05/07/17 3:23 PM

PILING

Piling is a type of ground treatment which is driving a pile into the ground
below ground level. In this metro project concrete piles are used and the
boring depth varies from 25m -40m at different sites.
Pile foundations are adopted in following situations-
1. non availability of proper bearing stratum at shallow depths
2. heavy loads from the super-structure( as in case of metro projects)
3. low bearing capacity of soil

ROTARY DRILLING METHOD:

The mechanism used is rotary drilling using hydraulic feed. Boring is carried
out using suitable auger attached to Kelly bar. A bucket tool attached to the
Kelly for mucking operation. The diameter of bore hole at this site is
1200mm.
STABILIZING THE BORE HOLE:

The bore hole will be stabilized by temporary casing for top 3m to 4m and
polymer as drilling fluid. The density of the fresh mix polymer should lie
between 1.00-1.04 Kg/m3. The viscosity of polymer lies between 65-140
API. All the time the polymer level should be maintained 1m below the top
of casing.

PLACEMENT OF REBAR CAGE:

At this site the boring depth is 33 m, so 3 rebar cages are placed in the
bore hole namely bottom, middle and topmost cage. The reinforcement used
is Fe500.In this case the first length of cage is lowered and held in position
by supports above the bore. The cover provided in the cage is 75 mm. The
lap provided between two cages should be welded or joined with couplers.
PILE CONCRETING:

Pile concreting is done using tremmie pipe method. The length of tremmie
pipe is between 1m-2m and diameter 200mm. Tremmie pipe concreting is
done as per IS:456.The steel hopper at the top shall have a volume greater
that the tremmie pipe volume. I=In case of inaccessible location, concrete
can alternatively be placed into the hopper by concrete pump. The grade of
concrete used is M40. The top of concrete in a pile shall be brought above
the cut-off level up to a minimum height of 300mm to permit removal of all
weak concrete, so that the concrete at the cut-off level shall be dense and
sound.

PILE CUT-OFF AND EXTENSION:

The weak concrete shall be chipped upto the cut-off level and the debris be
carted away. During chipping and trimming off piles, care shall be taken to
avoid damage of concrete.
On completion of pile cut-off, all exposed reinforcement shall be cleaned.
Different combinations of piling used

4 PILE

5 PILE

6 PILE
The earthing rod is connected to the pile diagonally i.e either in first- third
pile or second-fourth pile. The earthing rod discharges the charge into the
ground.

SONIC LOGGING TECHNIQUE:

It is used to determine the defect in cast in situ piles. The homogeneity of a

foundation pile is very important in terms of its serviceability aspect to
support the load transferred from the superstructure. Phenomenon such as
honeycombing due to inadequate vibration, segregation due to over
vibration and improper concrete placement method.

SONIC TUBE

Two probes are lowered namely emitter and receiver in the two tubes. The
transmitter produces a series of waves and the waves reach the receiver. A
graph is plotted as travel time between the tubes vs depth. As long as time
is constant, there is no change in concrete quality. However, a sudden
increase in travel time at any depth indicates defect at that depth.

CONSTRUCTION OF PILE CAP:

 Size of pile cap – 5.3m X 5.3m X 1.8m
Cover provided in cage- 75mm

1. A minimum of 250 mm offset is provided beyond the outermost pile on

all sides.
2. The portion of concrete above the cut-off level in the pile is chipped and
the reinforcement is anchored to the cap.
3. Steel shutter is placed on the sides of pile cap and concreting is done.
4. Concrete will be transported by transit mixers and poured using chute.
The height of fall should be less than 2 m.
5. Vibration is carried out using needle vibrator of 60mm and 40mm dia.
6. De-shuttering is done after 24 hours and 14 day curing is done or
curing compound is applied.

CONSTRUCTION OF PIER:
The dia of pier at this site is 1700mm.
STARTER CONCRETE:

1. The height of starter is decided on the basis of height of pier above

pedestal level.The height varies between 800-1000mm.
2. Reinforcement ring and links shall be tied with main vertical
reinforcement as per drawing.
3. Starter formwork shall be fxied with supporting arrangement.
4. Concreting is done upto starter height and de-shutteing is done after
12 hours.
5. Starter concrete is made first to account for verical regularity of pier
and easy fixation of pier shutter of large sizes.

REBAR TYING:
1. Temporary staging shall be done using 40 mm dia ledger pipes around
the pier to facilitate tying of rebar according to site.
2. Working platforms at proper intervals shall be formed to facilitate the
workers for tying the reinforcement.
3. Ladders with handeails shall be used to climb up the staging.
4. Rings/links/stirrups shall be tied in place as specified in drawing.
5. The drain pipe shall be held in place with a link or ring tied to the
reinforcement at 1m interval.
 6. The drain pipes shall be joined using couplers.
7. Lap length should be provided as per drawing and shall be staggered.

Starter concrete

FORMWORK FOR PIER:

1. Shutter shall be dried before applying release agent.

2. Surface shall be coated with mould releasing agent using brush to
prevent adhesion of concrete to the formwork before fixing of shutter.
3. concrete shall be poured within 7 days of first shutter being in place.
4. Pier shutters should be placed in 2-3 stages depending on the height
of pier.
5. Rubber or form shets of 1.5mm thickness glued to one side of the
shutter at all joint shall be placed to prevent leakage of cement slurry.
Checking of coordinates of pier shall be done prior to concreting.
CONCRETING:

1. PVC tremmie pipe of 150mm dia shall be olaced alongside the

drainage pipe for placing concrete. 1.5 m pipes shall be joined
together by threading to make the total length of tremmie pipe.
2. The grade of concrete used is M40.
3. Concrete shall be placed with the help of boom placers/concrete
pumps in layers.
4. The height of free fall of concrete should be limited to 1.5m and layer
thickness shall not exceed 300mm.
5. Shutter vibrator may be used depending on the shape and size of
structure.

DE-SHUTTERING:

1. De shuttering shall start after 24 hours of concreting.

2. De shuttering shall be done in the reverse sequence described in the
formwork of piers.
3. It should be done carefully so as to avoid any damages to the edges of
the pier.

CURING:

1. Curing of concrete shall start immediately after removal of formwork.

2. Curing is done either by curing compound or by water curing.

CRUSHING WALL:

1. Crushing wall of 100mm thickness is provided around the pier to

prevent damage of pier.
2. A thick thermocol sheet is provided between outer edges of pier and
crushing wall so that the sudden impact on crushing wall does not
damage the concrete of pier.
3. Concreting of crushing wall is done after concreting of pier is
completed.

4. Cover of 40mm should be provided in crushing wall.

Drainage pipe
 Crushing wall

METHOD OF TESTING
DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE

CODE OF PRACTICE: IS 2386(Part 4) – 1990

OBJECTIVE: To determine the aggregate impact value of coarse
aggregate.
APPARATUS: Impact testing machine with free falling hammer of 13.5 to
14 kg with a height of fall of 380mm , with supporting means of hammer
whilst fastening or removing the cups; cylindrical steel cup of internal dia
102mm and 50mm deep; IS sieves 12.5mm,10mm and 2.36mm; cylindrical
metal measure of internal dia 75mm and 50mm deep; tamping rod of 10mm
dia, 230mm long with rounded at one end; balance of 0.1g accuracy;
thermostatically controlled oven.