Irodov’s

1.1 On a river coast, there is a port; when a barge passed the port, a motorboat departed from the
port to a village at the distance s1 = 15 km downstream. It reached its destination after t = 45
min, turned around, and started immediately moving back towards the starting point. At the
distance s2 = 9 km from the village, it met the barge. What is the speed of the river water, and
what is the speed of the boat with respect to the water? Note that the barge did not move with
respect to the water.

Solution: If we use the reference frame in which river is at rest i.e. make the barge at rest then the
boat gets away for time t = 45 minutes. It must come back to barge in the same time t. So, the barge
took a time interval 2t = 1.5 hours to move 6 km with respect to ground. We get the speed of river =
6 km km
speed of barge = =4 .
1.5 h h
The total distance travelled by boat in same time interval 2t is equal to (30 – 6) km, thus the sought
24 km km
speed of the boat with respect to water is =16 .
1.5 h h
1.2. A point traversed half the distance with a velocity v 0. The remaining part of the distance was
covered with velocity v1 for half the time, and with velocity v 2 for the other half of the time. Find
the mean velocity of the point averaged over the whole time of motion.

Solution: By definition of average speed

All the way the point passed in time

….. (18)

Where

…… (19)

is the time of passage of the first half of the path, and Δt 1 is the time of passage of the second, which
is found from the condition

Where
 …… (20)

Substituting (20) and (19) into (18), we obtain

Find the average speed of the point

1.4. A point moves rectilinearly in one direction. Fig. 1.1 shows the distance s traversed by the point
as a function of the time t.
Using the plot find:
(a) the average velocity of the point during the time of motion;
(b) the maximum velocity;
(c) the time moment t0 at which the instantaneous velocity is equal to the mean velocity averaged
over the first t0 seconds.

Solution: a) From fig. 7, a, it can be seen that after 20 s the movement of the point stopped: Δr = S =
const = 2 m. Thus, the average speed of the point
b) It is known that the physical interpretation of the first derivative - the speed of any process - in
our case of movement, and the geometric one - the tangent of the slope formed by the tangent to
the graph of the function with the positive direction of the x-axis. Recall that the value of the tangent
increases with increasing angle. From fig. 7, a, it can be seen that the angle of inclination is maximum
in section AB. Considering that the division value along the ordinate axis is 2 m, and along the
abscissa axis 2 s, it is easy to calculate that the tangent of the maximum slope angle, and hence the
maximum speed, is 25 cm/s.

c) Using Fig. 7, a, let us plot the dependences of the instantaneous and average velocities on time
(correspondingly, curves I and II in Fig. 7, b). From fig. 7a, it follows that the instantaneous velocity
increases in the first 10 s of motion, reaches a maximum, and remains constant over the interval of
10–15 s. Then it starts to decrease and becomes equal to zero at t = 20 s. The average speed reaches
a maximum at t = 16 s and starts to decrease. To find the time (t0) of equality of the average and
instantaneous velocities, we construct both of these curves. You can do it with a PC. From fig. 7b, we
find that the time t0 = 16 s.

1.13 Two cars were moving at constant speeds v1 and v2 on roads intersecting at right angle (see
figure). When the first of them reached the intersection, the second had to travel the distance l.
After what time t the distance between the cars will be the smallest? What is this minimum
distance?
Note that the task is complicated by the simultaneous movement of both cars. Therefore, the
solution will be much simpler if we associate the reference system with one of them. Let's connect
the frame of reference with the first car. In it V 1 = 0, V2 = v2-v1 (see Fig. 6). Obviously, the trajectory of
the movement of the second car in this frame of reference is the straight line BC, and the minimum
distance smin is the length of the perpendicular AD to this line. From the similarity of the triangle of
velocities and the triangle ABD follows:

Where,

1.14 Between points A and B, located on opposite banks of the river, a boat runs. At the same time,
he is always on the straight line AB (see figure). Points A and B are at a distance of S = 1200 m from
each other. River flow velocity u = 1.9 m/s. The straight-line AB makes an angle α = 600 with the
direction of the river flow. With what speed v relative to the water and at what angles β 1 and β 2 to
the straight line AB must the boat move in both directions in order to pass from A to B and back in
time t = 5 min?

13.12*.

Black box "has three terminals: '`A, B, C (see figure). It is known to contain only resistors. Resistance
[black box" when connected to different pairs of terminals: R AB = 5 ohms, RBC = 8 ohms, RAC = 9 ohms.
Propose a "black box" circuit containing the minimum possible number of resistors.

13.13*.

The winding of the rheostat has resistance R 0. For each of the three rheostat switching circuits (Fig.
a, b, c), plot the dependence of the circuit resistance R on the resistance r of the right side of the
rheostat.
13.15*.

Determine the resistance R each of the shown in fig. a, b, c chains. The resistance of each of the
resistors R0 the resistance of the connecting wires can be neglected.
13.16*.

Determine the resistance R of a tetrahedron made of six identical wires with resistance R 0 each. The
tetrahedron is included in the chain by two vertices.

3.1. A light bulb rated for a voltage of 2.5 V and a current of 0.2 A is connected with long wires to the
battery. The ammeter, connected in series with the light bulb, shows a current of 0.2 A. When the
light bulb was connected to the wires in parallel with the ammeter, it glowed in the same way as in
the first case. What current IX shows the ammeter? The battery is considered ideal, the resistance of
the wires is 2 ohms.

3.1. When connected in series, the ammeter indicates the current flowing through the lamp.
According to the condition of the problem, the current through the lamp is equal to the rated
current IH = 0.2 A, for which the lamp is designed. Therefore, in the first case, the voltage across lamp
is equal to the nominal value UH = 2.5 V. The fact that when the lamp and ammeter are connected in
parallel, the lamp glowed so in the first case, it means that the current flowing through the lamp is
equal to the nominal value and the voltage on the lamp and on the ammeter equal to nominal.

Let's write Ohm's law for both cases of connection, With a serial connection (FIG. 156, a)

where R is the resistance of the wires, r is the resistance of the ammeter. With parallel connection
(Fig. 156, b)—
3.2. The operating voltage of the light bulb, the current-voltage characteristic of which is shown in
fig. 48, equal to 3.5 V (the curve breaks at a voltage of 4 V - the bulb burns out). Two such light bulbs
are connected in series and connected to a powerful voltage source of 5 V. What current will flow
through the circuit? Which resistor R must be connected in parallel with one of the bulbs so that the
voltage across the other is 3.5 V? Will any of the bulbs burn out if this resistor is replaced with
another of the same bulb?

3.3. An ammeter and a voltmeter are connected in series to a battery, the EMF of which is 9 V, and
the internal resistance is unknown (the internal resistances of the devices are also unknown). If we
connect some resistance in parallel with the voltmeter, the value of which we also do not know,
then the voltmeter readings will decrease by half, and the ammeter readings will double. What did
the voltmeter show before connecting the resistance?

3.4. The load must be supplied with a voltage of 20 V. The supply voltage should not change by more
than 1%, and the load resistance can be any in the range from 50 to 100 ohms. A battery is available,
the EMF of which is 100 V with low internal resistance. Draw a possible scheme for powering the
load from this battery. What will be the efficiency of this power supply scheme?

3.5. When a galvanic cell with an EMF of 1.5 V was connected to terminals L and B (Fig. 49), the
ammeter showed a current of 1 A. When the polarity of the cell was reversed, the current dropped
by half. What electrical circuit is inside the box?
ROTATION

1.4.1. A homogeneous ball of mass m = 4.0 kg moves forward on the surface of the table under the
action of a constant force F applied, as shown in Fig. 1.24, where the angle a is 30°. The coefficient of
friction between the ball and the table is k = 0.20. Find F and the acceleration of the ball.

Solution

Let the ball move to the right. The forces acting on the ball are shown in fig. 1.24. Since the motion
of the ball is translational, its angular momentum relative to the center of mass O is equal to zero
and remains unchanged during the motion. Then, according to the equation of moments, the vector
sum of the moments of all forces acting on the ball, relative to the point O, must be equal to zero,
that is

where R is the radius of the ball, N is the reaction force of the support.

Adding to the obtained relation the equation of motion of the center of mass of the ball in the
projection on the horizontal direction

and in the projection on the vertical direction

we obtain a system of three equations, the joint solution of which gives the desired expressions for
the force applied to the ball

and to accelerate the ball

Using the numerical data of the problem, we obtain F = 13.1 N and a = 1.2 m/s 2.

1.4.2. A horizontally positioned thin homogeneous rod of mass m is suspended by its ends on two
vertical threads. Find the tension in one of the threads immediately after the other thread has
burned through.

Solution

The forces acting on the rod immediately after burning through one of the threads are shown in
Figure 1.25. The motion of the center of mass of the rod is described by the equation mdv/dt = mg-T,
and the equation for the dynamics of the rotational motion of the rod relative to the axis passing
through the suspension point O has the form

where J = (1/3) ml2 - the moment of inertia of the rod.

Taking into account the relationship v = ωl /2 between the velocity of the center of mass of the rod
and the angular velocity of its rotation, we obtain two equations with two unknown: the angular
acceleration of the rod dω /dt and the thread tension force T. The joint solution gives the desired
thread tension force T = mg/4.

When the rod hung on two threads, a force tng/2 acted on each thread. When one of the threads is
burned out, the force acting on the remaining thread abruptly decreases by half. Such an abrupt
change is associated with idealization: the rod is assumed to be absolutely rigid. The real rod is
deformed and, taking into account this circumstance, the tension force of the thread will change
continuously.

1.4.3. The system shown in fig. 1.26, consists of two identical uniform cylinders, on which two light
threads are symmetrically wound. Find the acceleration of the axis of the lower cylinder during the
motion. There is no friction in the axis of the upper cylinder.
Solution.

The forces acting on cylinders with masses m and radii R are shown in Figure 1.26. The equation of
Newton's second law, which describes the downward translational motion of the lower cylinder
(movement of its center of mass) with acceleration a, has the form

and the basic equation for the dynamics of the rotational motion of this cylinder about the axis
passing through its center of mass is written as

Where, J = mR2/2 . moment of inertia of the cylinder, and β - its angular acceleration of rotation.

Taking into account the kinematic relationship between the angular accelerations of rotation of the
cylinders β and linear acceleration a of the center of mass of the lower cylinder

and solving the resulting equations jointly, we arrive at the desired expression for the acceleration of
the axis of the lower cylinder in the process of movement

1.4.4. In the system shown in fig. 1.27, the mass m of the load A, the mass M of the stepped block B,
the moment of inertia J of the latter relative to its axis, and the radii of the steps of the block R and
2R are known. The mass of threads is negligible. Find the acceleration of load A.
Solution

The set of equations describing the translational movement of a stepped block upwards with
acceleration a2 and the rotational movement of the block with angular acceleration β has the form

The translational movement of the load downwards with acceleration a 1 is described by the
equation

Adding to these equations the kinematic relationship between linear and angular accelerations

and solving the resulting set of equations jointly, we obtain the desired answer for the acceleration
of the load

It can be seen that when m> M the load moves down, and when m<M - up.

1.4.5. A uniform disk of radius R is spun up to an angular velocity ω 0 and carefully placed on a
horizontal surface. How long will the disk rotate on the surface if the coefficient of friction is k.

Solution.

First, we find the moment N of the friction forces acting on the disk. To do this, consider a part of the
disk in the form of a ring of radius r with an infinitely small width dr (see Fig. 1.28). This ring is
affected by a sliding friction force equal to the product of the coefficient of friction k and the force of
gravity of this ring. The latter is equal to , where ρ is the density of the disk material, b is
the thickness of the disk, and g is the gravitational acceleration. The shoulder of all friction forces
acting on parts of this ring is the same and Fig. 1.28 is equal to the radius of the ring r, therefore the
moment of the friction forces dN applied to the ring under consideration has the form

Integrating, then, the resulting expression in the range from 0 to R, we find the moment of friction
forces acting on the entire disk

where the disk mass is entered

The basic equation for the dynamics of the rotational motion of the disk takes the following form

Where J = mR2/2. moment of inertia of the disk. The solution of this equation, taking into account
the initial angular velocity of rotation of the disk ω, is determined by the expression

The disk rotation time until t0 stops is determined from the condition ω = 0, whence we obtain

1.4.6. A homogeneous cylinder of radius R is spun around its axis to an angular velocity ω 0 and then
placed in a corner. The coefficient of friction between the corner walls and the cylinder is equal to k.
Find: a) how long the cylinder will rotate.

b) how many revolutions the cylinder will make before stopping.

Solution

The forces acting on the cylinder are shown in fig. 1.29. The equations of Newton's second law in
projections on the horizontal and vertical directions have the form
Taking into account the expressions for the forces of sliding friction F 1 = kN1 and F2 = kN2, after jointly
solving these equations, we obtain

The basic equation for the rotational motion of a cylinder with moment of inertia J = mR 2/2 looks like

Or

whence, taking into account the initial value ω = ω 0 at t = 0, we obtain the solution

The condition ω = 0 determines the time the cylinder rotates before stopping

The full angle ∆ φ of the rotation of the cylinder before the cessation of its rotation is found using
the law of change in the kinetic energy of the rotational motion of the cylinder

Where

and dividing this expression by 2 π - the angle corresponding to one revolution of the cylinder, we
find the total number of revolutions of the cylinder before stopping

1.4.7. A vertically positioned homogeneous rod of mass M and length l can rotate around its upper
end. A horizontally flying bullet of mass m hit the lower end of the rod, getting stuck, as a result of
which the rod deviated through an angle a. Considering m<<M, find:

a) the speed of a flying bullet.

b) the increment of the momentum of the "bullet - rod" system during the impact and the reason for
the change in this momentum.

c) at what distance x from the upper end of the rod must the bullet hit so that the momentum of the
“bullet rod” system does not change during the impact.

Solution

a) To determine the speed of the bullet, we use the law of conservation of the angular
momentum of the "bullet - rod" system relative to the horizontal axis passing through the
rod suspension point O perpendicular to the plane of Figure 1.30

Where is the moment of inertia of the rod relative to the considered axis, ω is the
angular velocity of rotation of the rod immediately after the impact.

At the same time, we assume that m « M and during the impact the rod deviates slightly, so the
moment of gravity acting on the rod and the bullet relative to the considered axis is equal to
zero during the collision.

After the impact, the rod deviates through an angle a. In this extreme position, all the kinetic
energy of the rod, acquired after the impact of the bullet, goes into its potential energy,
therefore

Solving the obtained equations jointly, we find the angular velocity of rotation of the rod
immediately after the impact

and the desired speed of the flying bullet

b) The momentum of the "bullet - rod" system immediately after the impact is equal to
where Vc is the velocity of the center of mass C immediately after the impact, and it is taken into
account that m «M . The momentum of the system just before impact is equal to the
momentum of the bullet

and since the vectors p1 and p2 are horizontal and directed in the same direction, the increment
of the momentum of the "bullet - rod" system during the impact is equal to

The reason for the change in the momentum of the system is the momentum of the horizontal
component of the reaction force N1, acting on the rod from the side of the suspension axis, in
the direction shown in Fig. 1.31. Indeed, the vertical component of the support reaction force N 2
is compensated by the gravity of the rod Mg, and the horizontal component of this force that
appears during the impact, being external to the “bullet-rod” system, leads, according to the law
of momentum change, to an increment in the momentum of the system.

c) Let us find the distance x from the upper end of the rod that the bullet must hit so that the
momentum of the "bullet - rod" system does not change during the impact. In this case, the
law of conservation of the angular momentum of the system relative to the horizontal axis
passing through the point of suspension of the rod O takes, taking into account the fact that
m<<M, the form

whence the angular velocity of rotation of the rod immediately after the impact

The condition for conservation of the momentum of the system during the impact

gives the desired distance

When a bullet hits this point, the rod does not experience recoil from the side of the suspension
axis during the impact, that is, in the case under consideration, the horizontal component of the
reaction force N1 is equal to zero. If the bullet hits below this point, then on impact a force N 1 is
generated, directed as shown in Fig. 1.30. If the bullet hits above this point, then the direction of
the recoil force N1 is reversed.

1.4.8. A uniform rod of length l can rotate around a horizontal axis perpendicular to the rod and
passing through one of its ends (Fig. 1.31). The system is uniformly rotated at an angular velocity
ω around a vertical axis. Neglecting friction, find the angle θ between the rod and the vertical.
Solution

Let us use the equation of moments relative to the fixed point of suspension of the rod O. To do
this, we first find the angular momentum of the rod relative to this point.

Consider an infinitely small piece of a rod of length dx, located at a distance x from the point O.
Its mass is dm = (m / l) dx, where m is the mass of the entire rod. This piece moves along a circle
of radius r = sinθ with a speed v=ωr=ωx sinθ in the direction away from us perpendicular to
the plane of the figure. Therefore, the angular momentum of this piece of rod relative to the
m
point O is equal to dM = ω x 2 sinθ dx . The vector dM at the considered moment of time lies in
l
the plane of the figure and is directed perpendicular to the rod, as shown in Fig. 1.31.

The total angular momentum of the rod relative to point O can be found using integration:

The vector M is directed perpendicular to the rod, lies in a plane passing through the vertical axis
and the rod, and rotates together with this plane around the vertical axis with an angular
velocity ω remaining unchanged in length.

Let us find the rate of change of the angular momentum of the rod. Considering the vector M as
the radius vector of some point located at its end, we conclude that dM/dt has the meaning of
the linear speed of rotation of this point along a circle with a "radius" that is

The equation of moments relative to the suspension point of the rod O can be written as

whence, after substituting the expression for the angular momentum of the rod relative to the
point O, we obtain the desired angle of deviation of the rod from the vertical

If the right side of the resulting expression is greater than one, then the angle in between the
rod and the vertical is equal to zero.

if the right side is greater than one, then the angle θ=0.
1.4.9. A uniform ball rolls without sliding down an inclined plane making an angle α with the
horizon. Find the acceleration of the center of the ball and the value of the coefficient of friction
k at which there will be no slip.

The forces acting on a ball of mass m are shown in Fig. 1.32. The equation for the dynamics of
motion of the center of mass of the ball in the projection onto the x-axis has the form

and the basic equation for the dynamics of the rotational motion of a ball with radius R about
the axis passing through its center of mass perpendicular to the plane of the figure, is defined by
the expression

Where J =(2/5)mR2, moment of inertia of the ball. It should be noted that the friction force
acting on the ball is the static friction force (the ball does not slip) and therefore, generally
speaking, it can take any value in the range from 0 to kN = kmgcos α . The specific value of FTp
must be determined by solving the above equations.

Another unknown in the considered equations is the acceleration of the center of mass of the
ball a. Taking into account that in the absence of slippage, the velocity of the center of mass of
the ball v is related to the angular velocity of rotation ω by the relation v = ωR , which, after
differentiating with respect to time, takes the form a = (d ω )/dt)R, we arrive at a system of two
equations

Solving these equations for a and FTp, we obtain

The no-slip condition of the ball is the requirement that the friction force does not exceed the
maximum static friction force, i.e.

Where
1.4.10. A homogeneous ball of mass m = 5.0 kg rolls down without slipping on an inclined plane
making an angle a = 30° with the horizon. Find the kinetic energy of the ball t = 1.6 s after the
start of motion.

Solution

As follows from the previous problem, the acceleration of the center of mass of the ball is
determined by the expression a = (5/7)g sinα and, therefore, after a time t, the speed of the
center of the ball will be equal to v = at = 5/7)gt sin α , and its angular velocity of rotation by this
time there is

The kinetic energy of the ball at time t will be equal to

Using the numerical data of the problem, we obtain τ = 0.11 kJ.

1.4.11. On a smooth horizontal surface lies a board of mass mi and on it a uniform ball of mass
mi. The coefficient of sliding friction between the ball and the surface of the board is k. A
constant horizontal force F is applied to the board. With what accelerations will the board and
the center of the ball move in the absence of slip between them? At what values of the force F is
there no slip?

The interaction forces of the board and the ball are shown in fig. 1.33. From the side of the
board, the friction force acts on the ball, which plays the role of the traction force for the ball
and is directed as shown in the figure. According to Newton's third law, the same friction force
acts on the board from the side of the ball, directed in the opposite direction. Therefore, the
equations of motion of the board and the center of mass of the ball in the projection onto the
horizontal direction have the form

It should be noted that in the absence of sliding between the ball and the board, the friction
force between them is the static friction force and, therefore, is included in the obtained ones as
one of the unknowns. The other two unknowns are the acceleration of the board a1 and the
acceleration of the center of mass of the ball a2.
Let us add to these equations the basic equation of the dynamics of the rotational motion of the
ball about the horizontal axis passing through the center of mass of the ball C perpendicular to
the plane of the figure:

where J = (2/5)m2R2 is the moment of inertia of a ball of radius R and β is the global acceleration
of the ball's rotation.

The movements of the board and the ball are not independent. To determine the kinematic
connection between them, we note that the ball participates simultaneously in two motions:
translational with a speed v2 equal to the speed of the center of mass of the ball and rotational
motion with a speed vBp =ω R, where is the angular velocity of the ball. For the point of contact of
the ball with the board, both of these speeds are directed in the same direction (to the right in
Fig. 1.33), therefore, this point has a speed v = v2 + ω R. On the other hand, in the absence of
sliding, the speed of the point of contact coincides with the speed of the board v1, that is, v1=v2
+ ω R. Differentiating this relation with respect to time, we find the relation between the linear
and angular accelerations of bodies a1 = a2 + β R, with the help of which we rewrite the equation
of the dynamics of the rotational motion of the ball in the form

The joint solution of the equations of motion of bodies gives the desired expressions for the
accelerations of the board and the center of the ball

as well as the expression for the friction force

The requirement for the static friction force not to exceed the maximum value

defines the range of possible values for the force applied to the board

1.4.12. A homogeneous rod falling in a horizontal position from a height h elastically hit one end
on the edge of a massive slab. Find the speed of the center of the rod immediately after the
impact.