pter

1
HitEaest EaRLLe PTER RRESRNN

NTRODBCTION
1.1
Inipwltante TUf WAter u
1.
13
nntinnnsinativi tiui iepusancesitausnssvussupaeataust.bnernn6aakes..
Delinition and types of wuter
Historieal development of water s
1.4
Objectives of water supply systensupply systei
uk
1.5
Systematic diagram of typical, water supply i
1.6 sýstem
Conponents water supply systeni and'theie. fiürictions
of 1

INTRODUCTION
Water, air and food are the vital
Water is most important among us,
elements for the'existerce of living beings
Human can survive without foad,
shelter and cloths for several days but can't without
are the natural gift. wate. Air and water
1.1 IMPORTANCE OF WATER,
Two thirds of the earth surface covered by water anid the human body
consists 75% of it, from this it is clear that water is one df the prime element
tésporisible for life on earthi Without water we can't survive everywhere
water is needed for various purposes asfollows
For For cooking and drinking.
1:3 For heating and air
i t ) T F o r growing crops coóling

v) For bathing and washing

x For watering lawns and gardens
vi) For street washing
For fire fighting
For recreation in swimming pools, foundations and cascades
vii etc.
ix) For power generation and various industrial processes,
 (Bachelor
ofEngineering) Di
2 ete Manual ofWater Supply
Engineering ii)
availability
due to the Ci
the river banks ii)
developed along
of
of waler
water fo on
for domestic and irrigation purpose
CO

In
1.2 DEFINITION AND TYPES OF WATER iv)
explained
below. W
are
Onof the different types of water U:
v)
1.2.1 Pure and Impure Water vi)
pure H,0 while impure water is H,O with other chemicais. D
r1
Pure and impure water have different boiling points. Impure waana
that vi)
so n.
ter which has impurities such as salts. hardness, metal ions o
Actually pure water is never found in the nature. vii)
1.2.2 Potable and
Wholesome Water
Potable water ix)
he water
which is clear and free from suspended matter and sinell Shoui 1.4
not contain excess of dissolved impurities, is known as potable water. It
should also be An orga
tasty, saf and suitable for drinking and domestic purposes.
Wholesome water i)
he water which contains impuritýy up to certain limit such that it may not
be
harmíul to human
health is known as whoiesome water. in ii)
wholesome water is that other woras,
water which is not chemiçally pure but does not
contain anything harmful to human health. The iii)
characteristics of wholesome water: are the following main
i) It should be iv)
free from disease
ii) It should be causing bacteria."
tasty, cool, odourless and v
ii) It should not
corrode the pipes çolourless.
iv)It should be carrying
free from objectionable
water. vi)
Itshould have sufficient matters.
acid. dissolved oxygen and free from vii)
carbonic.
vi) pH should be balanced and
1.2.3 preferably soft water. 1.5
Polluted and' Contaminated There a
Polluted water Water
Water systema
containing excess amount of
micro-organisms, etc. impurities such as minerals salts,
is called i)
purpose. may contains various polutedot water. It is not fit for gases,
It
and bacteriological. types impurities i.e,, drinking
physical, chemical
Contaminated water
The water which
water. It is
contains
pathogenic bacteria is, known
always poluted and unfit for use. as
contaminated
1.3 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER
The historical SUPPLY SYSTEM
developments of
water suFRly system are as follows:
i) In ancient, human civiliza
surface water like as river, was mainly near the sources
pond, lake; etc. of fresh
 LERSITY
Introduction *Chapter 1
3

for water which was

wells
were
used fo
mentioned in Rig
f Engineerin9) Digging
B.C. reservoirs
to
i) Veda
4000
in rain
water
and
store water
to the availability to
collect
were
Cisterns

c o n s t r u c t e d .
c o n s t r u c t e d . "eks and Romans
Greeks

trappecl
were
far distanca
iv
Infiltration
galleries
and
conveyed
over

in Bgypt and
through
India.
aueducts.
from springs imade
water
below.
reservoirs were filters were its ed then after.
Underground concduits,
pumps,
)
Lead pipes,
masonry

and inar
were. -Oustructed
constru in Nepal with the
other chemicals. vi) dhara and mandir.
Dhunge math
water is that vi of pati, pauwa,
of Nepalese people of rural areas are getting
ure construction
Nepales.
ions and
so on. 70% of
60% to
vii) Only
drinking water scheme.

ADB, JICA, GIZ, etc.

are
the working in this field
UNICEF, WB,
ix SYSTEM
WATER SUPPLY
OBJECTIVES OF
the following objectives:
and snell shouid 1.4
otable water. It supply system has
An organized watersafe wholesome water to the consumers in adequate
estic purposes. To provide
at low cost.
quantity efficiently
kor emergencies like fire fighting,
that it may not To make adequate provisions,
In other words, festivals, meeting, etc.
re but does not To make water available
within easy reach of consumers.
effective and
g are the main
iv To supply water rich in reliability, quality, quantity in
efficient way.
To reduce environmental pollution and unemplayment.
v
To improve economic conditión of the locality and maintain better
sanitation.
vii To protect from waterborne diseases.
from carbonic.
1.5 SYSTEMATIC DIAGRAM OF TYPICAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
There are three types of water supply systems which are as follows with
systematic diagram:
i) Gravity flow system
ls salts, gases, a) In rural area
for drinking
ical, chemical Tap.
Intake Reservoir Tap
Interruption
contaminated
Chamber tank TaP
Distribution
"EM Sedimentaion
tank Distribution
works

w$ Chamber Reservoir Tap

rces of fresh Transmission work tank Tap
Figure 1.1: Gravily ilow Tap
system in rural areaj
 Complate Manual of Water Supply Englnaerlng tBachelor of Engineerlng)
omémaarsaued

b) .In utban area. ) Source fwvate

Purlfieatlort Reservolr Dlwtributon Primary source of wa5
worka/treatment" . i : tank Bysto of. rain, snow, hail, et
fntake I t should have more
plants (otevtted)
elevation of source sh
Surface source and s
Pump Punp ii) Intake
(optlonal) (optional) Distrlbution.
works An intake collects t
Transmlssion work, , intake sh
main An
'gure i2 Gravity low system in urban area rom the source. Th
upon the type of so
i)Pumpingsysteim To ensure rea
Purhp pressiure .
To check tr=
Town prevent entr
Pump house
Town To colleci wa
mtake punp ii) Pump
It is ifting device
Distribution liné operated by the he
TranisSmission line. located at higher t
Clear wter. iv) Coilection
reservoir
IF the water dena
Source .

Figure 13 Purmping Systemofwater aupply from more than c

iti) Dual system water from one.:
river or spring wa
tsanjaamuasanaata
v Transmis:
Elevated
reservoir
*i ni»isustswtni
..

Town
For the conveyar
of conduits are ua
transmission m
Pump house consunners. It is..
Tow
Intake -Transnmlssion/
pimip:| works
vi)Interrupm
The chamber, w
Disirihution works bursting pipes
T Hence, the func
Claaf water into atmosphe
résdrvói interruption ch
Source ural area when
Figure 1.4: Dualsystem ot wateCsupply systëm
vii) Treatm-
1.6 cOMPONENTS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM AND THEIR The.raw wate
FUNCTIONS impurities whi
The various components having own specific funetions can perform a public treatment is. d

water supply scheme are as indicated below water that is.

economic mar
fEhglieering) Introduction » Chapter 1
i) Source of water
voir Dlstibuton Primary source of water is precipitation which joins to the earth in the form
8ystent ,of rain, snow, hail, etc. It should be reliable,and having minimum impurities.
tëd) t should have imore discharge thn that of demand. As fat as possible the
elevation of source should be higherthancity/town/village for gravity flow.
Surface source and sub-surface sources are two ty pes of soturce.
ii) ntake
Distrlbutlon
works An.intake collects the water from'a source'and feeds it to the transmission
main' An.intake should allow continuous abstraction of, the design flow
from the source. The type of intake required in the water scheme depends,
: upon the type of source (springor streanm). The basic furctions of intake are:
Laaaigarinaaäaas
To ensure required water and reduc sedimeñt entry
433-. To check trash and debris 'entry along with water entering and
.asbsssa=ssiisati
prevent entry ofice.
Town To collect water froinsoureé and feeds it to the transmissioh main.
iii)Pump
I t is ifting device commonly required to lift watèr"from source which is
tribution inë
operated by the help of energy. It is essential whenithe area to be served is
located at higher than the source.
iv Collection chamber
I f the water demand do not meet by the single source, to collect thé water
from more than one source,it máy be required. This prevents back flow of
water from one.source,to another, It se rtles course material contained in
river or spring water.
v Transmision.mainsi
For the cónveyance of water fromi source tó treatment plant different types
o f conduits are used like open channel, aquecduct, pipe line, etc. is known as
ow transmission main. Water from transmission main is. not given to
Town consumers. Itis designed without considering peak factor
vi)Interruption chamber(1C)
The chamber, whiçh, is próvided in the transmission lines to prevent from
orks us biursting pipes due to excessive pressure, is. known as interruption'chamber.
Hence, the function'of these chambers,is to release ligh pressure or convert
1 into atmospheric pressure forming the neW static water leve. Usually
interruption chamber is provided in gravitý water supply. system in thee
1ural area when tlie dynamie head in the-pipe line exceeds 60 m.
AND 1HEIR vi) Treatment or purification.works
The ráw water contains various typesof, itmpurities, to remove those
health water
impurities which is harmful to human and othersliving beings
maintain
perform a public. treatment is done. The aim of water treatment is to produçe and
water that is.hygienically safe palatable and aesthetically attractive in an
económic manner,
 j Complete Manual of Water Supply Engineering (Bachelor of Engineering)

viii). Reservoir 1.7 SOLVED OUT

Tt is necessary to balance the variation of dermand td reserve water.
and
are three types of reservoir theyPROBLEM1
Depending upon purpose of
the uae,there
are clear water reservoir (for storing treated water), balancing reservoir (for Draw a' systematic
equalization or to address fluctuation of demand) and service reservoir (for
down
System and briefly
for break
equalizes the hourly fluctuations' and stores the
water
Solution: See the def
reserve and fire reserve as for firefighting).
ix) Control valves PROBLEM 2
They are prövided in the pipe lines for.control and regulate the flowof Differentiate potal
water. For exaimple; air valve, gate valve and reflux valve,
etc.
water. Write down
x) Distribution system Solution: See the de
After the treatment of water, it is distributed to the targetéd community for
domestic, industrial, commercial and public uses by the niedns of a pipe PROBLEM 3
network is known as distribution system. It is designed for the peak flow.Draw a systemati
The method þf distribution system is guided by the roád nefwörkof the city. Describe the funct

xi) Break pressure tank (BPT), Solution: See the d

A small tank constructed in a rural gravity water supply specifiçally built to:
break the hydrostatic pressure in pipe line and prevent pipe from bursting PROBLEM 4
due to excessive pressure is called.break pressure tank. Th main function of. Discuss about t
break pressure tank is releasing high pressure-intó atmospheric pressure. necessity of wate
xii) Publicstand post Solution: See the d
This is the last and most frequently. used omponent of a water supply
5
scheme. In the rural area, consumes collect the water from public stand post PRORIEM
to meet their household demand. If people cannot afford private What do you und
connectionsjin the rural area and as of.scattered houses in the area a stand development.

post serves to 8 to 10 households: Solution: See the d

Source Source.
PROBLEM 6
i,' Antake
intake Draw. typicallay
Collection chamber Describe briefly
Sedimentation Sedinentation Solution: See the c

Iank tank'jl
PRORLEM7
. Explain the fund
Clean water re_ervair
T T schem with neal
BP Solution: See the o
Service reservoir|
Service reservoir PROBLEM 8
.'

As a water supP
a ? Tap Tap
Tap Tap iwater supply is
Figure 1.5: Components.of gravityruralwater supply Nepal? Explainv-
Solution: See the