − JJ JJJ JW F Y = , Y = − G Y = , Y =

B PS C PS − D PS −
B (Y − )(Y + ) = B (Y + )(Y − ) = Y − OPU Y +
C Y = Y = − C /P Y ≥ , TP Y + ≥
D NVMUJQMZJOH CZ B DPOTUBOU EPFTOU DIBOHF B [FSP WBMVF B BY + CY = Y (BY + C) = , Y = JT BMXBZT POF
E J −, JJ , − JJJ −, TPMVUJPO
B J OP JJ OP JJJ OP JW OP C Y = −C
B
C *U IBT OP TPMVUJPOT BT (Y − ) JT BMXBZT ≥ TP
(Y − ) + ≥ B Y = − , Y = C Y = −,Y =

B -JOFBS C 2VBESBUJD D 2VJOUJD E $VCJD
D Y = −,Y = E Y = −,Y =
F 2VBSUJD G 2VJOUJD
B −, −, C − D − , ,
F Y = − ,Y = G Y = − , Y =

E − , − , − , B Y = −, Y = C Y = −, Y = −

D Y = −, Y = E Y = −,Y =
&YFSDJTF #
B C D E F Y F Y = , Y = G Y = −, Y =

G Y H Y I Y
B (Y − )(Y + ) C (Y − )(Y + )
&YFSDJTF $
D (Y − )(Y + ) E (Y − )(Y + )
F Y (Y − ) G Y (Y + ) B C D −, − E −, −
H Y (Y − ) I Y (Y − ) F − G − H − I −
J Y (Y + ) K Y (Y − ) B (Y + )(Y + ) =
L Y ( − Y) M Y ( − Y) Y + = PS Y + =
B Y = , Y = C Y = , Y = − Y = − PS Y = −
D Y = , Y = − C (Y − )(Y + ) =
B Y = , Y = − C Y = , Y = − Y − = PS Y + =
D Y = , Y = − E Y = , Y = Y = PS Y = −
F Y = , Y = G Y = , Y = D (Y + )(Y − ) =
Y + = PS Y − =
H Y = , Y = − I Y = , Y =
Y = − PS Y =
B Y = , Y = C Y = , Y = E (Y − )(Y − ) =
D Y = , Y = − E Y = , Y = Y − = PS Y − =
F Y = , Y = G Y = , Y = − Y = PS Y =
B Y = , Y = C Y = , Y = B −, − C −, − D −, − E −,
D Y = , Y = E Y = , Y = − F −, G −, H I
F Y = , Y = − G Y = , Y = − J K − L − M −
B Y = , Y = − C Y = , Y = − N O − P − Q −, −
D Y = , Y = − E Y = , Y = − R − S
F Y = , Y = − G Y = , Y = − B − C − D − E − F
B Y = , Y = − C Y = , Y = − G H I J
D Y = , Y = − E Y = , Y = − B − C D E −
√ √ √ √
F Y = , Y = − G Y = , Y = − F − G H − I −
√ √ √ √
H Y = , Y = − I Y = , Y = − J K − L −, − M −
B Y = , Y = − C Y = , Y = − B − C −, − D − E F
D Y = , Y = − E Y = , Y = − G − H I − J −
F Y = , Y = G Y = −, Y = B C D − E −
H Y = , Y = I Y = , Y = F − G

√ √
J Y = − , Y =

B Y − Y + = C Y − Y − = B Y = PS Y = C Y = PS Y = −
D Y + Y − = E Y − Y − = D Y = PS Y = − E Y = PS Y =
"OTXFST

F Y − Y + = G Y + Y + =
B Y = PS Y = − C Y = PS Y =
BN QN
D Y = PS Y = − E Y = PS Y =
B &RVBUJPO JT OPU XSJUUFO JO TUBOEBSE GPSN Y + CY + D =
B Y = PS Y = − C Y = PS Y = −
TP DBOOPU BQQMZ /VMM 'BDUPS -BX JO UIJT GPSN
D Y = PS Y = − E Y = PS Y = −
C Y = −, Y =
B Y = − PS Y = − C Y = PS Y =
*U JT B QFSGFDU TRVBSF (Y − )(Y − ), (Y − ) = Y =
D Y = − PS Y = E Y = − PS Y =
B (Y − B)(Y − B) = PS (Y − B) =
B Y = − C Y = D Y =
C (Y − B)(Y − C) =
E Y = − PS Y =
B Y = − PS Y = − C Y = PS Y = − MFOHUI N XJEUI N

5IF OVNCFS JT − PS
D Y = PS Y = − E Y = PS Y = −
B Y − Y + = C Y − Y − =
F Y = PS Y = − G Y= D Y − = E Y + Y + =

H Y = PS Y = − I Y = PS Y = − &YFSDJTF &

B IJHIFTU C QBSBCPMB D JOUFSDFQUT E WFSUFY
J Y = −
F MPXFTU G [FSP
B Y= C Y= D Y = − E Y = −
&YFSDJTF %
JJ 5ZQF PG UVSOJOH QPJOU

J "YJT PG TZNNFUSZ
B Y (Y + ) = C , − D XJEUI >
JJJ 5VSOJOH QPJOU
JW YJOUFSDFQUT
E - = DN 8 = DN
W ZJOUFSDFQU
B Y (Y + ) = C , − D XJEUI >
E - = N 8 = DN
B − C − D −
− B Y= NJOJNVN , −

− C Y= NJOJNVN , −
− −
− D Y= NBYJNVN
−
- = DN 8 = DN E Y= NBYJNVN
−
- = N 8 = N F Y= NJOJNVN
OPOF
G Y = − NBYJNVN −,
−
B " = − Y C Y=
H Y= NJOJNVN

I =
I Y= NJOJNVN , −
− −
B " = Y + Y + C Y=
J Y= NBYJNVN
−
B Y = − OPU WBMJE
C Y = D Y = " #
− OPU WBMJE CFDBVTF EJNFOTJPOT NVTU CF > K Y= NJOJNVN , −
Y = − PS Y = CPUI WBMJE BT CPUI BSF JOUFHFST L Y= NBYJNVN
−
B M Y = − NBYJNVN −, −
OPOF −
C J JJ
B Y − −
D J JJ
B Z −
C J JJ Z = Y −
B " = ( + Y) = Y + Y + C D y
C DN Axis of
4
DN symmetry
3
x=0
2
1SPHSFTT RVJ[ x-intercept x-intercept
1
B Y − Y − = C Y − Y − = x
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3
D Y − Y − = E Y − Y − = y-intercept
B Y = JT OPU B TPMVUJPO C Y = − JT B TPMVUJPO −2 Minimum turning point
D Y = JT B TPMVUJPO E Y = − JT B TPMVUJPO (0, –1)

B Y − − − B :FT

"OTXFST
Z
Z = − Y
C D y
y-intercept
10 Two x-intercepts
Maximum turning point
8 C :FT
(0, 9)
6 Axis of
4 symmetry
2 x=0
x
O
−3 −2 −1−1 1 2 3 One x-intercept
D :FT E /P
−2
x-intercept x-intercept
B Y − − − −
Z − − −
Z = Y + Y − Zero x-intercepts
C D y B − = − × = − *U JT OPU (−) = TP
Axis of 4 DPSSFDU TPMVUJPO JT Z = − + × = − + =
symmetry 2 x-intercept C −(−) = − × = − *U JT OPU − = + TP
x = −1 x DPSSFDU TPMVUJPO JT Z = − − (−) = − − = −
−3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 B Y = −, Y =
x-intercept y-intercept = –3
−4 C Y=
D J JOýOJUF JJ POF JJJ OPOF
Minimum turning point
(−1, −4) B J Y = Y = JJ Y = − Y =
B C UXP B QBSBCPMB JT TZNNFUSJDBM
Y − −
D POF UIJT JT UIF NJOJNVN UVSOJOH QPJOU
Z − −
E OPOF − JT UIF NJOJNVN ZWBMVF TP UIFSF BSF OP WBMVFT
Z = −Y + Y+ PG Z MFTT UIBO −
C D y "OTXFST XJMM WBSZ
y-intercept Maximum
3
turning point &YFSDJTF '
2 (0.5, 2.25)
1 B Z = Y Z = Y Z = Y

x
−3 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 C Z = −Y Z = −Y Z = − Y
x-intercept
x-intercept −2 D
−3 E Y=
Axis of F J Z = Y JJ Z = Y JJJ Z = −Y

symmetry x = 0.5
B J T T JW Z = − Y

JJ POF UJNF JT PO UIF XBZ VQ BOE UIF PUIFS JT PO
UIF XBZ EPXO G J Z = −Y JJ Z = −Y JJJ Z = Y

C J T JJ N JJJ T B QPTJUJWF C OFHBUJWF
B N C N D T B Z = −Y C Z = −Y D Z = Y
E KPVSOFZ UBLFT T MPOHFS UP HP EPXO UP UIF HSPVOE
E Z = Y
B Y =
C (, −) B Y − −
B Y = C Z
B Z = Y C Z = Y − D Z = − Y
Y − −
Y
E Z = − Y + F Z= −Y − Y
Z
G Z = Y − Y −
Y − −
Z

C y D J Y − −
"OTXFST
12 Z
2

y = 3x
JJ 4FF QBSU B
JJJ BYJT PG TZNNFUSZ Y = UVSOJOH QPJOU
8 JW XJEFS
E J Y − −
Z

4 y = x2
JJ 4FF QBSU B
y = 13 x 2 JW XJEFS
1
B J Y − −
x
−2 −1−1O 1 2 Z − − − −
JJ y
D 'PS BMM HSBQIT UIF UVSOJOH QPJOU JT B NJOJNVN BU
x
BOE UIF BYJT PG TZNNFUSZ JT Y = 1
y = − 3x 2
E J OBSSPXFS JJ XJEFS
B J Y − − y = − 12 x 2
Z −4
JJ y
20 y = 5x 2
−8
y = −2x 2
16
y = 4x 2 −12
y = −3x 2
Y BOE
12 ZJOUFSDFQU JW OBSSPXFS
C J Y − −
Z − − − −
8 JJ 4FF QBSU B
Y BOE
ZJOUFSDFQU JW OBSSPXFS
D J Y − −
4
Z − − − −
y = 14 x 2
JJ 4FF QBSU B
y = 15 x 2
1 JJJ BYJT PG TZNNFUSZ Y = UVSOJOH QPJOU
Y BOE
x ZJOUFSDFQU JW XJEFS
−2 −1 O 1 2
E J Y − −
Z − − − −

JW OBSSPXFS
JJ 4FF QBSU B
C J Y − − JJJ BYJT PG TZNNFUSZ Y = UVSOJOH QPJOU
Y BOE
Z ZJOUFSDFQU JW XJEFS
JJ 4FF QBSU B B " C )
J E JJ D JJJ B JW F
Y BOE ZJOUFSDFQU
JW OBSSPXFS W G WJ C

B SFþFDUJPO JO UIF YBYJT EJMBUJOH CZ B GBDUPS PG GSPN UIF y
YBYJT b y-intercept
"OTXFST
6 Minimum turning point
C SFþFDUJPO JO UIF YBYJT EJMBUJOH CZ B GBDUPS PG GSPN UIF a
(0, 3)
YBYJT
4
D SFþFDUJPO JO UIF YBYJT EJMBUJOH CZ B GBDUPS PG GSPN UIF
c y-intercept
YBYJT 2 Minimum turning point
E SFþFDUJPO JO UIF YBYJT EJMBUJOH CZ B GBDUPS PG GSPN UIF (0, 1)
YBYJT x
−2 −1 O 1 2 y-intercept
F SFþFDUJPO JO UIF YBYJT EJMBUJOH CZ B GBDUPS PG GSPN UIF
−2 Minimum turning point
YBYJT
(0, −2)
G SFþFDUJPO JO UIF YBYJT EJMBUJOH CZ B GBDUPS PG GSPN UIF
E Z = −Y + F Z = −Y +
YBYJT G Z = −Y −
B Z = −Y C Z = Y D Z = −Y y y-intercept

Maximum turning point
E Z = − Y 5 (0, 4)
y-intercept
/P CFDBVTF CPUI USBOTGPSNBUJPOT BSF NVMUJQMZJOH UP AB BOE Maximum turning point
x
NVMUJQMJDBUJPO JT DPNNVUBUJWF CD = DC −3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 (0, 1)
Z = BY IBT ZBYJT BT BYJT PG TZNNFUSZ TP JU JT TZNNFUSJDBM d −5
BCPVU UIF ZBYJT y-intercept
e Maximum turning point
B Z = Y C Z = Y D Z = Y E Z = Y f −10 (0, –5)

F Z = Y G Z = Y B Z = (Y − ) C Z = (Y − )

D Z = (Y + )
H Z = Y I Z = −Y
y
Z = Y
c a b
20
y-intercept = 16
&YFSDJTF ( 15
B J (−, ) JJ
y-intercept = 9
C J JJ − 10
D MFGU y-intercept = 4
Minimum
E SJHIU turning point 5
B J (, −) JJ
(−3, 0)
x
C J − JJ −5 O 5 10
−10
D EPXO
Minimum −5 Minimum turning point
E VQ turning point (4, 0)
B J
JJ (−, −) (2, 0)
C J − JJ E Z = −(Y − ) F Z = −(Y + )
D J POF MFGU POF EPXO JJ UXP SJHIU UISFF VQ G Z = −(Y + )
B C − D − E
B Z = Y + C Z = Y +
D Z = Y −

Maximum E Z = (Y + ) +
turning point y y
"OTXFST
(−2, 0) Maximum
Maximum turning point 20
10
turning point (3, 0)
15
(−6, 0) Minimum
x 10 y-intercept = 8
−10 −5 O 5 10 turning point
5
y-intercept = −4 (−1, 7)
−10 x
−4 −2 −5O 2 4
y-intercept = −9 −10
−20
y-intercept = −36 F Z = −(Y − ) +

−30
y
f Maximum
e −40 d turning point
10
5 (2, 1)
B Z = (Y − ) +
x
y y-intercept = 11
−4 −2 e −5O 2 4
20 −10
Minimum y-intercept = −3
15 turning point −15
10 (3, 2) −20
5
x G Z = −(Y − ) +
−4 −2 −5O 2 4 6
y Maximum
−10 turning point
10 (5, 3)
C Z = (Y − ) − 5
y x
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2−5O 2 4 6 8 10
20 −10
15 −15 y-intercept = −22
10 −20
y-intercept = 0
5 −25
x
−6 −4 −2−5O 2 4 6 H Z = −(Y + ) −
−10 Minimum y
turning point
(1, −1) 5
D Z = (Y + ) − x
−6 −4 −2 −5O 2 4
y y-intercept = −13
y-intercept = 1 −10
10 Maximum
5 turning point −15
(−3, −4)
x
−4 −2 −5O 2 I Z = −(Y + ) −
Minimum y
−10 Maximum
turning point
turning point
(−2, −3) 5
(−1, −5)
x
−6 −4 −2 −5 2 4
y-intercept = −6
−10
−15

J Z = −(Y − ) − &YFSDJTF )
y
"OTXFST
B Y (Y + ) C Y (Y − ) D Y (Y − )
5 E (Y + )(Y − ) F (Y + )(Y − )
x G (Y + )(Y − ) H (Y + )(Y + )
−4 −2 −5O 2 4 6 8 I (Y + )(Y + ) J (Y − )(Y + )
y-intercept = −15 −10 K (Y − )(Y + ) L (Y − )(Y − ) = (Y − )
−15 Maximum M (Y + )(Y + ) = (Y + )
−20 turning point B C D − E
(3, −6)
F − G − H −. I J
J K JJ E JJJ C JW I
B − C − D − E −
W L WJ H WJJ B WJJJ F
F − G −
JY M Y J YJ G YJJ D
B J − JJ
B Z = (Y − ) + C Z = (Y + ) +
C J − JJ
D Z = (Y + )
− E Z = −(Y − + )
D J − JJ
F Z = −(Y − ) − G Z = −(Y + ) +
E J − JJ −
B Z = −(Y − ) + , UVSOJOH QPJOU (, )
F J − JJ −
Z = (Y − ) − , UVSOJOH QPJOU (, −) G J − JJ −
C y H J − JJ −
(2, 9) I J − JJ
9 J J JJ
(10, 5) B Z = Y (Y − )
5
y
Axis of
x 5 symmetry x-intercept
−2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x = 2.5 (5, 0)
O x
−4 −2 2 4 6 8
(7, −4) y-intercept
−7
(−2, −7) x-intercept−5
(0, 0) Minimum turning point
B J Z = −(Y + ) + JJ Z = (Y + ) + −10 (2.5, −6.25)
JJJ Z = (Y − ) − JW Z = −(Y − ) −
C Z = Y (Y + )
W Z = −Y − WJ Z = Y −
y
C J (−, ) JJ (−, ) JJJ (, −) JW (, −)
Axis of
W (, −) WJ (, −) 4
x-intercept symmetry
B (I, L) C Z = BI + L (−1, 0) 2
x = −0.5
O x
B ( − Y) = (−(Y − )) = (−) (Y − ) = (Y − )
−4 −3 −2 −1 −2 1 2 3
TP HSBQIT BSF UIF TBNF
C HSBQIT BSF UIF TBNF Minimum −4 y-intercept
turning point x-intercept
B Z = Y + C Z = Y − −6
(−0.5, −0.25) (0, 0)
D Z = Y − E Z = Y −
D Z = Y (Y − )
B Z = −Y + C Z = −Y +
Axis of
D Z = −Y + E Z = −Y + symmetry x = 1.5
B Z = (Y + ) PS Z = (Y − ) y
C Z = (Y − ) PS Z = (Y − ) 4
x-intercept
D Z = (Y + ) PS Z = (Y − ) 2 (3, 0)
O
E Z = Y PS Z = (Y − ) x
B Z = −(Y − ) + C Z = (Y + ) −2 −2 2 4 6
y-intercept
D Z = −(Y − ) E Z = −(Y + ) + x-intercept −4 Minimum
F Z = (Y + ) + G Z = (Y − ) − (0, 0) −6 turning point
(1.5, −2.25)

E Z = Y ( + Y) I Z = −Y ( + Y)
y Maximum
"OTXFST
Axis of turning point y
symmetry 10 (−1, 1) y-intercept
x-intercept 5 x-intercept
x = −1
5 (−2, 0) (0, 0)
x-intercept O x
(−2, 0) O −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
x
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 −5
Axis of
y-intercept
Minimum −5 x-intercept
symmetry
turning point x = −1 −10
(0, 0)
(−1, −1)
J Z = −Y (Y − )
F Z = Y ( + Y)
Maximum
y y turning point
y-intercept
Axis of (0.5, 0.25)
5 x-intercept 2
symmetry (0, 0) x-intercept
x = −2.5 O (1, 0)
x x
−3 −2 −1 O1 2 3 4
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4
x-intercept y-intercept
−5 −2
(−5, 0) x-intercept
Minimum (0, 0)
−10 −4 Axis of
turning point symmetry
(−2.5, −6.25) x = 0.5
−6
G Z = Y ( − Y)
y B Z = (Y − )(Y − )
Maximum
5 turning point y
(1.5, 2.25) y-intercept 4
x (0, 2)
O 3
−2 2 4 6
y-intercept x-intercept x-intercept 2 x-intercept
x-intercept −5 Axis of (3, 0) (1, 0) 1 (2, 0)
(0, 0) symmetry x
−10 −2 −1−1O 1 2 3 4
x = 1.5
Axis of −2
Minimum
H Z = −Y (Y + ) symmetry
−3 turning point
y x = 1.5
(1.5, −0.25)
C Z = (Y − )(Y − )
20 Axis of
Maximum
symmetry y
turning point
(−4, 16) 15 x = −4
6
Axis of
10 symmetry
y-intercept 4 x=2
x-intercept y-intercept (0, 3)
5 x-intercept 2
(−8, 0) x-intercept x-intercept
(0, 0)
O x (1, 0) (3, 0)
x
−10 −5 5 10 −2 O 2 4 6
−5 −2
Minimum
turning point
−4 (2, −1)

D Z = (Y + )(Y − ) B Z = Y −
y y
"OTXFST
x-intercept 5 6
x-intercept
(−3, 0) (1, 0)
x 4
−4 −2 O 2 4
Minimum
−5 x-intercept 2 x-intercept
turning point
y-intercept (−1, 0) (1, 0)
(−1, −4)
(0, −3)
Axis of −10 O
x
symmetry −4 −2 2 4
x = −1 −2
y-intercept
E Z = (Y + )
Minimum
y −4 turning point
(0, −1)
8
C Z = − Y
6
Axis of 4 y-intercept y
symmetry (0, 4) y-intercept
2 10
x = −2 Maximum
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 turning point
5 (0, 9)
Minimum −4
turning point
x-intercept x
−4 −2 O 2 4
(−2, 0)
F Z = (Y + ) −5
y
(−3, 0)−10 (3, 0)
4
Axis of D Z = Y + Y
symmetry 2 y
y-intercept
x = −1
(0, 1)
6
x y-intercept
−3 −2 −1 1 2 x-intercept 4
x-intercept
Minimum (−5, 0) (0, 0) 2
−2 turning point x
x-intercept −6 −4 −2 −2O 2
( −1, 0)
−4
G Z = (Y + )(Y − ) −6
y Minimum −8
Axis of turning point
symmetry 5 x-intercept (−2.5, −6.25)
x = –1 (2, 0)
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2
x-intercept −5
(−4, 0)
y-intercept
Turning point −10 (0, –8)
minimum
(−1, −9)

E Z = Y − Y J Z = Y − Y +
y y
"OTXFST
y-intercept
5 10 (0, 9)
4 Minimum
y-intercept turning point
3 5
2 (0, 0) (3, 0)
1 x
−2 O 2 4 6
x
−2 −1−1 1 2 3 −5
x-intercept
−2 (3, 0)
B − C D E −
−3
−4 F − G
−5 B N C N
Minimum B N C N
turning point
5IFSF JT POMZ POF YJOUFSDFQU TP UIJT NVTU CF UIF UVSOJOH QPJOU
(1.5, −4.5)
B Z = D C Z = BC
F Z = Y − Y
B ( − )
y
y-intercept C ( ) (− ) UVSOJOH QPJOU YDPPSEJOBUF + (−) =

x-intercept 4 x-intercept
51 −
(0, 0) 2 (2, 0)
D Z = (Y − ) − , I = , L = −
x
−2 −1−2O 1 2 3 C Z = (Y + )(Y − ) D Z = (Y + )(Y − )
−4 E Z = −(Y + )(Y − ) F Z = −(Y + )(Y + )
Minimum
−6 G Z = (Y + )(Y − ) H Z = − (Y + )(Y − )
turning point
(1, −4)
G Z = Y − Y − 1SPCMFNT BOE DIBMMFOHFT
y B UIFZ BSF TRVBSF OVNCFST
x-intercept
5 (4, 0) C =
x-intercept
(−1, 0) B − C − D +

x
−2 0 2 4 6 TFDPOET
y-intercept
−5
(0, −4) O(O + ) O =
Minimum
−10 turning point
Y=
(1.5, −6.25)
B VOJUT VOJUT VOJUT C VOJUT
H Z = Y + Y −
B L< C L= D L>
x-intercept y x-intercept B − − − −
(−4, 0) (3, 0)
C B = , −, , −, , −, , −
5
x Y = −, , ,
−6 −4 −2 −5O 2 4 Y = −, −, ,
−10
Minimum −15 .VMUJQMFDIPJDF RVFTUJPOT
y-intercept
turning point −20 (0, −12) % # $ " %
(−0.5, −12.25)
# & $ " #
I Z = Y + Y +
y
8 B Z = Y − Y −
Minimum 6 Y − − −
turning point 4 y-intercept
x-intercept Z − − −
2 (0, 1)
(−1, 0)
x
−4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4

C y D Z = (Y + )
y
"OTXFST
15
Minimum
12
turning point 8
9 (−2, 0) 6
6 4 y-intercept
3 2
x x
−3 −2 −1−3O 1 2 3 4 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−20 1 2
B − C D − E −
E Z = −(Y − )
F − G
y Maximum
turning point
B − C D − E − 2 (3, 0)
√ √
F − G − H − − x
−2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
I − J
B Y − Y = Y = , C Y − Y = Y = −4
D Y + Y + = Y = −, − −6
E Y − Y − = Y = −, −8 y-intercept = −9
F Y − Y + = Y = , −10
−12
G Y + Y − = Y = −,
B Y + Y − = Y = VOJUT F Z = (Y − ) +
C Y + Y − = Y = VOJUT
y
B J Y= JJ NJOJNVN −
C J Y = − JJ NBYJNVN −
10
B Z= Y
C Z= −Y + D Z = (Y + ) 8
E Z = (Y − ) F Z = Y − y-intercept 6
4 Minimum
B Z = Y + turning point
2
y (1, 3)
x
y-intercept −3 −2 −1−2 1 2 3 4 5 6
6
Minimum
4 turning point
2 (0, 2) G Z = (Y + ) −
x y
−3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 y-intercept = 4
5
C Z = −Y −
x
y −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 O 1 2
2 Minimum −5
x turning point
−4 −3 −2 −1−2O 1 2 3 4 (−2, −4)
y-intercept
−4 Maximum B Z = Y USBOTMBUFE VQ VOJUT
−6 turning point C Z = Y SFþFDUFE JO UIF YBYJT BOE USBOTMBUFE EPXO VOJUT
−8 (0, −5) D Z = Y USBOTMBUFE VOJUT MFGU
−10 E Z = Y SFþFDUFE JO UIF YBYJT UIFO USBOTMBUFE VOJUT SJHIU
F Z = Y USBOTMBUFE VOJU SJHIU UIFO VOJUT VQ
G Z = Y EJMBUFE CZ B GBDUPS PG GSPN UIF YBYJT USBOTMBUFE
VOJUT MFGU BOE UIFO EPXO VOJUT

B Z = Y − Y + JJJ h
"OTXFST
y 20
15
y-intercept 10 10
=12 x-intercept 5
5 t
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
C J
JJ
JJJ

x
−3 −2 −1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 JW h
−5 x-intercept 20
15
Minimum
−10 turning point 10
(4, −4) 5
C Z = Y + Y + t
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
y
D J $POOPST SPDLFU T JJ 4BNT SPDLFU N IJHIFS
20 JJJ N UIF TBNF IFJHIU
15
y-intercept 10
x-intercept x-intercept 4FNFTUFS SFWJFX
= 16
5
x *OEJDFT BOE TVSET
−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−5O 1 2
Minimum −10
turning point −15 $ # % & $
(−5, −9)
D Z = Y + Y − 4IPSUBOTXFS RVFTUJPO
y
B B C C Y Z D Y −
x-intercept
10
B
x-intercept 5 B N C D Y
C Z
x
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−5O 1 2 3 4 5 B . × − LH C . × LH
D . × TFDPOET E . × − TFDPOET
− 10 √ √
B C D +
−15 y-intercept √
Minimum E
−20
turning point
(−1, −16)
E Z = Y + Y − &YUFOEFESFTQPOTF RVFTUJPO
y B J JJ . ×
C . ×
10
x-intercept x-intercept D . × −
5
x
−8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1−5 1 2 3
y-intercept (FPNFUSZ
Minimum −10
turning point −15
(−2, −9) $
#
"
B Y+ C " = Y + Y &
D Y = Y = − OPU WBMJE BT Y >
#
E #BTF = N )FJHIU = N
B J

JJ .BYJNVN BU
B B = C = C B = C =
D Y = Z = E Y =

◦ 1SPCBCJMJUZ BOE TUBUJTUJDT
$# = $% HJWFO FRVBM TJEFT
"OTXFST
∠ "$# = ∠ "$% HJWFO FRVBM BOHMFT
"$ JT DPNNPO %
*** "
∴ ∆"#$ *** ∆"%$ 4"4
B """ C $
#
&YUFOEFESFTQPOTF RVFTUJPO $
B ∠"#% = ∠&$% (HJWFO SJHIU BOHMFT)

∠"%# = ∠&%$ (DPNNPO BOHMF)
B C T
∠%"# = ∠%&$ (DPSSFTQPOEJOH BOHMFT
JO QBSBMMFM MJOFT BSF FRVBM)
10 8 6
∴ ∆"#% ≡ ∆&$% (""")
C N D N E N 6
C J JJ
"MHFCSBJD UFDIOJRVFT D J JJ

B Outcome
&
% S VS
V S VS
#
" C VC
% V SV
S S SS
4IPSUBOTXFS RVFTUJPOT C SC
B Y − C Y + Y + V SV
D Y
− Y + S S SS
B BC( + B) C (N − )(N + ) C SC
D (C − )(C + ) E (B + )(B + ) CV
V
F (Y + ) G (Y − )(Y + ) C S CS
H (Y − )(Y − ) I (Y − )(Y − ) CS
S
J (Y − )(Y + )
C J JJ JJJ
B (Y − )(Y − ) C (Y + )(Y − )
B J JJ JJJ Y + JW B 4UFN -FBG

Y+ Y

W Y − WJ Y +
(Y + )(Y − ) (Y − )(Y + )

C J Y = JJ Y = − ] NFBOT BDFT

C NPEF = NFEJBO =
D TLFXFE
B $MBTT JOUFSWBM 'SFRVFODZ 1FSDFOUBHF GSFRVFODZ
B − Y BOE − Y
o
C ( − Y)( − Y) = − Y + Y
o
D N
o
E (Y − )(Y − )
o
F "SFB PG SVH JT BT JU IBT OP XJEUI
o
o
5PUBM

C Number of visitors C SFþFDUFE JO UIF YBYJT BOE USBOTMBUFE VOJUT MFGU
each day in April y
10
"OTXFST
8
Frequency
6 x
4 –4 O
2
0
50 100 150 200 250 300
Number of visitors –16
D J JJ
&YUFOEFESFTQPOTF RVFTUJPO D USBOTMBUFE VOJUT SJHIU BOE VOJUT VQ

y
B 3FE
9

(SFFO

5
(2, 5)

C x
O 2
D J JJ

B Z = −
E J (7) (11.5) (17) (30) (42)
C Y = −,
D (, −)
E y
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
5
Age (years)
JJ ZST JJJ
x
*OUSPEVDUJPO UP RVBESBUJD FRVBUJPOT BOE HSBQIT −2 O 6
#
#
& −12
$
&
(2, −16)
B Y = − PS Y =
B -BOET BGUFS TFDPOET
C Y = PS Y −
C J DN JJ TFDPOET
D Y = PS Y = − D "GUFS TFDPOET BOE TFDPOET
E Y = − PS Y = E y
F Y = PS Y =
G Y = −
180
N CZ N
B USBOTMBUFE VOJUT VQ
y
x
O 3 6
x
O

"DLOPXMFEHFNFOUT
5IF BVUIPS BOE QVCMJTIFS XJTI UP UIBOL UIF GPMMPXJOH TPVSDFT GPS QFSNJTTJPO UP SFQSPEVDF NBUFSJBM
$PWFS 6TFE VOEFS MJDFODF GSPN 4IVUUFSTUPDLDPN QJYFMQBSUJDMF CBDLHSPVOE
15 *NBHFT CPZ

*NBHFT ¥"EBN+8$ $SFBUJWF $PNNPOT "UUSJCVUJPO4IBSF "MJLF (FOFSJD MJDFODF Q ¥"MBNZ 1IPUPT QQm %JEJFS
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-JDFODF Q 1IPUP CZ &SXJOSPTTFO Q (FUUZ *NBHFT $PMMFDUJPO .JY 4VCKFDUT Q & Q C
41- $SFBUJWF QQm
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(FOFSJD MJDFODF Q U
¥J4UPDLQIPUP 1FUSPWJDI QQm +PEJ +BDPCTPO QQm 6TFE VOEFS MJDFODF GSPN
4IVUUFSTUPDLDPN 5BOZB -BQJEVT QYW CJLFSJEFSMPOEPO QQm U
.BS[PMJOP Q #BMPODJDJ Q "+:* Q 'PVS
0BLT Q 8JMMJBN 1FSVHJOJ Q EPUTIPDL Q #SPDSFBUJWF Q FHE Q NJLFMFESBZ Q USJEMBOE Q DCQJY Q
1IPUPHSBQIFFFV Q &OTVQFS Q .BVSJ[JP .JMBOFTJP Q U
%BWJE ,BZ Q C
.BUFK ,BTUFMJD Q &WHFOZ -JUWJOPW Q
DP[ZUB Q QBJOUJOHT QQ C
#JLFXPSMEUSBWFM Q %NJUSZ :BTILJO Q U
7BMFSJZ 7FMJLPW Q C
+PIO,XBO Q U
KPZGVMM
Q C
%FJ.PT[ Q ,POTUBOUJO 4VUZBHJO QQ U
U
UBUOJ[ Q C
DPCBMU Q XBDQBO Q U
1IPUPCBD Q C

XBWFCSFBLNFEJB QQ U
EBVG Q C
BVSFNBS Q NJDIBFMKVOH Q U
1IJMJQ -BOHF Q C
$IBNFMFPOT&ZF Q
(FPSHF.1IPUPHSBQIZ Q ,[FOPO QQ -BST )BMMTUSPN Q LBSBNZTI Q LPZB Q SPNBLPNB Q 4ZMWJF #PVDIBSE
QQ 0MHB .JMUTPWB Q PLTBOB Q 7JODFOU 4U 5IPNBT QQm 8PVUFS 5PMFOBBST Q +BOFU 'BZF )BTUJOHT Q +BNJF
)PPQFS Q 4IFCFLP Q KBOFDBU Q 8BSSFO (PMETXBJO Q #SPPLF #FDLFS Q 3 (JOP 4BOUB .BSJB Q NBDLB Q
.POLFZ #VTJOFTT *NBHFT QQ (BSZ 1BVM -FXJT Q HBNCMF Q 1SPEBLT[ZO Q (FSBSEWIFNFSFO Q BTQFO
SPDL Q DCZBUUOPSNBO Q U
"OOB 1BGG Q C
.BT[B4 Q LF[[B Q "OESFZ@1PQPW QQ "EJTB Q
'SPOUQBHF Q U
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4UPDL-JUF Q 4IBOF 8IJUF Q JNBHF
Q $IFSZM $BTFZ Q 3BXQJYFM Q #KPSO )FMMFS Q /JDIPMBT 3KBCPX Q .BSJEBW Q WFUBMB Q .JUSPGBOPW
"MFYBOEFS Q ,BOVNBO Q UIFPXM Q %BO #SFDLXPMEU Q 5JNPUIZ $SBJH -VCDLF Q %BOJMP "TDJPOF Q
NQJMPU Q #JUBOHB Q .JOFSWB 4UVEJP Q /BEF[IEB Q 4UFQIFO 'JOO Q /JDIPMBT (FPSHJPV Q
"JUPSNNGPUP Q U
TLZOFUQIPUP Q C
LVSIBO Q *% Q U
4UFWF .BOO Q C
#MFOE *NBHFT Q DQBVMGFMM
Q #QMBOFU Q JSBCFM Q TUPVQB Q -JTB ' :PVOH Q .BUZBT 3FIBL Q 7MBEJUUP Q $BSMPT /FUP Q
.BUU[ Q 1BVM #SFOOBO Q VQUIFCBOOFS Q "MFYBOEFS $IBJLJO Q .BLTVE Q IPNZEFTJHO QQ 7PMPEZNZS
#VSEJBL Q MFVOHDIPQBO Q 3FOBUF .JDBMMFG Q "MBO 'SFFE Q +JN 1BSLJO Q /BUVSTQPSUT Q 'SBODJTDP $BSBWBOB
Q &WJMFE Q 3BJOFS 1MFOEM Q "MJTUFS ( +VQQ Q 7FOUVSB Q DZDSFBUJPO Q TUFBNSPMMFS@CMVFT Q (JMMFT 1BJSF
Q 1BTIJO (FPSHJZ Q %NJUSZ ,BMJOPWTLZ QQ .BYZ. Q 1IPUPTFFLFS Q $JWJM Q )FMEFS "MNFJEB
Q 7JUBMMZ Q JNHJOH Q 4IJ :BMJ Q &M[CJFUB 4FLPXTLB Q *OP[FNUTFW ,POTUBOUJO Q CSBOJTMBWQVEBS Q
$PQSJE Q ESBHPO@GBOH Q *3 4UPOF Q %FOZT ,VSZMPX Q NVSBUBSU Q 13*-- Q /JLLJ)PGG Q (SFH
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JOGPSNBUJPO UIBU XPVME SFESFTT UIJT TJUVBUJPO

Essential Mathematics For The Australian Curriculum Year 9

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Essential Mathematics For The Australian Curriculum Year 9

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ESSENTIAL

DAVID GREENWOOD | SARA WOOLLEY

$BNCSJEHF 6OJWFSTJUZ 1SFTT JT QBSU PG UIF 6OJWFSTJUZ PG $BNCSJEHF

IBT HJWFO B SFNVOFSBUJPO OPUJDF UP $PQZSJHIU "HFODZ -JNJUFE $"-

"CPVU UIF BVUIPST JY

 3FWJFXJOH OVNCFS BOE åOBODJBM NBUIFNBUJDT  Number and Algebra

" *OUFHFS PQFSBUJPOT $0/40-*%"5*/(  .POFZ BOE ýOBODJBM NBUIFNBUJDT

# %FDJNBMT BOE TJHOJýDBOU ýHVSFT 

 -JOFBS BOE TJNVMUBOFPVT FRVBUJPOT  Number and Algebra

" "MHFCSBJD FYQSFTTJPOT $0/40-*%"5*/(  1BUUFSOT BOE BMHFCSB

# 4JNQMJGZJOH BMHFCSBJD FYQSFTTJPOT $0/40-*%"5*/( 

' 4PMWJOH XPSE QSPCMFNT 

 1ZUIBHPSBT UIFPSFN BOE USJHPOPNFUSZ  Measurement and Geometry

" 1ZUIBHPSBT UIFPSFN  1ZUIBHPSBT BOE USJHPOPNFUSZ

# 'JOEJOH UIF TIPSUFS TJEFT 

) 'JOEJOH BO BOHMF 

" *OUSPEVDUJPO UP MJOFBS SFMBUJPOT $0/40-*%"5*/(  3FBM OVNCFST

$ -JOFT XJUI POF JOUFSDFQU 

& (SBEJFOU BOE EJSFDU QSPQPSUJPO 

1SPCMFNT BOE DIBMMFOHFT 

 .FBTVSFNFOU  Measurement and Geometry

" -FOHUI BOE QFSJNFUFS $0/40-*%"5*/(  6TJOH VOJUT PG NFBTVSFNFOUT

# $JSDVNGFSFODF BOE QFSJNFUFS PG B TFDUPS 

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# *OEFY MBXT  BOE   1BUUFSOT BOE BMHFCSB

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 (FPNFUSZ  Measurement and Geometry

" "OHMFT BOE USJBOHMFT $0/40-*%"5*/(  (FPNFUSJD SFBTPOJOH

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 1SPCBCJMJUZ BOE TUBUJTUJDT  Statistics and Probability

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1SPCMFNT BOE DIBMMFOHFT 

 *OUSPEVDUJPO UP RVBESBUJD FRVBUJPOT BOE HSBQIT  Number and Algebra

" 2VBESBUJD FRVBUJPOT &95&/%*/(  -JOFBS BOE OPOMJOFBS SFMBUJPOTIJQ

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Gradients within exercises and

Mathematics for the Australian

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Each topic in the

Note-taking Search functions

Online tests Video demonstration for

Student Class Access to all HOTmaths

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