Assignment

Acid Rain
Rainfall made sufficiently acidic by atmospheric pollution that it causes
environmental harm, typically to forests and lakes. The main cause is the
industrial burning of coal and other fossil fuels, the waste gases from
which contain sulphur and nitrogen oxides, which combine with
atmospheric water to form acids.
Percolate
Filter gradually through a porous surface or substance.
Corrosion
The process of corroding metal, stone or other materials.
Atmosphere
The whole mass of air that surrounds the earth.
Exhaust
Use up (resources or reserves) completely.
Motor Vehicles
A road vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine; an
automobile.

Assignment
Earthquake

 A sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing

great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth’s crust
or volcanic action.
Causes

 Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of stress along faults in

the earth's crust. The continuous motion of tectonic plates causes a
steady build-up of pressure in the rock strata on both sides of a
fault until the stress is sufficiently great that it is released in a
sudden, jerky movement.
Effects

 The effects from earthquakes include ground shaking, surface

faulting, ground failure, and less commonly, tsunamis.

1 Earthquake
2 Collapse
3 Tsunami 4/5
4
5 Rubble

1A
2A
3A 3/5
4A
5A

1 Earthquake – The ground is suddenly moving.

2 Rescuers – To save people who trap during earthquake.
3 Rubble – Buildings cracks.

1 Earthquakes sudden and violent shaking.

2 The buildings collapse during earthquake.
3 The work of rescuers is to save people who trap during earthquake.

Home-based activity
1 Volcanoes are not randomly distributed over the Earth’s surface. Most
are concentrated on the edges of continents, along island chains, or
beneath the sea forming long mountain ranges.
2 Volcanoes are found along destructive (subducting) plate boundaries,
constructive (divergent) plate boundaries and at hot spots in the earth’s
surface.
3 Unzen, Barren Island, Bezymianny, Redoubt, Mt. Adams, Nevado del
Ruiz, Mt. Etna, Stromboli, Vesuvius, Vulcano.

1 Laguna, Quezon (Banahaw)

Sorsogon (Bulusan)
Cagayan (Camiguin de Babuyanes)
Camiguin (Hibok Hibok)
Batanes (Iraya)
Camarines Sur (Iriga)
Negros Occidental (Kanlaon)
Lanao del Sur (Makaturing)
South Cotabato (Matutum)
Albay (Mayon)
Zambales, Tarlac, Pampanga (Pinatubo)
Batangas (Taal)

1C
2C
3A 4/5
4A
5C

Spelling
1 Vibration
2 Lithosphere
3 Rigid
4/5
4 Evacuation
5

1 Earthquake
2 Fault
3 Plates
4 Crust
5
6 Earthquake 9/10
7 Crust
8 Fault
9 Plates
10 Epicenter

Seatwork #1
1 Not randomly
2 Some
3 Pacific Ring of Fire 5/5
4 Not all
5 Precautions

Earthquake epicenters and active volcanoes are both situated in the same
locations.

A. Direction: From the given activity sheet, study the figure showing the
distribution of mountain ranges on the map. Then, answer the ff.
Choose the correct answer inside the close parenthesis
1 Mountain ranges are (not randomly, randomly) distributed on the map.
2 (Some, All) mountain ranges are located near the edges of the
continents, in mid-continents and others are in oceans.
3 Mountain ranges are found mostly in countries situated in the (Pacific
Ring of Fire, Sphere of Fire).
4 (All, Not all) edges of continents, mid-continents, and oceans can be
places where mountain ranges are found.
5 Geologic activities such as seismicity, volcanism, and (mountain, land)
formation are the basis of scientist in dividing earth’s lithosphere.

B. Unscramble the letters to identify the word being described.

1 tianMuno Rnega – a series of mountain
2 Boudnasier – lines that mark the limits of an area.
3 Lithsophree – the topmost, solid part of the earth that is composed of
several plates.
4 arEht – a planet where living things survive
5 tciSenist – a person who conducts scientific investigation.
Answer
1 Mountain Range
2 Boundaries
3 Lithosphere
4 Earth
5 Scientist
C. From the given activity sheet, study the map of plate boundaries.
Then, names the seven large plates and answer the questions below.
1 Pacific Plate
2 North American Plate
3 Eurasian Plate
4 African Plate
5 Antarctic Plate
6 Indo-Australia Plate
7 South American Plate

Questions
“What do you think is the basis of scientist in dividing earth’s
lithosphere in several plates?”

 The basis of scientists in dividing the earth’s lithosphere into

several plates is by means of geological activities, including
volcanism and mountain formation.

Assignment (Home-based activity)

Learning task 5
A. Earthquake Epicenter 1 the point on the earth’s surface
vertically above the hypocenter (or
B. Active Volcano 1 an active volcano is a volcano
focus).
which is either erupting or is likely to
erupt in the 2future.
point in the crust where a seismic
rupture begins.
2 an active volcano which is not
currently erupting is known as a
dormant volcano.
C. Mountain Range 1 a mountain range or hill range is a
series of mountains or hills ranged in
a line and connected by high ground.
2 a mountain system or mountain
belt is a group of mountain ranges
with similarity in form structure and
alignment that have arisen from the
same cause, usually an orogeny.

1A
2C
3C 5/5
4A
5C

1 Seismologist
2 Seismograph
10/10
3 Seismic Station
4 Seismic Wave
5 Seismogram
6 Radiates
7 Interior
8 Slippage
9 Vibration
10 Earthquake

Assignment
1 American seismologist Charles Richter came up with the scale in
1935.
2 They focus on seismic and tectonic activities by using a seismograph.
3 Considerably more seismic stations registered the explosion in 2009
than in 2006.
4 There was no danger of tsunami, or seismic waves, the agency said.
5 Therefore, they appear later than P-waves on a seismogram.
6 A nearby powerline can radiate fields of 5 to 40 milligauss.
7 Water stains are visible on various parts of the interior roof.
8 But last year, the first signs of slippage were detected.
9 But this fall, the vibrations on campus signal something else.
10 Matthew said he’ll feel better when the earthquakes stop.

A record made by a seismograph. Seismogram

An elastic wave in the earth produced by an earthquake. Seismic waves
A device used to record earthquake waves. Seismograph
A person who studies the propagation of seismic waves in geological
materials. Seismologist
Seismic waves that travel through the interior of the earth. Body waves
A break in a rock or lithosphere along which movement has occurred.
Fault
The topmost, solid part of the Earth that is composed of several plates.
Lithosphere
The rigid sections of the lithosphere that move as a unit. Plate
The point on the earth surface vertically above the focus of an
earthquake. Epicenter
A point inside that earth where earthquake originated. Focus

1 True
2 True
3 False 3/5
4 True
5 True

What are the two types of body waves? P waves and S waves are the two
types of body waves.
P waves (Primary wave)
P waves, or primary waves, are the first waves to arrive at a
seismograph. P waves are the fastest seismic waves and can move
through solid, liquid, or gas.
S waves (Secondary wave or Shear wave)
S waves, or secondary waves, are the second waves to arrive during an
earthquake. They are much slower that P waves and can travel only
through solids.

P waves

 The first wave to hit seismographs

 They are compression waves
 Can move through solids, liquids and gas
 Shake the medium in the direction in which they are propagating
S waves

 Second waves to hit seismographs

 They are shear waves
 Can only move through solids
 Shake the medium in the direction perpendicular to which they are
moving

Spelling Bee:
Easy Round
1 Seismicity
2 Seismologist
3 Atmosphere
4 Climatologist
Average Round
5 Fessures
6 Photosynthesis
7 Mitochondria
Difficult Round
8 Allele
9 Amoeba
10 Algae

Picture Tell:
11 Epicenter
12
13 Plates
14 Fault
15 Plates
16 Seismologist
17 Seismograph
18 Fault

Quiz Bee:
19 Plates
20 Focus
21 Epicenter
22 Acid rain
23 Sense of smell
24 Fault
25 Seismograph
26 P wave
27 People
28 Lithosphere
29 Focus
30 Body wave
31 Seismologist
32 Tsunami
33 S wave
34 Mountain range

Spelling Bee: 17
Picture Tell: 6
Quiz Bee: 28
Number of correct answers: 26/35
Spelling
1 Mantle
2 Pressure
3 Temperature
4 Volume
5
9/10
6 Asthenosphere
7 Magnetism
8 Oceanic Plate
9 Continental Plate
10 Subduction

Seismic Waves

 Mechanical vibration that occur inside the earth which is caused by

breaking of rocks.
Main types
1 Surface wave
2 Body wave
Sub types (Surface wave)
6/6
3 Love wave
4 Rayleigh wave
Sub types (Body wave)
5 Primary wave
6 Secondary wave
Characteristics of Love wave
  Travel along the surface of the earth from the point directly above
the epicenter
 Travel only through the lithosphere that cause ripples on the
surface
 Most damaging waves
Characteristics of Rayleigh wave

 Travel along the free surface on elastic solid

 The motion is a combination of longitudinal and compression
 Spread out most in time producing a long wave duration on
seismographs
Characteristics of Primary wave

 Compressional waves
 Longitudinal waves
 The particles vibrate parallel to the direction of wave
 Can travel through solid, liquid and gas
Characteristics of Secondary wave

 Transverse waves
 The particles travel perpendicular to the direction of the wave
 Can travel through solid only.

1 Crust
2 True
5/5
3 True
4 True
5 S wave
1A
2B
3A 5/5
4A
5B

The Crust
Two types of crust

 Oceanic crust
 Continental crust
Oceanic crust

 It is made of dense rocks such as basalt.

 The oceanic crust is heavier than the continental crust.
 Oceanic crust is thinner than continental crust.
Continental crust

 It is mainly made up of silicon, oxygen, aluminum, calcium,

sodium, and potassium.
 Is made of less dense rocks such as granite.
The Mantle

 The mantle is mainly made up of silicate rocks, and contrary to

common belief, it is solid, since both S waves and P waves pass
through it.
  It is mostly made up of the elements silicon, oxygen, iron and
magnesium.
 Lower mantle is denser than the upper mantle because it consists
of more iron than the upper potion.
 The temperature and the pressure increase with depth. The high
temperature and pressure in the mantle allows the solid rock to
flow slowly.
 The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle form a relatively
cool, outermost rigid shell called lithosphere.
 Beneath the lithosphere lies the soft, weak layer known as the
asthenosphere, made of hot molten material. Its temperature is
about 300-800˚C.
 The lithosphere, with the continents on top of it, is being carried by
the flowing asthenosphere.
The Core

 The core is subdivided into two layers: the inner and the outer
core.
 The temperature in the outer core reaches up to 2000˚C at this very
high temperature, iron and nickel melt
Outer Core

 The outer core is mainly made up of iron and nickel moving

around the solid inner core, creating Earth’s magnetism.
Inner Core

 The inner core is made up of solid iron and nickel. Its temperature
reaches to about 5000˚C.
 The extreme temperature could have molten the iron and nickel but
it is believed to have solidified as a result of pressure freezing,
which is common to liquids subjected under tremendous pressure.