Si Malthus interested sya about populations, marami syang cinomply na data like yung births, deaths,

marriage and childbearing ages at yung economic factors na nakakaapekto sa life span natin or yung
long term survival ng mga tao. Yung pinaka main contribution nya naman dito is yung nag focus sya sa
connection between food supply and population. Sabi niya tayong mga tao daw hindi nag o - over
populate because of starvation kundi dahil sa nagbabago raw yung behavior ng mga tao because of
economic incentives.

So yang economic incentives na tinutukoy jan is yung, money, bonuses, salary, tax at marami pang iba.
Meaning ito yung mga financial rewards, ofcourse wala namang tao ang gustong magtrabaho ng libre
diba hahaha.

So dito sa Malthus Theory meaning, mas mataas o mas mabilis mag grow yung population kesa sa food
supply na nagreresulta sa severe hunger. dahil dito nagkakaron ng widespread acute malnutrition at
death because of starvation and disease.

Itong theory nato tinatawag rin syang low level equilibrium population trap dahil, kapag yung per capita
income ay tumaas sa above minimum don sa specific level nya meaning yung population is tumaas or
mataas.

So ayan yung example nito, sa graph yung horizontal axis ayan yung level of per capita income then,
yung y axis naman nire represent nya yung dalawang rates which is yung population growth and total
income growth. So dito makikita natin na yung income per capita is mababa ,mas mataas yung
population rate.

Ngayon, acording sa modern day Malthusians, yung mga poor countries if hindi sila magsa start o
magkaron ng preventive measures pagdating sa birth control, yung income per capita nila hindi rin mag
i- increase.

Next Slide 2nd Criticism;

So yun, First, inignore dito ni Malthusian yung impact ng technological progress which is makikita naman
natin na Malaki talaga ang impact ng technology sa bawat bansa ofcourse because of innovations at mga
inventions.

Second, sabi naman ng mga researchers wala namang clear information or correlation between
population growth rates and levels of per capita income. Also, yung birthrates daw ay wala namang
relation when it comes sa per capita income levels.

In summary yung formula na about sa food supply and population growth daw ay hindi tama. because
Malthus used the formula only as an examples para ma illustrate naten yung dissimilar and unrelated
nature ng dalawang ito. Also nag failed rin si Malthus i-consider yung additional increments ng
population, dahil capable rin naman ito sa pag increase sa production. Add ko rin dito yung sa import ng
food because possible naman ito para sa mga industrialized countries natin na makapag maintain ng
large population by importing food then exchange for industrial products.
Next topic, next slide 3, Micro BASA SA PPT

Ito naman is extension theory sya about sa consumer behavior ng individual couples. Yung pinaka main
point naman nito is kapag bubuo ka ng isang family meron syang costs and benefits. ofcourse
nakadepende sa bubuohin mong pamilya yung magiging costs and benefits niyo.

If yung cost of family formation nyo ay mataas and relative to its benefits then yung rates ng isang
couple will decide if mag aanak pa ba sila or hindi na. So itong relationship na nandito pwede sya ma
expressed trough Math. (So ayan yung Formula natin)

Which is yung Cd ito yung importanteng iconsider natin lalo na sa mga low income societies where in
yung rate ng infant is mataas. Base dito sa given formula, (Dito sa color white na pic) kapag daw mataas
yung household income the greater the demand for children, Kapag mataas naman yung net price of
children the lower the quantity demanded. Then if mataas naman yung price ng other goods the greater
the quantity of children demanded and lastly the greater the strength of tastes for goods the fewer
children demanded.

(Proceeds sa diagram) So tignan nyo dito yung figure, Ito naman yung simplified diagram presentation
ng Microeconomic theory of fertility. So yung Horizontal axis nire represent nya yung number of desired
or surviving children, while yung vertical axis naman ito naman yung measure ng total quantity of goods
consumed by the parents.

For The Demand for Children in Developing countries, so dito ang mga bata daw is viniview nila as an
economic investment goods since makakapag trabaho naman sila paglaki at magkakaron ng ability to
support their parents financially kapag tumanda na ang ating mga parents.

BASA SA PPT , Meaning yung first two or three children should be viewed as a consumer.

Next is yung 3 (PPT) Dito naman sa South Asia and East Asia meron silang tinatawag na Son Preference
which is mas preferred nila na magkaroon ng boy kesa sa girl. Kapag yung gender is random sasabihin
nila try again hanggang sa magkaron ng boy. Dahil dito nagkakaron sila ng tendency mag pa abort.

In some other places pa, ine expect nila na yung mga babaeng anak is makapag asawa ng taga ibang
villages. As a result, responsibility nilang alagaan yung parents ng asawa nila kesa sa biological parents
nila. Secondly, although both genders naman is nagaalaga sa mga parents kapag tumanda na sila. Mas
nakikita nila na ang mga lalake is merong larger lifetime earning potential.

So yung economic hypothesis of fertility has received support from statistical studies na kinonduct in a
wide range of developing nations. For example, nadiscover kasi na mas maraming babae ang halos
perfect attendance when it comes sa school also pagdating rin sa employment opportunities yung rate
ng babae is mas mataas kesa sa boys. So as women become better educated, may tendency na mas
mataas yung share nya when it comes sa household income at makapag produced sya ng fewer children.

As a result, mas ok kapag konti lang yung anak para ma attain natin yung mga needs nila. Kaya
importante na ma educate tayong mga babae, mga public health programs at child nutrition program
about sa low fertility rate. Pero wala naming problema if gusto nyo ng marami as long as kayang ibigay
yung needs.
Next Slide Consequences BASA SA PPT - Ano ba tong other issue ? First is yung underdevelopment if
tama yung mga strategies na pinursue magli lead to sa higher level of living then yung population will
take care of itself. Kusang mawawala itong problem nato. base dito sa argument nato,
underdevelopment talaga yung pinaka issue and ito talaga yung dapat madevelop ng isang countries. By
this magkakaron tayo ng economic progress and social mechanisms.

Second is the World Resource Depletion and Environmental Destruction, base dito ang population can
only be a problem in relation sa availability and use ng mga natural resources at materials resources.
Base dito sa argument na to, instead of requesting na i-limit yung population sina suggest nila na yung
mga developed countries or nations na bawasan yung excessive high consumption standards. Kasi kaya
nagkakaroon ng mataas na fertility rate it is because of their living standards.

3rd is yung Population Distribution, According dito sa third argument hindi number of people yung nagko
cause ng population problems sa isang bansa , it is all about their distribution in space. Dito yung
Government dapat nagsa -strive hindi imo moderate yung rate ng population growth, instead bring
more natural distribution in terms of productive resources.

Last is Subordination of women According to this argument naman, yung population growth is natural or
normal outcome of womens lack of economic opportunity. Kapag na improve ang women health,
education at economic well being , magli lead to sa empowerment of women at magkakaroon ng
smaller families and lower population growth.

NEXT SLIDE BASA UNAHIN SA BABA MUNA- Population Poverty cyle – ito yung theory na dini describe on
how poverty and rapid population increase. Dito base narin sapag aaral ko,Maraming evidences at
nakapag patunay na yung pagfa family planning or programs are associated with a decrease in the
share of children and adults living in poverty. Itong Family planning program kayang i- increase yung
investments sa mga bata through both income and price channels. First is bababaan yung relative cost
of child quality. Second is mabo boost nila yung typical parents income. Dito ,ang pinaka magandang
gawin is maghanap ng better partners na pareho kayong makakapag earn ng money.

BASA sa PPT 1. So ayan yung formula dito, while we have other Empirical Arguments. And according to
empirical research meron tayong 7 potential negative consequences of population growth for economic
development which is itong seven na nandito. So yung Una, Economic Growth maraming evidence na
Nakita na hindi ito yung pinaka dahilan sa pagbagal o mabagal na growth ng isang ekonomiya.

2nd is Poverty and inequality, yung adverse effects of fast population increase are felt most strongly by
the poor, dahil sila yung mga nawalan ng access sa land and sila yung unang naaapektuhan sa
kakulangan ng government when it comes sa health and education initiatives. also sila rin yung mga
talagang nagsa suffer when it comes sa environment destruction.

Third is education, as a result of the nations rapid population increase, education spend more allocation.
Meaning, dahil sa mataas na population expansion, yung mga sctock of human capital Nawala o nagalaw
na . which is naaapektuhan yung pag grow ng ekonomiya ng isang bansa.

Next is Health, Mothers and children’s health is harmed by high fertility. nag I increase dito yung health
risk when it comes sa pregnancy.
Next is food, Rapid population increase, kaya mas challenging ito sa worlds population. Kaya dapat
maintroduced yung mga bagong technologies when it comes sa production sa mga developing countries
para maprovide yung pangangailangan ng mga tao sa araw araw.

Next is Environment, because of deforestation, soil erosion at marami pang iba. Yung rapid population
nag I increase because of environmental degradation. Mga air pollution, traffic jams ganon.

Lastly, International Migration isa sa main effects of population growth ng developing countries ay ang
pagtaas sa mga legal and unauthorized international migration. Ito yung mga over job opportunities na
tinatawag.

NEXT SLIDE BASA SA PPT YUNG SA MAY BUNTIS MUNA - Next is yung reproductive choice ito naman
yung idea or freedom ng isang babae na magdecide on how many children they desire. Ito yung
masasabi natin na equal basis sila ng asawa nya. Ito yung sinasabi ng mga babae rin na my body my
rules. Hindi lang naman kasi tinutukoy dito yung panunoot ng isang babae . Ito rin yung for example ako,
may age akong target if kelan ko gusto magka anak pero kapag financially stable na. Kaya saludo ako sa
mga lalake na nakakaintindi ng mga ganitong side ng babae they respect their partners when it comes sa
pagdi decide kung kelan sila ready to have a babies at kung ilan ang gusto. Isa ito sa mga nakakatulong
sapag grow ng economy ng isang bansa dahil nagkakaroon dito ng family planning.

BASA SA TABLE How Developed Countries Can Help Developing Countries with Their Population
Programmes- dito naman is ang 1st step para matulungan ng developed countries ang developing
countries is yung Technology of Fertility controls. Which is yung contraceptive pills, mga contemporary
Reproductive Devices. pero it should be encouraged them to make more tests to reduce health dangers
or risk.

2nd step naman is yung financial assistance from developed countries. Para magkaroon at makapag
implement ng Family Planning Programs. -

NEXT SLIDE BASA PPT - So for my final note, Ang fertility rates ay mahalaga para sa mga developing
countries at sa poorest countries.

Kagaya sa Bangladesh at sa Sub Saharan Africa na experience nila yung significant reduction dahil dito.
Pero dahil nga sa tinutulungan tayo ng mga developed countries ofcourse developing countries should
also do their part. By expanding development assistantce. Specially, yung effort na gagawin is naka focus
sa mga needs and opportunity para mabawasan ang poverty which is ito yung dahilan kaya nagkakaroon
ng high rate of fertility.