Pre-Calculus 11

1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
CONIC SECTIONS 2. Ellipse – set of all points on a plane whose
 a curve obtained as the intersection of the distance from two fixed points add up to a
surface of a cone with a plane. constant.

Figure A. Types of Conic Sections.

Figure 1.2. Graph of an Ellipse.
 Circle – a type of ellipse. All its points in a
The graph of the second degree form Ax 2 + Bx + Cy2 +
plane are at fixed distance from a given
Dx + Ey + F = 0 is determined by B2 - 4ac
point in the plane.
GRAPHS OF QUADRATIC EQUATION
CONIC SECTION VALUE OF B2-4ac
Circle B2-4ac<0 or A=C
Parabola B2-4ac=0
Ellipse B2-4ac<0, B≠0 or A≠C
Hyperbola B2-4ac>0
Figure A.1. Graphs of Quadratic Equations.

TYPES OF CONIC SECTION Figure 1.2.1. Graph of a Circle.

3. Hyperbola – set of all points where the
1. Parabola – curve where any point is at an
difference between their distances from two
equal distance from a fixed point and a fixed
fixed points is constant. In the case of a
straight line.
hyperbola, there are two foci and two
directrices.

Figure 1.1. Graph of a Parabola. Figure 1.3. Graph of a Hyperbola

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 Pre-Calculus 11
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
LESSON 1
GENERAL FORM
CIRCLES x + y2 + Dx +Ey + F = 0
2
 Set of all points in a plane equidistant from a
given fixed point called the center. Example 1: Converting Standard to General Form
 Line segment from the center and any point (x – 5)2 + (y + 3)2 = 16
on the circle is called radius.
(x – 5)2 = (x – 5)(x – 5) = x2 – 10x + 25
REVIEW: (y + 3)2 = (y + 3)(y + 3) = y2 + 6y + 9
(x – 5)(x – 5)(y + 3)(y + 3) = 16
x2 – 10x + 25 + y2 + 6y + 9 = 16
x2 – 10x + y2 + 6y + 25 + 9 = 16
Figure 2.1. Distance Formula x2 – 10x + y2 + 6y + 34 = 16
x2 – 10x + y2 + 6y = 16 – 34
STANDARD FORM OF EQUATION x2 – 10x + y2 + 6y = – 18

Example 1.1: Converting General to Standard Form

CASE 1: CENTER AT THE ORIGIN (0,0)
x2 – 10x + y2 + 6y = – 18
x2 + y2 = r2
with the center at (0,0) and radius r
Example:
x2 + y2 = 9

Figure 2.6. Solution with Completing the Square

The center is (0,0) (x – 5)2 + (y + 3)2 = 16

and radius = 3

Example 2.1. Circle with Center at the Origin

CASE 2: CENTER AT (h,k)

(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2
with the center at (h,k) and radius r
Example:
(x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2

(x – 2)2 + (y – (-1))2 = 9
(x – 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 9

The center is (2,-1) and

the radius = 3

Example 2.2. Circle with center (h,k)

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 Pre-Calculus 11
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Lesson 2
CASE 1: VERTEX AT THE ORIGIN (0,0)
PARABOLAS
 Set of all points in a plane equidistant from a
fixed point and a fixed line.

Figure 2.3. Case 1 Table of Formula

STANDARD FORM:

Figure 3.1. Formula of Parabola

PARTS OF A PARABOLA

CASE 2: VERTEX IS AT (H,K)

STANDARD FORM:
(x – h)2 = 4p(y – k)
Figure 3.2. Parts of a Parabola
(y – k)2 = 4p(x – h)
1. Vertex (V) – turning point of the graph
2. Focus (F) – the fixed point Formula
3. Directrix (D) – the fixed line (x – h)2 = 4p(y – k) (y – k)2 = 4p(x – h)
4. Latus Rectum – line segment that passes Vertex (h,k) (h,k)
through the focus and parallel to directix; Focus (h, k + p) (h + p, k)
four times the focal length Axis of
x=h y=k
5. Axis of Symetry (As) – line that goes Symmetry
through the vertex of a parabola Directrix y=k–p x=h–p
Latus 2p + 2p = 4p 2p + 2p = 4p
Rectum (h ± 2p,k) (h, k ± 2p)
OPENING OF A PARABOLA Figure 2.4. Case 2 Table of Formula
2
1. x = opens upward (p = +)
2. x2 = opens downward ( p = –)
3. y2 = opens to the right (p = +)
4. y2 = opens to the left ( p = –)
p = distance between the focus/directrix
2p = distance between the focal point and a latus
rectum

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Lesson 3
ELLIPSES
 Ellipse – set of all coplanar points such that the sum
of its distances from the 2 foci is constant.
 Focus – two fixed points
 Vertices – farthest point from the center.
 Major Axis – segment that passes through the foci
and center with vertices as endpoints.
 Co-vertices – endpoints of a Minor Axis.
 Minor axis – perpendicular to Major Axis; passes
through the center with co-vertices as endpoints.
 Latus Rectum – segment through the focus parallel
to Minor Axis.
 Directrix – segment outside the ellipse parallel to
Latus Rectum.
 Center – intersection of Major and Minor Axis;
endpoints of focus, vertex, and c-vertex.
CASE 1: CENTER AT (0,0)
Elongated to x-axis:
Elongated to y-axis:
CASE 2: CENTER AT (H,K)
Elongated to x-axis:
Elongated to y-axis:
Figure 3.1. Ellipse Formula Table
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Pre-Calculus 11
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Lesson 4
HYPERBOLAS
1. Hyperbola – set of all points in a plane such that the
difference between the distances from two fixed
points is constant.
2. Center – midpoint of the foci
3. Foci – the two fixed points
4. Vertices – points on the hyperbola collinear with the
center and foci.
5. Transverse Axis – segment with vertices as
endpoints.
6. Conjugate Axis – segment perpendicular to
transverse axis and co-vertices as endpoints.
7. Asymptotes – two straight lines that form X that the
hyperbola approaches but never touches.
CASE 1: CENTER AT ORIGIN (0,0)
Figure 4.1. Table of Formulas (0.0)
CASE 2: CENTER AT (H,K)
Figure 4.2. Table of Formulas (h,k)
 Pre-Calculus 11
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Lesson 5
Example 3: A tunnel has the shape of a semi-ellipse
Situational Problems that is 15 ft high at the center, and 36 ft across at the
1. Collect Information base. At most how high should a passing truck be, if
2. Visualize it is 12 ft wide, for it to be able to fit through the
3. Analysis tunnel? Round off your answer to two decimal
4. Solve Numerically places.
5. Verification/ Checking

Example 1: A street with two lanes, each 10 ft wide,

goes through a semicircular tunnel with radius 12 ft.
How high is the tunnel at the edge of each lane?
Round off to 2 decimal places. Example 3. Solution and Answer

Example 4: An explosion was heard by two stations

1200 m apart, located at F1(-600, 0) and F2 (600,
0). If the explosion was heard in F1 two seconds
before it was heard in F2, identify the possible
Example 1. Solution and Answer locations of the explosion. Use 340 m/s as the speed
of sound.
Example 2: A satellite dish has a shape called a
paraboloid, where each cross-section is a parabola.
Since radio signals (parallel to the axis) will bounce
off the surface of the dish to the focus, the receiver
should be placed at the focus. How far should the
receiver be from the vertex, if the dish is 12 ft
across, and 4.5 ft deep at the vertex? Example 4. Solution and Answer

Example 5: An engineer designs a satellite dish with

a parabolic cross section. The dish is 5 m wide at
the opening, and the focus is placed 1.2 m from the
vertex. Find the depth of the satellite dish at the
Example 2. Soluton and Answer
vertex.

Example 5. Solution and Answer

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 Pre-Calculus 11
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Lesson 6 Lesson 7
SEQUENCE AND SERIES PASCAL’S TRIANGLE &
Sequence BINOMIAL THEOREM
 String of numbers which follow a specific
pattern and order. Properties of Pascal’s Triangle
 Terms – individual elements in a sequence.
 Finite Sequence – 3,5,7,9,11,13
 Infinite Sequence – 3,5,7,9,11,13, . . .

GENEREL TERM OF SEQUENCES

an-1 – previous term

Example 1: an = a(n-1) + 2 1. Each row begins and ends with 1.

Alternative Solution: 2n – 1 2. Each row has n + 1 numbers.
Sequence: 1,3,5,7,9 3. The second and second to the last number of
Example 2: an = a(n-1) + 3 each row correspond to the row number.
Alternative Solution: 3n 4. There is symmetry of the numbers in each row.
Sequence: 3,6,9,12,15 5. The number of entries in a row is one more than
the row number (or one more than the number
Recursive Formula – formula which requires the of entries in the preceding row).
computation of previous values in order to obtain 6. Every middle number after first row is the sum
the next one. of the two numbers above it.
Series
Binomial Theorem
 Sum of the terms of a sequence.
 Compute the terms of a binomial expansion of
Sigma Notation degree n with the use of Pascal’s Triangle.
COMBINATION FORMULA: (nCr)(a)n-r(b)r
n = exponent
 Σ – summation notation r = term – 1
 i – index of the summation Example 1: Expand (2x − 3y)5
 i = 0 − lower limit 1(2x)5(-3y)0 + 5(2x)4(-3y)1 + 10(2x)3(-3y)2 +
 ∞ − upper limit 10(2x)2(-3y)3 + 5(2x)1(-3y)4 + 1(2x)0(-3y)5
Answer:
32x5 – 240x4y + 720x3y2 – 1080x2y3 + 810xy4
243
Example 2: 3rd term in the expansion of (2x − 3y)5
(5C2)(2x)5-2(–3y)2
Answer:
Figure 6.1. Examples 720x3y2
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 Pre-Calculus 11
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Lesson 8
Changing angle measures to minutes and seconds
ANGLE MEASURE Example 3: 14.21 to minutes and second
 Unit Circle – circle with a radius of 1 14 + 0.21
 Angle (θ) – the amount of turn between two 14 + 0.21(60’)
straight lines that have common end point, 14 + 12.6’
vertex. 14 + 12’ + 0.6’(60”)
 Initial & Terminal Side 1412’36”
Example 4: 2112’54” to angle measures
54”/60 = 0.9’
(12’ + 0.9’)/60 =0.215
21 + 0.215
21.215
Figure 8.1. Parts of an Angle
 Benchmark Angles
Standard Position
 Drawn in the xy-plane with its vertex at the
origin and its initial side on the positive x-axis

Figure 8.3. Quadrants

Figure 8.2. Benchmark Angles

UNITS OF ANGLE MEASURE

Figure 8.4. Clockwise and Counter-clockwise

Coterminal Angles
 Writing an infinite number of angles that are
coterminal with any giving angle by adding or
Example 1: 90 to Radians subtracting multiples of 1 full rotation.
90 (rad/180) = 90rad/180  + n(360), where n is an integer
Answer: rad/2
Example 2: 5rad/4 to degrees
(5rad/4) (180/) = 5180/4
Answer: 225

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 Pre-Calculus 11
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Lesson 9
Reciprocal Functions
CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS  csc – sin
 sec – cos
Basic Ratio Definition  cot – tan

Special Triangles
30 – 60 – 45

Figure 9.1. SOHCAHTOA

Circle Trigonometry Definitions

Special Angles

Figure 9.2. Circular Trigonometry

UNIT Circle Trigonometry Definitions

Figure 9.4. 30 – 60

Figure 9.3. Unit Circle

A unit circle is a circle with a radius of 1 unit.
For every point P(x, y) on the unit circle, the value
of r is 1.

Figure 9.5. 45

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 Pre-Calculus 11
1st Semester
Jewel Mave F. Quezon STEM 1-C
Radian Measures

REMEMBER: