File Edit Format View THE PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL SELF

the Physical and Sexual Sel B I U

Sexually

Transmitted

Disease (STDs)
 Sexually Transmitted Disease

(STDs)
are infections transmitted from an infected person to an

uninfected person through sexual contact. It can be caused by a

bacteria , viruses or parasites. Examples include, gonorrhea,

genital herpes, human papillomavirus infection, Human

Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV), Acquired Immunodeficiency

Syndrome (AIDS), chlamydia, and syphilis. STDs and HIV are

associated with biological interactions because both infections

may occur in the same population.

CHLAMYDIA
n 2016, a total of 1, 598, 354 cases

of Chlamydia
trachomatis infection were reported

to the Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention (CDC), making

it the most common notifiable

condition in the united states. This

case count corresponds to a rate

497.3 cases per 100, 000 population,

an increase of 4.7% compared

with the rate in 2015 to 2016, rates

of reported chalmydia increased in

all regions of the United States.
GONORRHEA
In 2016, 468,514 gonorrhea cases

were reported for a rate of 145.8

cases per 100,000 population, an

increase of 18.5% from 2015.

During 2015 to 2016, the rate of

reported gonorrhea increased 22.2%

among men and 13.8%among women.

The magnitude increase among men

suggests either increased

transmission or increased case

ascertainment among MSM or both.

SYPHILIS
In 2016, 27, 814 Primary and

Secondary ( P&S) syphilis cases

were reported, representing a

national rate of 8.7 cases per

100, 000 population and a 17.6%

increase from 2015. From 2015 to

2016 , the P&S syphilis rate

increased among men and women in

every region of the country;

overall, the rate increased 14.7%

among men and 35.7% among women.

 CHANCROID
Is caused by infection with the

bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi.

Clinical manifestations include

genital ulcers and inguinal

lymphadenopathy or buboes. Reported

cases of chancroid declined steadily

between 1987 & 2001. Since then, the

number of reported cases has

flunctuated somewhat, while still

appearing to decline overall. In

2016, a total of 7 cases of chancroid

were reported in the United States.

HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS
PV is the common sexually transmitted

infection in the United States. Over

40 distinct HPV types can infect the

genital act; although most infections

are asymptomatic and appear to resolve

spontaneously within a few years, the

prevalence of genital infection with

any HPV type was 42.5% among Unites

States adults aged 18 to 59 years

during 2013 to 2014. Persistent

infection with some HPV can cause

cancer and genital warts.

HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
among the most prevalent of

sexually transmitted infections.

Although most infections are

subclinical, clinical

manifestations are characterized by

recurrent painful genital and/or

anal lesions. Most genital HSV

infections in the United States are

caused by HSV type 2 (HSV-2), while

HSV type 1 ( HSV-1) infections are

typically orolabial and acquired

during childhood.
TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS
a common sexually transmitted

protozoal infection associated with

adverse health outcomes such as

preterm birth and symptomatic

vaginitis. It is not nationally

reportable condition, and trend data

are limited to estimates of initial

physician office visits for this

condition. Visits appear to be fairly

stable since the 1990s; the number of

initial visits for Trichomonas

vaginalis infection in 2015 was 139,

000.
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION

NATURAL ARTIFICIAL
 NATURAL

METHOD
The natural family planning methods do not

involved any chemical or foreign body

introduction into the human body. People who

are very conscious of these religious

beliefs are more inclined to use the natural

way of birth control and others follow such

natural methods because they are more cost-

effective .
Page 7

ABSTINENCE
THIS NATURAL METHOD INVOLVES

REFRAINING FROM SEXUAL

INTERCOURSE AND IS THE MOST

EFFECTIVE BIRTH CONTROL

METHOD WITH IDEALLY 0% FAIL

RATE. IT IS CONSIDERED TO BE

THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO

AVOID STIS.
 CALENDAR METHOD
is also called the rhythm method. It entails

withholding from coitus during the days the woman

is fertile.
BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE (BBT)

INDICATES THE WOMAN’S

TEMPERATURE AT REST. THE

WOMAN MUST RECORD HER

TEMPERATURE EVERY MORNING

BEFORE ANY ACTIVITY. A SLIGHT

DECREASE IN THE BBT FOLLOWED

BY A GRADUAL INCREASE IN THE

BBT CAN BE A SIGN THAT WOMAN

HAS OVULATED.
 CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD
THE CHANGE IN THE CERVICAL MUCUS DURING OVULATION IS THE

BASIS FOR THIS METHOD. WOMAN IS SAID TO BE FERTILE AS LONG

AS THE CERVICAL MUCUS IS COPIOUS AND WATERY. THEREFORE, SHE

MUST AVOID COITUS DURING THOSE DAYS TO PREVENT CONCEPTION.

SYMPTOTHERMAL METHOD

BASICALLY A COMBINATION OF

THE BBT METHOD AND THE

CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD. THE

WOMAN RECORDS HER TEMPERATURE

EVERY MORNING AND TAKE NOTES

OF CHANGES IN HER CERVICAL

MUCUS
OVULATION DETECTION

USES AN OVER THE COUNTER KIT

THAT REQUIRES THE URINE

SAMPLE OF THE WOMAN. THE LIT

CAN PREDICT OVULATION THROUGH

THE SURGE OF LUTENIZING

HORMONE (LH) THAT HAPPENS 12

TO 24 HOURS BEFORE OVULATION.

COITUS INTERRUPTUS

ONE OF THE OLDEST METHODS

THAT PREVENT CONCEPTION. A

COUPLE STILL GOES ON WITH

COITUS, BUT THE MAN WITHDRAWS

THE MOMENT HE EJACULATES TO

EMIT THE SPERMATOZA OUTSIDE

OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE

ORGAN.
 ARTIFICIAL

METHOD
common use in preventing the sperm from

reaching the ovum, inhibiting the ovulation,

preventing implantation, killing the sperm

and preventing the sperm from entering the

seminal.

ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE

CONTAIN SYNTHETIC ESTROGEN

AND PROGESTERONE. ESTROGEN

SUPPRESSES THE FOLLICLE

STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) AND

LH TO PREVENT
STIMULATION. WHILE,

PROGESTERONE DECREASES THE

PERMEABILITY OF THE
CERVICAL MUCUS TO LIMIT THE

SPERM ACCESS THE OVA.

TRANSDERMAL PATCH

CONTAIN BOTH ESTROGEN AND

PROGESTERONE. THE WOMAN

SHOULD APPLY ONE PATCH EVERY

WEEK FOR 3 WEEKS ON THE

FOLLOWING AREAS, UPPER OUTER

ARM, UPPER TORSO, ABDOMEN OR

BUTTOCKS.
VAGINAL RING

RELEASES A COMBINATION OF

ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE AND

IT SURROUNDS THE CERVIX.

SILICON RING IS INSERTED INTO

THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN

AND REMAINS FOR 3 WEEKS.

SUBDERMAL IMPLANTS

ARE TWO ROD-LIKE IMPLANTS

INSERTED UNDER THE SKIN OF

THE FEMALE DURING HER MENSES

OR ON THE 7TH DAY OF HER

MENSTRUATION. MADE WITH

ETONEGESTEL, DESOGESTEL, AND

PROGESTIN THAT IS HELPFUL IN

3 TO 5 YEARS.
HORMONAL INJECTIONS

CONTAINS MEDROXYPROGESTERONE,

USUALLY GIVEN ONCE EVERY 12

WEEKS INTRAMUSCULARLY. THE

INJECTION CAUSES CHANGES IN

THE ENDOMETRIUM AND CERVICAL

MUCUS AND HELP PREVENT

OVULATION.
INTRAUTERINE DEVICE

A SMALL T-SHAPED OBJECT

CONTAINING PROGESTERONE THAT

IS INSERTED INTO THE UTERUS

VIA THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE

ORGAN. IT PREVENTS

FERTILIZATION BY CREATING A

LOCAL STERILE INFLAMMATORY

CONDITION TO PREVENT

IMPLANTATION OF THE ZYGOTE.

CHEMICAL BARRIERS

USED TO CAUSE DEATH OF

SPERMS BEFORE THEY CAN

ENTER THE CERVIX AND TO

LOWER THE PH LEVEL OF THE

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN

SO IT WILL NOT BECOME

CONDUCIVE FOR THE SPERM.

DIAPHRAGM

A CIRCULAR, RUBBER DISK THAT FITS

THE CERVIX AND SHOULD BE PLACED

BEFORE COITUS. IT WORKS BY

INHIBITING THE ENTRANCE OF THE

SPERM INTO THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE

ORGAN AND IT WORKS BETTER WHEN

USED TOGETHER WITH A SPERMICIDE.

THE DIAPHRAGM SHOULD BE FITTED

ONLY BY THE PHYSICIAN, AND SHOULD

REMAIN IN PLACE FOR SIX HOURS

AFTER COITUS.
CERVICAL CAP

MADE OF SOFT RUBBER AND

FITTED ON THE RIM OF THE

CERVIX.

IT IS SHAPED LIKE A THIMBLE

WITH A THIN TRIM, AND COULD

STAY IN PLACE
FOR NOT MORE THAN 48 HOURS.
MALE CONDOMS

A LATEX OR SYNTHETIC RUBBER

SHEATH THAT IS PLACED ON

THE ERECT MALE REPRODUCTIVE

ORGAN BEFORE PENETRATION

INTO THE FEMALE

REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN TO TRAP

THE SPERM DURING

EJACULATION.
FEMALE CONDOMS

ARE MADE UP OF LATEX RUBBER

SHEATHS THAT ARE PRE-LUBRICATES

WITH SPERMICIDE. THEY ARE

USUALLY BOUND BY TWO RINGS. THE

OUTER RING IS FIRST INSERTED

AGAINST THE OPENING OF THE

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN AND

THE INNER RING COVERS THE

CERVIX. IT IS USED TO PREVENT

FERTILIZATION OF THE EGG BY THE

SPERM CELLS.
SURGICAL METHODS

DURING VASECTOMY, A SMALL INCISION

IS MADE ON EACH SIDE OF THE SCROTUM.

THE VAS DEFERENS IS THEN TIED,

CAUTERIZED, CUT OR UNPLUGGED TO BLOCK

THE PASSAGE OF THE SPERM. IN WOMEN,

TUBAL LIGATION IS FORMED AFTER

MENSTRUATION AND BEFORE OVULATION.

THE PROCEDURE IS DONE THROUGH A SMALL

INCISION UNDER THE WOMEN’S UMBILICUS

THAT TARGETS THE FALLOPIAN TUBE FOR

CUTTING, CAUTERIZING, OR BLOCKING TO

INHIBIT THE PASSAGE OF BOTH SPERM AND

THE OVA.
File Edit Format View

Thank You
For Listening
Do you have any questions for me?