Math 112 Lecture 013 BSlides

Derivatives of the Basic Trigonometric Functions
Applying the Trig Function Derivative Rules

Derivatives of the Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Derivative of sin
Derivative of cos Using the Chain Rule
Derivative of tan Using the Quotient Rule
Derivatives the Six Trigonometric Functions

Example 46 – Differentiating with Trig Functions
Example 47 – Damped Oscillations

The arctan Function
The arcsin Function
Example 48 – Differentiating with Inverse Trig Functions
Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Clint Lee 1/25
Derivative of sin
Derivative of sin
Recall that in Example 31(c) we guessed that
d
sin x = cos x
dx
by considering the graphs of sin and cos.

Clint Lee 2/25
Derivative of sin
Derivative of sin
d
sin x = cos x
dx
by considering the graphs of sin and cos. We will now prove this using the
definition of the derivative and some basic trigonometric identities.

Clint Lee 2/25
Derivative of sin
Derivative of sin
d
sin x = cos x
dx
First recall the sum and difference formulas for sin

Clint Lee 2/25
Derivative of sin
Derivative of sin
d
sin x = cos x
dx
sin (x ± y)

Clint Lee 2/25
Derivative of sin
Derivative of sin
d
sin x = cos x
dx
sin (x ± y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y

Clint Lee 2/25
Derivative of sin
Derivative of sin
d
sin x = cos x
dx
Though we don’t need it right away, the corresponding formula for cos is

Clint Lee 2/25
Derivative of sin
Derivative of sin
d
sin x = cos x
dx
cos (x ± y)

Clint Lee 2/25
Derivative of sin
Derivative of sin
d
sin x = cos x
dx
cos (x ± y) = cos x cos y ∓ sin x sin y

Clint Lee 2/25
Derivative of sin
Derivative of sin – continued
With f (x) = sin x, using Formula 3 we have

Clint Lee 3/25
Derivative of sin
f 0 (x)

Clint Lee 3/25
Derivative of sin
sin (x + h) − sin x
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h

Clint Lee 3/25
Derivative of sin
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
sin x cos h + cos x sin h − sin x
= lim
h→0 h

Clint Lee 3/25
Derivative of sin
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
= lim
h→0 h
sin x (cos h − 1) + cos x sin h
= lim
h→0 h

Clint Lee 3/25
Derivative of sin
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
= lim
h→0 h
= lim
h→0 h
cos h − 1 sin h

= sin x lim + cos x lim
h→0 h h→0 h

Clint Lee 3/25
Derivative of sin
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
= lim
h→0 h
= lim
h→0 h
cos h − 1 sin h

h→0 h h→0 h
Recall that using the Squeeze Theorem we proved that

sin x
lim
x→0 x

Clint Lee 3/25
Derivative of sin
f 0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
= lim
h→0 h
= lim
h→0 h
cos h − 1 sin h

h→0 h h→0 h
Recall that using the Squeeze Theorem we proved that

sin x
lim =1
x→0 x

Clint Lee 3/25
Derivative of sin
Further, using the same approach as used in Example 13 we can show that
cos h − 1
lim
h→0 h

Clint Lee 4/25
Derivative of sin
cos h − 1
lim =0
h→0 h

Clint Lee 4/25
Derivative of sin
cos h − 1
lim =0
h→0 h
Thus we have
d
f 0 (x) = sin x
dx

Clint Lee 4/25
Derivative of sin
cos h − 1
lim =0
h→0 h
Thus we have
d
f 0 (x) = sin x = sin x (0) + cos x (1)
dx

Clint Lee 4/25
Derivative of sin
cos h − 1
lim =0
h→0 h
Thus we have
d
f 0 (x) = sin x = sin x (0) + cos x (1) = cos x
dx

Clint Lee 4/25
Derivative of sin
cos h − 1
lim =0
h→0 h
Thus we have
d
dx
as we predicted.

Clint Lee 4/25
Derivative of sin
cos h − 1
lim =0
h→0 h
Thus we have
d
dx
as we predicted.
You use the sum formula for cos to prove the corresponding differentiation
formula for cos x, which is
d
cos x
dx

Clint Lee 4/25
Derivative of sin
cos h − 1
lim =0
h→0 h
Thus we have
d
dx
as we predicted.
You use the sum formula for cos to prove the corresponding differentiation
formula for cos x, which is
d
cos x = − sin x
dx

Clint Lee 4/25
Derivative of sin
We can prove the formula for the derivative of cos in a different way. Two
basic trigonometric identities are

Clint Lee 5/25
Derivative of sin
sin π2 − x


Clint Lee 5/25
Derivative of sin
sin π2 − x = cos x


Clint Lee 5/25
Derivative of sin

cos π2 − x =


Clint Lee 5/25
Derivative of sin

cos π2 − x = sin x


Clint Lee 5/25
Derivative of sin


since x and π
2 − x are complementary angles in a right triangle.

Clint Lee 5/25
Derivative of sin


since x and π2 − x are complementary angles in a right triangle.

Thus, using the Chain Rule gives
d
cos x
dx

Clint Lee 5/25
Derivative of sin



d d
cos x = sin −x
π

dx dx 2

Clint Lee 5/25
Derivative of sin



d d
cos x = sin −x
π

dx dx 2
d
= cos −x −x
π π

2 dx 2

Clint Lee 5/25
Derivative of sin



d d
cos x = sin −x
π

dx dx 2
d
= cos −x −x
π π

2 dx 2
= sin x(−1)

Clint Lee 5/25
Derivative of sin



d d
cos x = sin −x
π

dx dx 2
d π
= cos −x−x
π

2
dx 2
= sin x(−1) = − sin x

Clint Lee 5/25
Derivative of sin
Recall that
tan x

Clint Lee 6/25
Derivative of sin
Recall that
sin x
tan x =
cos x

Clint Lee 6/25
Derivative of sin
Recall that
sin x
tan x =
cos x
Thus, using the Quotient Rule gives
d
tan x
dx

Clint Lee 6/25
Derivative of sin
Recall that
sin x
tan x =
cos x
d d sin x
tan x =
dx dx cos x

Clint Lee 6/25
Derivative of sin
Recall that
sin x
tan x =
cos x
d d sin x
tan x =
dx dx cos x
d d

sin x cos x − sin x cos x
dx dx
=
(cos x)2

Clint Lee 6/25
Derivative of sin
Recall that
sin x
tan x =
cos x
d d sin x
tan x =
dx dx cos x
d d

dx dx
=
(cos x)2
(cos x) cos x − sin x (− sin x)
=
cos2 x

Clint Lee 6/25
Derivative of sin
Recall that
sin x
tan x =
cos x
d d sin x
tan x =
dx dx cos x
d d

dx dx
=
(cos x)2
=
cos2 x
cos x + sin2 x
2
=
cos2 x

Clint Lee 6/25
Derivative of sin
Recall that
sin x
tan x =
cos x
d d sin x
tan x =
dx dx cos x
d d

dx dx
=
(cos x)2
=
cos2 x
cos x + sin2 x
2 1
= =
cos2 x cos2 x

Clint Lee 6/25
Derivative of sin
Recall that
sin x
tan x =
cos x
d d sin x
tan x =
dx dx cos x
d d

dx dx
=
(cos x)2
=
cos2 x
cos x + sin2 x
2 1
= =
cos2 x cos2 x
2
1

=
cos x

Clint Lee 6/25
Derivative of sin
Recall that
sin x
tan x =
cos x
d d sin x
tan x =
dx dx cos x
d d

dx dx
=
(cos x)2
=
cos2 x
cos x + sin2 x
2 1
= =
cos2 x cos2 x
2
1

= = sec2 x
cos x

Clint Lee 6/25
Derivative of sin
Derivative of tan Using the Quotient Rule – continued
An alternative way to simplify the previous expression is
d
tan x
dx

Clint Lee 7/25
Derivative of sin
d cos2 x + sin2 x
tan x =
dx cos2 x

Clint Lee 7/25
Derivative of sin
d cos2 x + sin2 x cos2 x sin2 x

tan x = 2
= +
dx cos x cos x cos2 x
2

Clint Lee 7/25
Derivative of sin

tan x = 2
= +
2
2
sin x

= 1+
cos x

Clint Lee 7/25
Derivative of sin

tan x = 2
= +
2
2
sin x

= 1+ = 1 + tan2 x
cos x

Clint Lee 7/25
Derivative of sin

tan x = 2
= +
2
2
sin x

= 1+ = 1 + tan2 x
cos x
So that
d
tan x
dx

Clint Lee 7/25
Derivative of sin

tan x = 2
= +
2
2
sin x

= 1+ = 1 + tan2 x
cos x
So that
d
tan x = sec2 x
dx

Clint Lee 7/25
Derivative of sin

tan x = 2
= +
2
2
sin x

= 1+ = 1 + tan2 x
cos x
So that
d
tan x = sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x
dx

Clint Lee 7/25
Derivative of sin

tan x = 2
= +
2
2
sin x

= 1+ = 1 + tan2 x
cos x
So that
d
dx
The equality above can also be proved using the Pythagorean identity
1 + tan2 x

Clint Lee 7/25
Derivative of sin

tan x = 2
= +
2
2
sin x

= 1+ = 1 + tan2 x
cos x
So that
d
dx
1 + tan2 x = sec2 x

Clint Lee 7/25
Derivative of sin

tan x = 2
= +
2
2
sin x

= 1+ = 1 + tan2 x
cos x
So that
d
dx
1 + tan2 x = sec2 x
Most text books use the sec2 x formula for the derivative of tan x, but Maple
and other symbolic differentiating programs use the 1 + tan2 x formula.

Clint Lee 7/25
Derivative of sin
Using basic differentiation rules as in the derivation of the derivative formula

for tan we can find derivative formulas for all of the other trigonometric
functions.

Clint Lee 8/25
Derivative of sin

functions. Also, recall that when we derived the General Rule for the
Exponential Function we stated that we would give all derivative formulas in
a general form using the Chain Rule. In this form we introduce an
intermediate variable u assumed to represent some function of x. With this
assumption the derivative rules for all six basic trigonometric functions are:

Clint Lee 8/25
Derivative of sin

d
sin u
dx

Clint Lee 8/25
Derivative of sin

d du
sin u = cos u
dx dx

Clint Lee 8/25
Derivative of sin

d du d
sin u = cos u cos u
dx dx dx

Clint Lee 8/25
Derivative of sin

d du d du
sin u = cos u cos u = − sin u
dx dx dx dx

Clint Lee 8/25
Derivative of sin

d du d du
dx dx dx dx
d
tan u
dx

Clint Lee 8/25
Derivative of sin

d du d du
dx dx dx dx
d du du
tan u = sec2 u = 1 + tan2 u
dx dx dx

Clint Lee 8/25
Derivative of sin

d du d du
dx dx dx dx
d du du
dx dx dx
d
sec u
dx

Clint Lee 8/25
Derivative of sin

d du d du
dx dx dx dx
d du du
dx dx dx
d du
sec u = sec u tan u
dx dx

Clint Lee 8/25
Derivative of sin

d du d du
dx dx dx dx
d du du
dx dx dx
d du d
sec u = sec u tan u csc u
dx dx dx

Clint Lee 8/25
Derivative of sin

d du d du
dx dx dx dx
d du du
dx dx dx
d du d du
sec u = sec u tan u csc u = − csc u cot u
dx dx dx dx

Clint Lee 8/25
Derivative of sin

d du d du
dx dx dx dx
d du du
dx dx dx
d du d du
dx dx dx dx
d
cot u
dx

Clint Lee 8/25
Derivative of sin

d du d du
dx dx dx dx
d du du
dx dx dx
d du d du
dx dx dx dx
d 2 du
du
cot u = − csc u = − 1 + cot2 u
dx dx dx

Clint Lee 8/25
Find and simplify the indicated derivative(s) of each function.

(a) Find f 0 (x) and f 00 (x) for f (x) = x2 cos (3x).
ds cos t
(b) Find for s = .
dt sin t + cos t
√
2
(c) Find C0 (x) for C(x) = tan e 1+x .

Clint Lee 9/25
Solution: Example 46(a)
Using the Product Rule followed by the Chain Rule (for cos (3x)) gives
f 0 (x)

Clint Lee 10/25
f 0 (x) = 2x cos (3x) + x2 [−3 sin (3x)]

Clint Lee 10/25
f 0 (x) = 2x cos (3x) + x2 [−3 sin (3x)]

= 2x cos (3x) − 3x2 sin (3x)

Clint Lee 10/25
f 0 (x) = 2x cos (3x) + x2 [−3 sin (3x)]

= 2x cos (3x) − 3x2 sin (3x)
= x [2 cos (3x) − 3x sin (3x)]

Clint Lee 10/25
f 0 (x) = 2x cos (3x) + x2 [−3 sin (3x)]

= 2x cos (3x) − 3x2 sin (3x)
= x [2 cos (3x) − 3x sin (3x)]
For f 00 (x) use the expression in the second line. Again using the Product and
Chain Rules gives
f 00 (x)

Clint Lee 10/25
f 0 (x) = 2x cos (3x) + x2 [−3 sin (3x)]

= 2x cos (3x) − 3x2 sin (3x)
= x [2 cos (3x) − 3x sin (3x)]
Chain Rules gives
f 00 (x) = 2 cos (3x) − 6x sin (3x) − 6x sin (3x) − 9x2 cos (3x)

Clint Lee 10/25
f 0 (x) = 2x cos (3x) + x2 [−3 sin (3x)]

= 2x cos (3x) − 3x2 sin (3x)
= x [2 cos (3x) − 3x sin (3x)]
Chain Rules gives
f 00 (x) = 2 cos (3x) − 6x sin (3x) − 6x sin (3x) − 9x2 cos (3x)

= 2 − 9x2 cos (3x) − 12x sin (3x)

Clint Lee 10/25
Solution: Example 46(b)
Using the Quotient Rule gives
ds
dt

Clint Lee 11/25
ds − sin t (sin t + cos t) − cos t (cos t − sin t)

=
dt (sin t + cos t)2

Clint Lee 11/25

=
dt (sin t + cos t)2
− sin2 t − sin t cos t − cos2 t + cos t sin t
=
(sin t + cos t)2

Clint Lee 11/25

=
dt (sin t + cos t)2
=
(sin t + cos t)2

− sin2 t + cos2 t
=
(sin t + cos t)2

Clint Lee 11/25

=
dt (sin t + cos t)2
=
(sin t + cos t)2

− sin2 t + cos2 t
=
(sin t + cos t)2
1
=−
(sin t + cos t)2

Clint Lee 11/25

=
dt (sin t + cos t)2
=
(sin t + cos t)2

− sin2 t + cos2 t
=
(sin t + cos t)2
1
=−
(sin t + cos t)2
This example illustrates the fact that when simplifying derivatives involving
trig functions, you sometimes need to use standard trigonometric identities.

Clint Lee 11/25
Solution: Example 46(c)
This is a composite function with

Clint Lee 12/25
C(x)

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C(x) = f (g (h (k(x))))

Clint Lee 12/25
C(x) = f (g (h (k(x))))
where
f (x)

Clint Lee 12/25
C(x) = f (g (h (k(x))))
where
f (x) = tan x,

Clint Lee 12/25
C(x) = f (g (h (k(x))))
where
f (x) = tan x, g(x)

Clint Lee 12/25
C(x) = f (g (h (k(x))))
where
f (x) = tan x, g(x) = ex ,

Clint Lee 12/25
C(x) = f (g (h (k(x))))
where
f (x) = tan x, g(x) = ex , h(x)

Clint Lee 12/25
C(x) = f (g (h (k(x))))
where
√
f (x) = tan x, g(x) = ex , h(x) = x = x1/2 ,

Clint Lee 12/25
C(x) = f (g (h (k(x))))
where
√
f (x) = tan x, g(x) = ex , h(x) = x = x1/2 , k(x)

Clint Lee 12/25
C(x) = f (g (h (k(x))))
where
√
f (x) = tan x, g(x) = ex , h(x) = x = x1/2 , k(x) = 1 + x2

Clint Lee 12/25
C(x) = f (g (h (k(x))))
where
√
Using the Chain Rule three times gives
C0 (x)

Clint Lee 12/25
C(x) = f (g (h (k(x))))
where
√
C0 (x) = f 0 (g (h (k(x)))) g0 (h (k(x))) h0 (k(x)) k0 (x)

Clint Lee 12/25
C(x) = f (g (h (k(x))))
where
√

√ 2 √ 2 −1/2
= sec2 e 1+x e 1+x 1
2 1 + x2 (2x)

Clint Lee 12/25
C(x) = f (g (h (k(x))))
where
√

√ 2 √ 2 −1/2
= sec2 e 1+x e 1+x 1
2 1 + x2 (2x)
√ √
2 2
xe 1+x sec2 e 1+x
= √
1 + x2

Clint Lee 12/25
Consider the function

q(t) = e−7t sin (24t)
This function describes damped simple harmonic motion. It gives the
position of a mass attached to a spring relative to the equilibrium (resting)
position of the spring. A frictional force acts to gradually slow the mass.
(a) Find q0 (t) and q00 (t) and explain their meaning in terms of the damped
oscillatory motion.
(b) Note that q(0) = 0. This means that the initial position of the mass is at
the equilibrium position of the spring. Find the initial velocity of the
mass. Also find the velocity when the mass first returns to the
equilibrium position.
(c) Draw a graph of the function q(t).
(d) Find the first two times when the oscillating mass turns around. Show
the corresponding points on the graph of q(t).
(e) Show that the function q(t) satisfies the differential equation
d2 q dq
+ 14 + 625q = 0
dt2 dt
Clint Lee 13/25
Using the Product and Chain Rules gives

Clint Lee 14/25
q0 (t)

Clint Lee 14/25
q0 (t) = −7e−7t sin (24t) + e−7t [24 cos (24t)]

Clint Lee 14/25
q0 (t) = −7e−7t sin (24t) + e−7t [24 cos (24t)]

= e−7t [24 cos (24t) − 7 sin (24t)]

Clint Lee 14/25
q0 (t) = −7e−7t sin (24t) + e−7t [24 cos (24t)]

= e−7t [24 cos (24t) − 7 sin (24t)]
From our interpretation of the derivative as a rate of change, we know that

this is the velocity of the mass at time t.

Clint Lee 14/25
q0 (t) = −7e−7t sin (24t) + e−7t [24 cos (24t)]

= e−7t [24 cos (24t) − 7 sin (24t)]

Taking the derivative of the expression above for q0 (t) gives

Clint Lee 14/25
q0 (t) = −7e−7t sin (24t) + e−7t [24 cos (24t)]

= e−7t [24 cos (24t) − 7 sin (24t)]

q00 (t)

Clint Lee 14/25
q0 (t) = −7e−7t sin (24t) + e−7t [24 cos (24t)]

= e−7t [24 cos (24t) − 7 sin (24t)]

h i
q00 (t) = −7e−7t [24 cos (24t) − 7 sin (24t)] + e−7t −242 sin (24t) − 7(24) cos (24t)

Clint Lee 14/25
q0 (t) = −7e−7t sin (24t) + e−7t [24 cos (24t)]

= e−7t [24 cos (24t) − 7 sin (24t)]

h i
h i
= −e−7t 14(24) cos (24t) + 242 − 72 sin (24t)

Clint Lee 14/25
q0 (t) = −7e−7t sin (24t) + e−7t [24 cos (24t)]

= e−7t [24 cos (24t) − 7 sin (24t)]

h i
h i
= −e−7t 14(24) cos (24t) + 242 − 72 sin (24t)
= −e−7t [336 cos (24t) + 527 sin (24t)]

Clint Lee 14/25
q0 (t) = −7e−7t sin (24t) + e−7t [24 cos (24t)]

= e−7t [24 cos (24t) − 7 sin (24t)]

h i
h i
= −e−7t 14(24) cos (24t) + 242 − 72 sin (24t)
= −e−7t [336 cos (24t) + 527 sin (24t)]
The rate of change of velocity is acceleration, so this gives the acceleration of

the mass at time t.

Clint Lee 14/25
Substituting t = 0 into the expression for the velocity v(t) = q0 (t) gives
v(0)

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v(0) = e0 [24 cos (0) − 7 sin (0)]

Clint Lee 15/25
v(0) = e0 [24 cos (0) − 7 sin (0)] = 24

Clint Lee 15/25
v(0) = e0 [24 cos (0) − 7 sin (0)] = 24
The mass returns to the equilibrium position when .

Clint Lee 15/25
v(0) = e0 [24 cos (0) − 7 sin (0)] = 24
The mass returns to the equilibrium position when q(t) = 0.

Clint Lee 15/25
v(0) = e0 [24 cos (0) − 7 sin (0)] = 24
The mass returns to the equilibrium position when q(t) = 0. The first time
after t = 0 when this happens is when

Clint Lee 15/25
v(0) = e0 [24 cos (0) − 7 sin (0)] = 24
24t = π ⇒ t

Clint Lee 15/25
v(0) = e0 [24 cos (0) − 7 sin (0)] = 24
π
24t = π ⇒ t =
24

Clint Lee 15/25
v(0) = e0 [24 cos (0) − 7 sin (0)] = 24
π
24t = π ⇒ t =
24
The velocity at this time is
π
v
24

Clint Lee 15/25
v(0) = e0 [24 cos (0) − 7 sin (0)] = 24
π
24t = π ⇒ t =
24
π
v = e−7π/24 [24 cos (π ) − 7 sin (π )]
24

Clint Lee 15/25
v(0) = e0 [24 cos (0) − 7 sin (0)] = 24
π
24t = π ⇒ t =
24
π
v = e−7π/24 [24 cos (π ) − 7 sin (π )] = −24e−7π/24
24

Clint Lee 15/25
v(0) = e0 [24 cos (0) − 7 sin (0)] = 24
π
24t = π ⇒ t =
24
π
v = e−7π/24 [24 cos (π ) − 7 sin (π )] = −24e−7π/24 = −9.6
24

Clint Lee 15/25
v(0) = e0 [24 cos (0) − 7 sin (0)] = 24
π
24t = π ⇒ t =
24
π
v = e−7π/24 [24 cos (π ) − 7 sin (π )] = −24e−7π/24 = −9.6
24
This velocity is less than the initial velocity and in the opposite direction.

Clint Lee 15/25
The graph of the function q(t) looks like this.

The amplitude of the motion decreases
following an envelope given by the decaying
exponential function e−7t , as shown.
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Clint Lee 16/25

exponential function e−7t , as shown. As we
saw in the last part, not only does the
amplitude decrease, but so does the velocity.
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Clint Lee 16/25

Further, note that where the graph is concave 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
down, q00 (t) < 0, the mass is decelerating. The

velocity is getting less positive or more
negative.

Clint Lee 16/25

Further, note that where the graph is concave 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
down, q00 (t) < 0, the mass is decelerating. The

velocity is getting less positive or more
negative. And, where the graph is concave
up, q00 (t) > 0, the mass is accelerating. The
velocity is getting more positive or less
negative.

Clint Lee 16/25
Solution: Example 47(d)
The mass turns around when v(t) = q0 (t) = 0.

This happens when

Clint Lee 17/25

This happens when
24 cos (24t) − 7 sin (24t) = 0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Clint Lee 17/25

This happens when
24 cos (24t) − 7 sin (24t) = 0

24
⇒ tan (24t) =
7
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Clint Lee 17/25

This happens when
24 cos (24t) − 7 sin (24t) = 0

24
⇒ tan (24t) =
7
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
24

⇒24t = arctan + kπ
7

Clint Lee 17/25

This happens when
24 cos (24t) − 7 sin (24t) = 0

24
⇒ tan (24t) =
7
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
24

7
where k is any integer.

Clint Lee 17/25

This happens when
24 cos (24t) − 7 sin (24t) = 0

24
⇒ tan (24t) =
7
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
24

7
where k is any integer. The first two positive t
values are t1 = 0.0536 and t2 = 0.1845.

Clint Lee 17/25

This happens when
24 cos (24t) − 7 sin (24t) = 0

24
⇒ tan (24t) =
7
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
24

7
values are t1 = 0.0536 and t2 = 0.1845. At
these values the tangent line to the graph of
q(t) is horizontal, as shown.

Clint Lee 17/25

This happens when
24 cos (24t) − 7 sin (24t) = 0

24
⇒ tan (24t) =
7
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
24

7
values are t1 = 0.0536 and t2 = 0.1845. At
these values the tangent line to the graph of
q(t) is horizontal, as shown.

Clint Lee 17/25
Solution: Example 47(e)
From part (a) we have
d2 q dq
+ 14 + 625q
dt2 dt

Clint Lee 18/25
d2 q dq
+ 14 + 625q
dt2 dt
= −e−7t [336 cos (24t) + 527 sin (24t)]

Clint Lee 18/25
d2 q dq
+ 14 + 625q
dt2 dt
= −e−7t [336 cos (24t) + 527 sin (24t)]
+ 14e−7t [24 cos (24t) − 7 sin (24t)] + 625e−7t sin (24t)

Clint Lee 18/25
d2 q dq
+ 14 + 625q
dt2 dt
= −e−7t [336 cos (24t) + 527 sin (24t)]
= e−7t [(−336 + 14 × 24) cos (24t) + (−527 − 14 × 7 + 625) sin (24t)]

Clint Lee 18/25
d2 q dq
+ 14 + 625q
dt2 dt
= −e−7t [336 cos (24t) + 527 sin (24t)]
= e−7t [(−336 + 14 × 24) cos (24t) + (−527 − 14 × 7 + 625) sin (24t)]
=0

Clint Lee 18/25
Derivatives of the Basic Trigonometric Functions The arctan Function
Applying the Trig Function Derivative Rules The arcsin Function
Derivatives of the Inverse Trigonometric Functions Example 48 – Differentiating with Inverse Trig Functions
The arctan Function
Recall that the graph of the tangent function

looks like this.

Clint Lee 19/25
The arctan Function

looks like this. From this graph we realize that
the tangent function is not one-to-one
− π2 π
2

Clint Lee 19/25
The arctan Function

the tangent function is not one-to-one, and so
does not have an inverse function.
− π2 π
2

Clint Lee 19/25
The arctan Function

does not have an inverse function. However,
restricting the domain of the tangent function, − π2 π
2

Clint Lee 19/25
The arctan Function

2
as shown in the graph, to the interval
π π
− <x<
2 2

Clint Lee 19/25
The arctan Function

2
π π
− <x<
2 2
gives a one-to-one function.

Clint Lee 19/25
The arctan Function

2
π π
− <x<
2 2
So the inverse of the tangent function is defined as
arctan x = tan−1 x = the angle between − π2 and π

2 whose tangent is x

Clint Lee 19/25
The Derivative of the arctan Function
With this definition of the inverse tangent function, we see that its domain is

Clint Lee 20/25
all real numbers and its range is

Clint Lee 20/25
all real numbers and its range is − π2 , π2 .

Clint Lee 20/25
all real numbers and its range is − π2 , π2 . Further, we have
tan (arctan x)

Clint Lee 20/25
tan (arctan x) = x and

Clint Lee 20/25
tan (arctan x) = x and arctan (tan x)

Clint Lee 20/25
tan (arctan x) = x and arctan (tan x) = x for − π2 < x < π

2

Clint Lee 20/25

2
Taking the derivative of the first of the formulas above, as we did to find the
derivative of the ln function, gives
d
tan (arctan x)
dx

Clint Lee 20/25

2
d d
tan (arctan x) = 1 + tan2 (arctan x) arctan x
dx dx

Clint Lee 20/25

2
d d
dx dx
d
= 1 + x2 arctan x
dx

Clint Lee 20/25

2
d d
dx dx
d d
= 1 + x2 arctan x = x=1
dx dx

Clint Lee 20/25

2
d d
dx dx
d d
= 1 + x2 arctan x = x=1
dx dx
d
Solving for arctan x gives
dx
d
arctan x
dx

Clint Lee 20/25

2
d d
dx dx
d d
= 1 + x2 arctan x = x=1
dx dx
d
Solving for arctan x gives
dx
d 1
arctan x =
dx 1 + x2

Clint Lee 20/25
The arcsin Function
Recall that the graph of the sine function looks

like this.

Clint Lee 21/25
The arcsin Function
Recall that the graph of the sine function looks 1
like this. From this graph we realize that the

sine function is not one-to-one
− π2 π
2
−1

Clint Lee 21/25
The arcsin Function

sine function is not one-to-one, and so does
not have an inverse function.
− π2 π
2
−1

Clint Lee 21/25
The arcsin Function

not have an inverse function. However,
− π2 π
restricting the domain of the sine function, 2
−1

Clint Lee 21/25
The arcsin Function

− π2 π
restricting the domain of the sine function, as 2
shown in the graph, to the interval

π π −1
− ≤x≤
2 2

Clint Lee 21/25
The arcsin Function

− π2 π

π π −1
− ≤x≤
2 2

Clint Lee 21/25
The arcsin Function

− π2 π

π π −1
− ≤x≤
2 2
So the inverse of the sine function is defined as
arcsin x = sin−1 x = the angle between − π2 and π

2 whose sin is x

Clint Lee 21/25
The arcsin Function

− π2 π

π π −1
− ≤x≤
2 2

2 whose sin is x
The domain of inverse sine function, so defined, is

Clint Lee 21/25
The arcsin Function

− π2 π

π π −1
− ≤x≤
2 2

2 whose sin is x
The domain of inverse sine function, so defined, is [−1, 1] and its range is

Clint Lee 21/25
The arcsin Function

− π2 π

π π −1
− ≤x≤
2 2

2 whose sin is x
The domain of inverse sine function, so defined, is [−1, 1] and its range is
− π2 , π2 .


Clint Lee 21/25
The Derivative of the arcsin Function
As with the arctan function, we have

sin (arcsin x)

Clint Lee 22/25

sin (arcsin x) = x and

Clint Lee 22/25

sin (arcsin x) = x and arcsin (sin x)

Clint Lee 22/25

sin (arcsin x) = x and arcsin (sin x) = x for − π2 ≤ x ≤ π
2

Clint Lee 22/25

2
Taking the derivative of the first of the formulas above, as we just did for the
arctan, gives
d
sin (arcsin x)
dx

Clint Lee 22/25

2
arctan, gives
d d
sin (arcsin x) = cos (arcsin x) arcsin x
dx dx

Clint Lee 22/25

2
arctan, gives
d d d
sin (arcsin x) = cos (arcsin x) arcsin x = x=1
dx dx dx

Clint Lee 22/25

2
arctan, gives
d d d
dx dx dx
Now for − π2 ≤ x ≤ π
2 we have cos x ≥ 0

Clint Lee 22/25

2
arctan, gives
d d d
dx dx dx
2 we have cos x ≥ 0 , and using the basic Pythagorean
2
cos2 x + sin x = 1, gives cos x = 1 − sin2 x.
p
identity

Clint Lee 22/25

2
arctan, gives
d d d
dx dx dx
2 we have cos x ≥ 0 , and using the basic Pythagorean
2
cos2 x + sin x = 1, gives cos x = 1 − sin2 x. So that
p
identity
d
sin (arcsin x)
dx

Clint Lee 22/25

2
arctan, gives
d d d
dx dx dx
Now for − π2 ≤ x ≤ we have cos x ≥ 0 , and using the basic Pythagorean
π
2
2
p
identity
d d
q
sin (arcsin x) = 1 − sin2 (arcsin x) arcsin x
dx dx

Clint Lee 22/25

2
arctan, gives
d d d
dx dx dx
π
2
2
p
identity
d d d
q
sin (arcsin x) = 1 − sin2 (arcsin x)
p
arcsin x = 1 − x2 arcsin x
dx dx dx

Clint Lee 22/25

2
arctan, gives
d d d
dx dx dx
π
2
2
p
identity
d d d
q
p
dx dx dx
d
Solving for arcsin x gives
dx
d
arcsin x
dx
Clint Lee 22/25

2
arctan, gives
d d d
dx dx dx
π
2
2
p
identity
d d d
q
p
dx dx dx
d
Solving for arcsin x gives
dx
d 1
arcsin x = √
dx 1 − x2
Clint Lee 22/25
Example 48 – Differentiating with Inverse Trig Functions
Find and simplify the indicated derivative(s) of each function.

(a) Find f 0 (x) and f 00 (x) for f (x) = 1 + x2 arctan x.

dy √
(b) Find for y = arcsin 1 − x2 .
dx

Clint Lee 23/25
Using the Product Rule gives
f 0 (x)

Clint Lee 24/25

1

0 2
f (x) = 2x arctan x + 1 + x
1 + x2

Clint Lee 24/25

1

0 2
f (x) = 2x arctan x + 1 + x = 2x arctan x + 1
1 + x2

Clint Lee 24/25

1

0 2
1 + x2
Taking the derivative of the expression above, using the Product Rule again,
gives
f 00 (x)

Clint Lee 24/25

1

0 2
1 + x2
gives
1

f 00 (x) = 2 arctan x + 2x
1 + x2

Clint Lee 24/25

1

0 2
1 + x2
gives
1 2x

f 00 (x) = 2 arctan x + 2x = 2 arctan x +
1 + x2 1 + x2

Clint Lee 24/25
Using the Chain Rule gives
dy
dx

Clint Lee 25/25

 
dy 1 1 −1/2

1 − x2 (−2x)
 
= 
dx r √ 2  2
1− 1 − x2

Clint Lee 25/25

 
dy 1 1 −1/2

1 − x2 (−2x)
 
= 
dx r √ 2  2
1− 1 − x2
!
1 −x

= √
1 − ( 1 − x2 ) 1 − x2
p

Clint Lee 25/25

 
dy 1 1 −1/2

1 − x2 (−2x)
 
= 
dx r √ 2  2
1− 1 − x2
!
1 −x 1 −x

= √ = √ √
1 − ( 1 − x2 ) 1 − x2 x2 1 − x2
p

Clint Lee 25/25

 
dy 1 1 −1/2

1 − x2 (−2x)
 
= 
dx r √ 2  2
1− 1 − x2
!
1 −x 1 −x x

= √ = √ √ =− √
1 − ( 1 − x2 ) 1 − x2 x2 1 − x2 | x | 1 − x2
p

Clint Lee 25/25

 
dy 1 1 −1/2

1 − x2 (−2x)
 
= 
dx r √ 2  2
1− 1 − x2
!
1 −x 1 −x x

= √ = √ √ =− √
1 − ( 1 − x2 ) 1 − x2 x2 1 − x2 | x | 1 − x2
p
Thus, if 0 ≤ x < 1, then

d p 1
arcsin 1 − x2 = − √
dx 1 − x2

Clint Lee 25/25

 
dy 1 1 −1/2

1 − x2 (−2x)
 
= 
dx r √ 2  2
1− 1 − x2
!
1 −x 1 −x x

= √ = √ √ =− √
1 − ( 1 − x2 ) 1 − x2 x2 1 − x2 | x | 1 − x2
p

d p 1
arcsin 1 − x2 = − √
dx 1 − x2
But you can show that
d 1
arccos x = − √
dx 1 − x2

Clint Lee 25/25

 
dy 1 1 −1/2

1 − x2 (−2x)
 
= 
dx r √ 2  2
1− 1 − x2
!
1 −x 1 −x x

= √ = √ √ =− √
1 − ( 1 − x2 ) 1 − x2 x2 1 − x2 | x | 1 − x2
p

d p 1
arcsin 1 − x2 = − √
dx 1 − x2
But you can show that
d 1
arccos x = − √
dx 1 − x2
√
So is it true that arccos x = arcsin 1 − x2 ?
Clint Lee 25/25

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Derivatives of the Basic Trigonometric Functions

Applying the Trig Function Derivative Rules

Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Derivatives of the Basic Trigonometric Functions

Applying the Trig Function Derivative Rules

Derivatives of the Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Recall that in Example 31(c) we guessed that

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Recall that in Example 31(c) we guessed that

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Recall that in Example 31(c) we guessed that

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Recall that in Example 31(c) we guessed that

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Recall that in Example 31(c) we guessed that

sin (x ± y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Recall that in Example 31(c) we guessed that

sin (x ± y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Recall that in Example 31(c) we guessed that

sin (x ± y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Recall that in Example 31(c) we guessed that

sin (x ± y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y

cos (x ± y) = cos x cos y ∓ sin x sin y

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Derivative of sin – continued

With f (x) = sin x, using Formula 3 we have

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Derivative of sin – continued

With f (x) = sin x, using Formula 3 we have

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Derivative of sin – continued

With f (x) = sin x, using Formula 3 we have

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Derivative of sin – continued

With f (x) = sin x, using Formula 3 we have

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Derivative of sin – continued

With f (x) = sin x, using Formula 3 we have

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Derivative of sin – continued

With f (x) = sin x, using Formula 3 we have

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Derivative of sin – continued

With f (x) = sin x, using Formula 3 we have

Recall that using the Squeeze Theorem we proved that

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Derivative of sin – continued

With f (x) = sin x, using Formula 3 we have

Recall that using the Squeeze Theorem we proved that

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Derivative of sin – continued

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Derivative of sin – continued

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Derivative of sin – continued

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Derivative of sin – continued

Math 112 Lecture 13: Differentiation – Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions