REVIEWER IN ENGLISH 10

(First Quarter)
for all sections
Lesson 1: Speech
➢ Traits of Powerful Speaking (PVLEGS)
1. Poise – to appear calm and confident, avoid distracting behaviors
→ Visualize, practice, take a deep breath, talk to yourself positively.
→ Avoid mannerism: head flicks, twirling hair, happy feet
→ Avoid Filler Words: Filler Words destroy the credibility of your speech

2. Voice – speak every word clearly, use an appropriate volume for the space.
→ Demonstrate volume awareness, enunciate every word, avoid odd
vocal patterns.
→ Volume and Pitch Basics
1. Use vocal variety.
2. Use a volume and pitch appropriate for your topic, setting, and
audience.
3. Don’t speak in a monotone voice.
→ Saying the word “HELLO”
1. To the teacher (neutral tone/pitch)
2. To a friend (rising upbeat tone/pitch)
3. To a 6-month-old baby (exaggerated fall-rise tone/pitch)
4. To someone you don’t like (awkward falling tone/pitch)

3. Life – focuses on our emotions/feelings

4. Eye Contact – important for connection between you and listener; feedback.
5. Gestures – for emphasis [Jazz Hands Spectrum – stiff, expressive, jazz hands]
6. Speed – be on time, not too fast, not too slow.

➢ Categories of a Speech
1. Manuscript – reading the speech from prepared written text.
2. Memorized – speaking in which speeches were fully committed to memory.
3. Impromptu – delivering a speech without prior preparation.
4. Extemporaneous – presented from brief notes (short speech).

➢ Delivering Speeches for Special Occasions

1. Roast – a type of speech which aims to poke fun at a person in a friendly
manner.
2. Toast – this speech is given in honor of a person or an important event.
3. Welcome Speech – delivered at the beginning of an event to welcome the
audience and to inform them about the importance of the occasion.
4. Closing Remarks – delivered at the end of the program to thank the host,
organizers, guests, and participants of the event.
5. Speech of Introduction – delivered to introduce and establish the credibility
of a guest speaker.
6. Keynote Address – longest type of speech for special occasions because it
discusses the theme of the event in detail.
7. Acceptance Speech – after an award or recognition is given, an
acceptance speech normally follows.
Lesson 2: Active Listening
• Listening is not the same as hearing. In active listening, we focus. It is voluntary
and/or intentional. Whereas in passive listening, it is accidental and/or
involuntary.
• We spend a lot of time listening.
• Communicating – 70%, Not Communicating – 30%
• Listening – 40%, Speaking 30%, Reading 16%, Writing 9%

➢ Reasons for Listening

1. We listen to obtain information.
2. We listen to understand.
3. We listen for enjoyment.
4. We listen to learn.

• Successful communication requires Active Listening.

➢ Active Listening
• A listening that involves full concentration on what is being said by the
speaker. It involves listening with all the senses and the listener observing the
speaker’s behavior and body language.

→ How to be an Active Listener?

1. Pay Attention – screen out distractions, including your thoughts
and feelings. Relax and focus on the speaker. Be present.
2. Visualize to Understand – concentrate on what is being said.
Create a mental model of the information. Listen for ideas.
3. Show that You’re Listening – nod occasionally. Smile and use
other facial expressions, note your posture and make sure it is
open and inviting.
4. Provide Feedback – ask questions to clarify certain points. Allow
the speaker to finish each point before asking questions. Don’t
interrupt with counter arguments.

➢ Keep in Mind!
• Do not interrogate.
• Preconceived opinions/assumptions, biases.
• Defensiveness.
• Jumping to conclusions.

Lesson 3: Reading Non-Prose Texts

➢ Using Non-Prose Texts in Reading
• The information you wish to get from books is not only presented in
sentences, but also in graphic forms like charts, graphs, tables, etc.

➢ When can we use them?

✓ Graphs and Charts
✓ Comic Strips
✓ Bus Schedules
✓ Maps
✓ Restaurant Menus

➢ Reading Non-Prose Texts for General Understanding

1. Non-Prose Skimming – [Skimming a Menu]
 2. Non-Prose Scanning – [Reading different food labels to determine the
food additives]

➢ Reading Charts and Graphs

• Reading comprehension involves more than just words.
• Graphics give a great deal of information.

Non-prose texts allow us to understand concepts, processes, and relationships.

• Concepts – [condensation]
• Processes – [the research processes, cooking, etc.]
• Relationships [family tree]

➢ Uses of Non-Prose Materials

1. Present data in organized and systematic way.
2. Allow the reader to absorb the information fast and efficiently.
3. Explain abstract concepts, processes, and relationships in a concrete
manner.
4. Provide only the useful and relevant data.

➢ Types of Non-Prose Materials

• Tables – present a great deal of numerical information in a very clear and
concise way with very minimal space to occupy.
• Graphs & Charts – show the relationship between two+ sets of ideas.
1. Line Graph – plots 2 or more sets of facts on vertical and horizontal
axes.
2. Bar Graph – a bar graph presents a set of bars. Each bar stands for a
specific quality, amount, measurement.
• Diagrams – graphics that explain in detail the relationships between the
parts of an idea to the whole idea.
1. Flowchart – type of diagram that shows a step-by-step process.
2. Pictograph – type of diagram that uses pictorial forms to represent
data.
3. Drawing – an artist’s illustration of a process or idea. The drawing
shows the relationships among all the details in the picture.

➢ Charts
• also called a graph, it is a graphical representation of data, in which the
data is represented by symbols
• bar chart, lines in a chart, or slices in a pie chart
1. Pie Chart – shows relationship of different parts to a whole.
2. Line Graph – shows changes and patterns over a period of time.
3. Bar Chart – compares amount and quantities.
4. Pictograph – presents data or variables using images in order to
make abstract ideas concrete.
5. Flowchart – illustrates a process or direction of steps.
6. Organizational Chart – presents rankings or level of ideas or process.

➢ Table
• A means of arranging data in rows and columns.

➢ Steps in Reading Non-Prose Text

1. Read the title and subtitles.
2. Check the labels, captions, and subheadings.
3. Determine the purpose of the non-prose forms.
 4. Identify the organization of details.
5. Look for other information or details.

Lesson 4: Graphic Organizer

➢ Graphic Organizer
• Graphic organizers are visual representation of knowledge that structures
information by arranging important aspects of a concept or topic into a
pattern using labels.
• A teaching and learning tool that is used to organize information and
ideas in a way that is easy to comprehend and internalize.

➢ Story Map
• This is used to identify the different elements such as characters, plots,
themes, techniques, etc. in a book student is reading.

➢ Learning Map
• This visually depicts the key takeaways – skills, ideas, knowledge – students
should get from the lesson.

➢ T-Chart
• Used to study two facets of a topic.

➢ Hierarchy Chart
• This visualizes the elements of a system, organization, or concept from its
highest position to the lowest.
• Organizational Chart

➢ Reasons for Using Graphic Organizers

✓ Critical and Creative Thinking
✓ Organizing Information
✓ Understanding Information and Relationships
✓ Depicting Knowledge and Understanding
✓ Self-Learning

➢ Categories of Graphic Organizers

1. Cyclical Organizers – cycle
2. Hierarchical Organizers
3. Sequential Organizers – chronological

➢ Timetable [last page of reviewer]

• Timetable is a graphic organizer that presents a schedule of activities,
events, or tasks.

➢ Main Concept Map

• This is used to help identify the main concepts of a topic.

➢ Hierarchy Diagram
• It visualizes the elements of a system, organization, or concept from its
highest position to the lowest.

➢ Story Map
• This is used to identify the different elements of a story.
Lesson 5: Fiction
➢ Fiction
• These are “make believe” or “not true” stories based on the author’s
imagination.

➢ Types of Fiction
1. Fairy Tales & Fantasy – magic
2. Fables – characters are animals
3. Novel – comes in chapters
4. Myths and Legends – origin of a certain thing

➢ Elements of Fiction
1. Characters – the persons (or animals or figures) involved in the story. They
can be classified as protagonists, antagonists, flat, or round.
2. Setting – the time and place where the story takes place.
3. Plot – refers to the series of events that takes place throughout the story. It
begins with an exposition where the writer describes the setting and
presents the character of the story. Complication happens as the story
builds up. This is where the writer presents a problem or the conflict in the
story. As the tension builds up, the story reaches its highest point known as
the climax. Thereafter, the action falls and the characters are able to find
solutions to the problem presented. This is known as the denouement. The
plot is completed and the problem is solved in the story’s resolution.
4. Point of View – refers to the narrator of the story. The story may either be
told using the first person “I” or the third person (limited or omniscient) pov.
5. Conflict – the struggle presented in the story. [internal & external]
6. Tone – the writer’s attitude toward the subject matter shown in the story.
7. Symbolism – the use of any object to represent something beyond its
literal meaning.
8. Theme – refers to the message conveyed in the story.

➢ Types of Characters
✓ Major and Minor Characters
✓ Round and Flat Characters
✓ Dynamic and Static Characters

• Flat – same characteristic from beginning to end.

• Round – usually protagonist, full personality from beginning to end.
• Dynamic – throughout the story, the character built up.
• Static – 1 to 2 distinct characteristics, same character from beginning to
end.

➢ Protagonist and Antagonist

• The protagonist is considered the “main character” of the story. While, the
antagonist is the one who brings conflict to protagonist.

➢ Setting
• This is the time and place of the story. [long ago, today, future]

➢ Plot
• The plot is considered the “storyline” or series of events that make up a
story.
• Freytag’s Pyramid
→ Exposition → Initial Incident
 → Rising Action → Resolution
→ Climax → Denouement
→ Falling Action

➢ Point of View
• This is considered “perspective” in which a story is told.
→ First Person Point of View – “I” or “We”, the character is telling what
happened to them.
→ Second Person Point of View – the story is telling what is happening on
other character’s lives.
→ Third Person Point of View – narrator outside the story.
1. Limited – isang buhay ng character.
2. Omniscient – “all-knowing”, alam lahat ng nangyayari.

➢ Conflict
1. Internal Conflict – a struggle between a character and something within
himself or herself.
→ Character vs. Self
→ Man vs. Self – a character dealing with his or her own mixed feelings
or emotions.
2. External Conflict –
→ Man vs. Nature – this type of conflict pits a story’s main
→ Man vs. Society – the character fights against social traditions/rules.

➢ Other Types of Conflict

1. Man vs. Supernatural – the protagonist battles against an entity that isn’t
entirely known, whether it is extraterrestrial. [Ghosts, aswang]
2. Man vs. Fate – occurs when a character is trapped by an inevitable
destiny; freedom will often seem impossible. [Fighting against destiny]
3. Man vs. Technology – focuses on a person or group of people fighting to
overcome unemotional and unsympathetic machineries. [Future, against
artificial intelligence]

Lesson 7: Reading Techniques

➢ Reading Speed
✓ Normal – 200 to 220 words per minute
✓ Average – 250 to 350 words per minute
✓ Good – 500 to 700 words per minute
✓ Exceptional – 1,000 or more words per minute

➢ Reading Techniques
✓ Skimming – to read quickly to get the general ideas of a passage
✓ Scanning – the act of searching for particular information in a text with a
particular approach [get only what you need]

➢ Skimming
• Skimming is when we get the main idea or the “gist” of the text.
1. Previewing
2. Reviewing
3. Determining the main idea from a long selection
4. Trying to find source material for a research paper.

➢ What Do We Skim?
 ✓ Newspapers, Articles, Textbooks, Brochure, Infographics

➢ Purposes of Skimming
✓ To see what is in the news on a website or a paper
✓ To look through a text to decide whether you like it or not
✓ To look through a television guide through a catalog to choose an offer
✓ To go through the options after searching something

➢ Skimming: Steps to Follow

1. Read the title first.
2. Read the sub-headings.
3. If there are no sub-headings, read the first line or the first few lines of the
paragraph. It gives the gist.
4. If you want to skim further, read the first lines of all paragraphs and focus
on emphasized words.

➢ Benefits of Skimming
✓ Find relevant sections. Get a quick snapshot. Gain overview of the topic.

➢ Scanning
• Scanning is the act of searching for particular information in a text with a
particular approach. It is used to get only what you need. It is rapidly
running your eyes over the text.

➢ Purposes of Scanning
✓ To search for a word in a dictionary or index
✓ To find a phone number or an address in a directory
✓ To check the time schedule of a program in an agenda
✓ To know the price of a specific item in a catalog
✓ To know a particular information

➢ Sources
• Primary Sources – those that give firsthand or original information about
people, places, events, objects, etc. Some examples are interviews,
speeches, legal documents, diaries, letters, blogs, and emails.
• Secondary Sources – discuss, analyze, summarize, interpret, or evaluate
primary sources. Some examples are newspapers, magazines, theses, etc.

Lesson 8: The Main Idea & Supporting Details

➢ Main Idea
• It is like the heart of the text or a paragraph.
• It is the controlling idea, all the other supporting details in the text or within
a paragraph should tell us more about it.
• Who or what is the paragraph about?
• It is the central point or primary message of a speech. Meanwhile, specific
details are statements that explain, develop, and illustrate the main idea.

➢ Understanding the Main Idea

• You must comprehend the text.
• Focus on the BIGGEST IDEA.
• Getting the gist:
→ Ask yourself who or what the paragraph is about.
 → Ask yourself what is the most important information about the who or
what.
→ Restore the main idea in 10 words or less.
• Getting the gist for longer texts:
→ Look at the title.
→ Look at the first & last sentences of every paragraph of the excerpt.
→ Look for repeated words and phrases in the excerpt.
→

➢ Implied Main Ideas

• To find the main idea, when it is not directly stated, we must ask the same
questions we’ve already used to find the main ideas. Who or what the
paragraph about? What is the main point the author is trying to make?

➢ Cause and Effect Analysis

• Nothing happens without a reason or without some kind of consequence.
• When you explain why things happen and what occurs when they do.
→ Cause – why something happened
→ Effect – the result of what happened

TIMETABLE (PAGE 29)

➢ Timetable
• Timetable is a graphic organizer that presents a schedule of activities,
events, or tasks.

➢ Timeline
• This graphic organizer is used in arranging concepts and events in
chronological order.

➢ KWL Chart
• This organizer is sued in arranging items in a text in different groups,
branches, or classes.

➢ Classification
• This organizer is used in arranging items in a text in different groups,
branches, or classes.

➢ Venn Diagram
• This graphic organizer is used to show the similarities and differences
between two topics.

➢ Cause and Concept Map

• This organizer is used to show the reason why something happens and its
results and vice versa.

JHS SSG REVIEWER: 1ST QUARTER

SUBJECT: ENGLISH 10
PREPARED BY: CHELSEA ELIZ SD. DOMINGO