ECW 341 Water Engineering Laboratory Program: Diploma In Civil Engineering (EC110)

Universiti Teknologi MARA Academic Session: OCT 2022 – FEB 2023

Laboratory
LEVEL 1 Team Student’s ID Student’s Name Group
Level
DETERMINATION OF TURBINE PERFORMANCE AND
Laboratory Title MEASUREMENT OF PUMP EFFICIENCY ,HEAD AND
1. Group Leader 2020463886 NOR HUSNA SYAKILA BINTI HASRUL PEC1105B2
DISCHARGE
Date 2. Member 2020454434 NURUL ADIBA BINTI ABD RAHMAN SHAFFIE PEC1105B2
8 NOVEMBER 2022
Lecturer’s
MUHAMMAD HASBULLAH BIN HASSAN BASRI 3. Member 2020846172 MUHAMMAD ARIF BIN ZAKARIA PEC1105B2
Name
2020458432 NUR KHAIRUNA BINTI ROSLAN
4. Member 2020855016
PEC1105B2
AMARRIFQHI BIN HISHAM
Verification

CO2 : Demonstrate leadership skills in task related to water engineering.

PO6 : Demonstrate knowledge of the societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to engineering technician practice and solutions to well-defined
engineering problems.

A. LABORATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT

NO DOMAIN
A2 (Responding)
The student actively
participates and reacts in
some way. Emphasis is on
active participation on the
part of the learners such as
1 compliance in responding,
willingness to respond, or
satisfaction in responding
A3 (Valuing)
The worth a student
attaches to a particular
object, phenomenon, or
behavior. Ranges from
2 acceptance to
commitment, carry
responsibility for the
functioning of a group,
attitudes and
appreciation.
A4 (Organization)
At this level, the student
has held a value system
for a sufficiently long
time to control his/her
3 behavior, has developed
a characteristic
"lifestyle." Behavior is
pervasive, consistent,
predictable, and most
importantly,
ELEMENT
2 4
Demonstrate capability on the
following:
 < 100% compliance on
lab safety rules and not
practice them
 Not participate in group
discussion,
Participation &
 No interest in subject,
Knowledge on the open-
 Not enjoy helping
ended laboratory
others.
 Not able to explain,
design and prepare the
experimental work in the
report
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach:
 No acceptance of
commitment
 Uncommitted to carry
responsibility
 Uncommitted to provide
Leadership skill, suggestion and/or idea
Commitment &  Uncommitted to follow
Responsibility group decision
 Unable to control, lead,
fail to deliver the task to
the group and does not
compromise to achieve
the objectives of
experiments (Reports)
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach
 <100% maintain good
health habits,
compliance on lab
Character & safety rules and practice
Organization
them
 Not display self-reliance
in working
independently, and
cooperate in group
activities,
RUBRICS/Marks
6 8
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following: following:
 100% compliance on lab  100% compliance on lab
safety rules and practice safety rules and practice
them them
 < 50% participate in  50% participate in group
group discussion, discussion,
 < 50% interest in  50% interest in subject,
subject,  50% enjoy helping
 < 50% enjoy helping others.
others.  Able to design, prepare
 Not able to explain the and explain the
experiment and the work experiments and the
assigned in the report work assigned in the
report but not based on
OEL components
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach: approach:
 25% acceptance of any  50% acceptance of any
commitment commitment
 25% committed to carry  50% committed to carry
responsibility responsibility
 25% committed to  50% committed to
provide suggestion provide suggestion
and/or idea and/or idea
 25% committed to follow  50% committed to follow
group decision. group decision
 Able to control, lead the  Able to control, lead and
group but fail to deliver delivering the task to the
the task and does not group members and
compromise towards the occasionally helps the
achievement objectives group to achieve the
of the experiments objectives of the
(Reports) experiments (Reports)
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach approach
 100% maintain good  100% maintain good
health habits, health habits,
compliance on lab safety compliance on lab safety
rules and practice them rules and practice them
 85% display self-  90% display self-
reliance in working reliance in working
independently, and independently, and
cooperate in group cooperate in group
activities, activities,
 85% display a  90% display a
Marks
10
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following: following:
 100% compliance on lab  100% compliance on lab
safety rules and practice safety rules and practice
them them
 75% participate in group  100% participate in group
discussion, discussion
 75% interest in subject,  100% interest in subject,
 75% enjoy helping others.  100% fully enjoy helping
 Able to design, prepare, others.
testing and explain the  Able to design, prepare,
experiments and the work testing, interpret and explain
assigned in the report the experiments and the
based on OEL work assigned in the report
components based on OEL components
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach: approach:
 75% acceptance of any  100% acceptance of any
commitment commitment
 75% committed to carry  100% committed to carry
responsibility responsibility
 75% committed to provide  100% committed to provide
suggestion and/or idea suggestion and/or idea
 75% committed to follow  100% committed to follow
group decision. group decision.
 Able to control, lead and  Able to control, lead and
delivering the task to the delivering the task to the
group efficiently and group efficiently and serves
usually does what is the as a leader in managing
best interest of the group individual ideas towards the
towards the achievement achievement of the
of the objectives objectives (Reports)
(Reports)
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach approach
 100% maintain good  100% maintain good health
health habits, compliance habits, compliance on lab
on lab safety rules and safety rules and practice
practice them them
 95% display self-reliance  100% display self-reliance in
in working independently, working independently, and
and cooperate in group cooperate in group activities,
activities,  100% display a professional
 95% display a commitment to ethical
professional commitment practice daily.
 ECW 341 Water Engineering Laboratory
Universiti Teknologi MARA
characteristic of the  Not display a
learner. professional
commitment to ethical
practice daily.
 Not able to objectively
interpret case
study/problem
 Not able to revise
judgments and changes
approach considering
new idea or issue arise.
 Team showed poor
cohesion, poor
interaction and poor
respect. Only one
person does all the
reports. Reports were
not completed
B. LABORATORY REPORT ASSESSMENT
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
A4 (Organizing) approach as shown in lab
Brings together different report
values, resolving conflicts  The team is unable to
among them, and starting to collect any data,
build an internally consistent insufficient to analyze
4 value system. Organizes Result and analysis and interpret
values into priorities by  Unable in comparing,
contrasting different relating and
systems. The emphasis is on synthesizing data based
comparing, relating, and on relevant standard
synthesizing values.
professional
commitment to ethical
practice daily.
 85% able to objectively
interpret case
study/problem
 85% able to revise
judgments and changes
approach considering
new idea or issue arise.
 Team demonstrated
some cohesion,
interaction respect. Most
work was done by only 1
member team. Reports
were completed on time
but with unsatisfactory
compilations.
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab
report
 The team is able to
collect some data but
unable to analyze and
interpret
 25% comparing, relating
and synthesizing data
based on relevant
standard
Program: Diploma In Civil Engineering (EC110)
Academic Session: OCT 2022 – FEB 2023
professional to ethical practice daily.  100% able to objectively
commitment to ethical  95% able to objectively interpret case study/problem
practice daily. interpret case  100% able to revise
 90% able to objectively study/problem judgments and changes
interpret case  95% able to revise approach considering new
study/problem judgments and changes idea or issue arise.
 90% able to revise approach considering  Team showed great
judgments and changes new idea or issue arise. cohesion, interaction
approach considering  Team showed great respect. Team shared the
new idea or issue arise. cohesion, interaction tasks equally and utilizes
 Team showed good respect. Team member abilities of each team
cohesion, interaction did not share the tasks members. Reports were
respect. Team member equally and did not utilize completed on time with
did not share the tasks abilities of each team satisfactory compilations.
equally and did not members. Reports were
utilize abilities of each completed on time but
team members. Reports with satisfactory
were completed on time compilations.
but with unsatisfactory
compilations
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab report approach as shown in lab report
report
 The team is able to  The team is able to collect  The team is able to collect
collect some relevant relevant data, related to relevant data, related to the
data, related to the the objectives, with good objectives, with excellent
objectives, with fair analysis and analysis and interpretation.
analysis and interpretation.  100% comparing, relating
interpretation.  50% comparing, relating and synthesizing data based
 50% comparing, relating and synthesizing data on relevant standard
and synthesizing data based on relevant
based on relevant standard
standard

A4 (Organizing)
Brings together different
values, resolving conflicts
among them, and starting to
build an internally consistent
5 value system. Organizes
values into priorities by
contrasting different
systems. The emphasis is on
comparing, relating, and
synthesizing values.
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab
report
 Not organize,
unformatted and
unsystematic laboratory
Discussion report
 Not providing solution to
the environmental
engineering problems.
 The team is unable to
discuss the findings
Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab
report
 25% organize, formatted
and systematic
laboratory report
 25% providing solution
to the environmental
engineering problems.
 The team is able to
discuss some of the
findings
Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the Demonstrate capability on the
following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving following in a problem-solving
approach as shown in lab approach as shown in lab report approach as shown in lab report
report  75% organize, formatted  100% fully organize,
 50% organize, formatted and systematic laboratory formatted and systematic
and systematic report laboratory report
laboratory report  75% providing solution to  100% providing solution to
 50% providing solution the environmental the environmental
to the environmental engineering problems. engineering problems.
engineering problems.  The team is able to relate  The team is able to relate all
 The team is able to all findings with the findings with the problem
relate some of the problem with good with excellent discussion
findings with the discussion
problem with fair
discussion

The team is able to provide The team is able to derive fair The team is able to derive good The team is able to derive accurate
6 A5 (Characterization) Conclusion The team is unable to conclude conclusion without answering conclusion based on findings to conclusion based on findings to conclusion based on findings to
the objective answer the objective answer the objective answer the objective

TOTAL

60
INTRODUCTION

In this laboratory activities ,students are exposed to the operation of the Pelton turbine which the
most visually obvious example of an impulsive machine .Pump is the device used to move liquids or
slurries .Pump can be combined in series or parallel in order to reach their purpose of installation .

OBJECTIVE

1. To determine the operating characteristics of a Pelton turbine at various speeds .

2. To determine the head / flow rate characteristics and pump efficiency under single ,series and
parallel pump operation .

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

TURBINE

A spear valve directs a jet of water at a series of buckets which are mounted on the periphery of a
rotor. As the water exiting the spear valve is at atmospheric pressure, the force exerted on the rotor
is entirely due to changes in the direction of the flow of water. The Pelton turbine is therefore
associated with considerable changes of kinetic energy but little change in pressure energy. The
performance curves for a turbine can be derived in the same way as for a pump, though it is usual to
treat the speed (RPM) as the principal variable when plotting power, efficiency, torque and discharge.

(1.1)
Water power (power input, 𝑃𝑖), 𝑃𝑤 = 𝜌𝑔𝐻𝑄
Where
𝜌 = density of water in kgm-3

𝑔= acceleration due to earth’s gravity in ms-2

𝐻= inlet head in m

𝑠= distance between nozzle and plate

𝑄= volume flow rate or discharge in m3s-1

Mechanical or Braking Power (power output, 𝑃𝑜), 𝑃𝑚 = 𝑇 𝑥 𝜔 (1.2) Where

𝑇= Braking Force x Radius (Nm)

𝑁= Revolutions per minute (RPM)

Turbine efficiency,

(1.3)

Type number or specific speed,

(1.4)

PUMP

Pump is the device used to move liquids or slurries. Pump can be combined in series or parallel in
order to reach their purpose of installation. If a single pump does not provide enough flowrate for a
given application, connecting two pumps in parallel can rectify the problem. On the other
hand, if a single pump does not provide enough head for a given application, two pumps
connected in series can be remedy. Pumps are used in almost all aspects of industry and
engineering from feeds to reactors and distillation columns in chemical engineering to
pumping storm sewer in civil and environmental engineering. They are an integral part of
engineering and an understanding of how they work is important.
(a) Single centrifugal pump

Centrifugal pump is one of the most widely used pumps for transferring liquids. Centrifugal
pump operates as follow: As the prime mover rotates the driveshaft, the impeller fluid is drawn
in axially through the centre opening of the housing. The fluid then makes a 90o turn and flows
radially outward. As energy is added to the fluid by rotating blades (centrifugal action and
actual blade force), the pressure and velocity increase until the fluid reaches the outer tip of
the impeller. The fluid then enters the voluteshaped housing whose increased flow area
causes the velocity to decrease. This action results in a decrease in kinetic energy and an
accompanying increase in pressure.
(b) Series pump operation
Pump can be combined in series to obtain an increase in head at the same flowrate as the
single pump.
 Figure 2.1 Series Pump Curve Characteristics
As shown in Figure 2.1, when two pumps having similar head-flowrate characteristics are
operated in series in combined pump head-flowrate curve is obtained by adding the head of
single pump curve at the same flowrate.
(c) Parallel pump operation
Pumps can be combined in parallel to obtain in increase in flowrate at the same head as the
single pump.

Figure 2.2 Parallel Pump Curve Characteristics

As shown in Figure 2.2, when two pumps having similar head-flowrate characteristics are
operated in parallel the combined pump head-flowrate curve is obtained by adding the
flowrates of the single pumps at the same head.
Formula for calculation of variables (in accordance with series and parallel pump test rig
model:FM07A-1)

Power (fluid),

Volumetric flow rate,

Pump head,

APPARATUS

1. Pelton turbine with water supply pump set and rope brake type dynamometer .

2. Flow measuring unit -Orifice meter and pressure gauge

3. Piping system

4. Storage tank

5. Hand held tachometer

6. Stopwatch

PROCEDURES

TURBINE

1. The band brake have been lower assembly over the brake drum and adjust the hand brake for a
range of readings on the spring balances .

2. The spring balance and tachometer readings being record for each hand brake setting .The flow rate
being measured using a timed volume collection, the reading that form the inlet pressure gauge have
been record.

3. The flow rate being adjust using the spear valve, and the experiment have been repeated .Continue
to do until you have sets of reading for a variety of different flow rates .

4. For each flow rate ,graph of rotational speed n against Torque T , Brake (mechanical) Power ,Pb and
Efficiency , nt .
APPARATUS

PUMP

Pump apparatus as shown in Figure 2 will be used to determine head / flow rate characteristics and
pump efficiency and Figure 3 shows process diagram for series and parallel pump operation .

PROCEDURE

1. The circulation tank have filled with water .

2. V5 being make sure is fully close position .

3. The main power supply have been switch on .

4.The main switch have been turn on , on the control panel . All digital indicators being ensure
illuminate .

5. Check for the following valve position in Table 1 .

Pump operation Running Pump Fully Open Valve Fully Close Valve
Single Pump 2 V2 V1 , V3 ,V4
Series Both Pump V1 , V3 V2 , V4
Parallel Both Pump V1 , V2 , V4 V3
6. The pump have been turned on and being open slowly V5 until maximum flowrate is achieved .

7. The pump speed selector switch have been used to monitor the pump speed .

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

TURBINE

Headloss Braking Force

q= rpm Break
Meter
1 2
1380 1.5 0.0 1.5
10L/30s
1258 2.0 0.5 1.5
5 (3.33×10-4
m/s)
0 9.5 3.5 6.0

1776 2.0 0.5 1.5

10L/37s
1466 4.0 1.0 3.0
10 (2.70×10-4
m/s)
0 8.0 2.0 6.0

1857 2.0 0.5 1.5

10L/54s
1506 3.5 0.5 3.0
15 (1.85×10-4
m/s)
0 8.0 2.5 5.5

R, Radius of turbine = 0.03 m

Water power (power input , Pi) ,Pw = 𝜌𝑔𝐻𝑄

Where
𝜌 = density of water in kgm-3

𝑔= acceleration due to earth’s gravity in ms-2

𝐻= inlet head in m

𝑠= distance between nozzle and plate

𝑄= volume flow rate or discharge in m3s-1
Mechanical or Braking Power (power output, 𝑃𝑜), 𝑃𝑚 = 𝑇 𝑥 𝜔

𝑇= Braking Force x Radius (Nm)

𝑁= Revolutions per minute (RPM)

Turbine efficiency,

Type number or specific speed,

Head T ,Nm Ω ,rads^ -1 Pm Turbine Ns

efficiency ,n

5 0.045 144.5 6.50 39.80 0.014

0.045 131.74 5.93 36.31 0.012

0 0 0 0 0

10 0.045 185.98 8.37 31.60 8.77×10-3

0.09 153.52 13.82 52.17 9.30×10-3

0 0 0 0 0

15 0.045 194.46 8.75 32.14 5.65×10-3

0.09 157.71 14.19 52.13 5.83×10-3

0 0 0 0 0
PUMPS

SERIES

Flowrate (m3/s) Time Taken .s Volume ,m3 Power (W) Pressure ( PSI)
P1 P2 P3
0.1 / 57.00 = 57.00 565 0 -4 35
1.75×10-3
0.1 / 34.50 = 34.50 656 0 -7 25
2.90×10-3
0.1 / 27.53 = 27.53 694 0 -12 15
3.63×10-3

H = P3-P1 / 𝜌𝑔

3.87 × 10-3 0.066

3.26 × 10-3 0.093
2.75 × 10-3 0.098

PARALLEL

Flowrate (m3/s) Time Taken .s Volume ,m3 Power (W) Pressure ( PSI)
P1 P2 P3
0.1 / 46.78 = 46.78 486 0 -5 20
2.14×10-3
0.1 / 19.00 = 19.00 650 0 -12 15
5.26×10-3
0.1 / 13.85 = 13.85 697 0 -18 10
7.22×10-3
 H = P3-P1 / 𝜌𝑔

2.55× 10-3 0.054

2.75× 10-3 0.142
2.85× 10-3 0.202

DISCUSSION

TURBINE

An experimental work has been carried out to examine the effect of varying operating conditions on
performance of Pelton turbine. The experiments have been performed for various nozzle
jet diameters (d), volume flowrate (Q) and pressure head (H). The experimental results display that
the rise in d leads to reduce the input power due to decrease in H. For a certain nozzle diameter, the
results indicated that the maximum brake power increases with increasing in Q owing to increase the
torque and consequently, the optimum operational condition can be achieved when using
smaller d and higher Q. The best turbine performance has been found when using and Q = 10L/54s
owing to produce higher efficiency and cover large range of wheel speed. Hence, d has inversely effect
on the turbine performance. The data clearly also indicate that d and Q have substantially influences
on the power that generated by turbine. By recognizing the effects of related parameters, it is now
possible to generate a higher electric power in hydroelectric power plants that operated by using
Pelton turbine.

PUMP

Pumps are used in series in a system where substantial head changes take place without any
appreciable difference in discharge. When two or more pumps are configured in series, the flow rate
throughout the pumps remains the same; however, each pump contributes to the increase in the head
so that the overall head is equal to the sum of the contributions of each pump.

Parallel pumps are useful for systems with considerable discharge variations and with no appreciable
head change. In parallel, each pump has the same head. However, each pump contributes to the
discharge so that the total discharge is equal to the sum of the contributions of each pump.
CONCLUSION

TURBINE

In conclusion that the torque decreases as the turbine's rotational speed rises. The braking power rises
to a peak and then falls as the turbine's rotational speed increases. The turbine efficiency rises to a
peak and then falls as the turbine rotational speed rises. When the turbine's velocity is cut in half
compared to the waterjet's velocity, the efficiency of the turbine reaches its maximum. The braking
power increases with pulley belt tension, which causes the turbine efficiency to peak.

PUMP

As a result of the experiment, the efficiency, brake power, and head properties of this pump may be
determined by employing a variety of pump speeds. As a result, the experiment's goal of defining any
centrifugal pump characteristics has been accomplished. Additionally, it may be said that the
experiment's primary goals were accomplished. We can also figure out all the necessary parameters.
However, it should be emphasized that some of the results may be erroneous as a result of parallax
error and/or human mistake that happened during the experiment. However, it continues to lead and
produces the desired outcomes as necessary and as predicted.