1

TOXICOLOGICAL DATA ON INGREDIENTS

Anhydrous Ammonia:

ORAL (LD50): Acute: 3500 mg/kg (Rat.).

GAS (LC50): Acute: 5040 ppm (Mouse.) (1 hour(s)). 7650 ppm (Rat) (1 hour(s)).

Section III. Hazards Identification

POTENTIAL ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS

Anhydrous ammonia gas or liquid is very corrosive to body tissues, reacting with body moisture on contact.

The odour threshold for ammonia is on average 17 PPM although the range of sensitivity ranges from 0.7
PPM to 50 PPM for acclimatized individuals. Generally, concentrations of up to 25 PPM are tolerated
although unpleasant and pungent. Above this concentration, irritation of the eyes, nose and throat may
begin. The extent of irritation increases with increasing ammonia concentration.

Eye and throat irritation is more pronounced between 100 and 400 PPM. Above 400 PPM, skin irritation is
noticeable and immediate throat irritation and coughing will result. NIOSH has established 500 PPM as the
concentration immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH), which is defined as the concentration above
which self-rescue may be difficult or impossible due to physiological effects. At concentrations between
1000 and 2500 PPM increasing chest tightness, brochospasm and severe eye and skin irritation will result.
Delayed effects such as chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary edema may develop several hours after
exposure. At concentrations above 2500 PPM, laryngeal spasm may occur resulting in rapid asphyxia.
Effects may be more pronounced at lower concentrations in children, the elderly, and persons with impaired
lung function.

Eyes:
Eye irritant. May cause severe eye irritation with corneal injury and permanent vision impairment.

Skin:
Skin irritant. Contact may cause severe skin irritation, chemical burns, and blistering. Contact with
vaporizing liquid may cause frostbite due to rapid evaporative cooling. Cooling effect may mask the extent
of corrosive injury received.

Inhalation:
Irritating to entire respiratory tract. Excessive overexposure may cause severe irritation to the upper
respiratory tract and potential lung damage.

Ingestion:
Ingestion is not likely route of exposure due to the physical state of the substance (a compressed, liquefied
gas).

POTENTIAL CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: NONE by ACGIH, EPA, IARC,
OSHA. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: NONE by ACGIH, EPA, IARC, OSHA. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: NONE
 2

by ACGIH, EPA, IARC, OSHA. The substance is harmful to the lungs and mucous membranes. Repeated
or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organ damage.
Section IV. First Aid Measures
EYE CONTACT IMMEDIATELY FLUSH EYES WITH WATER for at least 30 minutes, keeping eyelids
open. SEND FOR MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY.
MINOR SKIN CONTACT Dermal contact may freeze tissue and cause severe skin irritation. FLUSH
IMMEDIATELY WITH RUNNING WATER FOR AT LEAST 30 MINUTES. SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION.
EXTENSIVE SKIN CONTACT No additional information.
MINOR INHALATION Loosen tight clothing. Allow the victim to rest in a well ventilated area. Give artificial
respiration if breathing has stopped. Get immediate medical attention.
SEVERE INHALATION If gases or vapours are present, rescuers must WEAR SELF-CONTAINED
BREATHING APPARATUS and an impervious suit or full bunker gear. Evacuate the victim to a safe area
as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing around the victim’s neck and waist. If the victim is not breathing,
perform artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. Maintain an open airway. Seek
immediate medical attention. Observation may be warranted. Pulmonary edema may occur several hours
after exposure.
SLIGHT INGESTION
Product is a liquified compressed gas. If liquid anhydrous ammonia has entered the mouth and throat, roll
victim onto stomach and begin artificial respiration. Continue until victim is breathing. Seek immediate
medical attention.

EXTENSIVE INGESTION No additional information

Section V. Fire and Explosion Data
THE PRODUCT IS Combustible.
AUTO-IGNITION TEMPERATURE 651.1ºC (1204ºF)
FLASH POINT Not applicable. Material exists as a gas unless confined under pressure.
FLAMMABILITY LIMITS LOWER: 16%

UPPER: 25%

PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION Nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2…).

FIRE HAZARD IN PRESENCE OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES Slightly flammable in the presence of open
flames and sparks. Narrow lower to upper flammability limits (16-25%) makes ignition difficult.
EXPLOSION HAZARD IN PRESENCE OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES Slightly explosive in presence of
reducing materials (hypochlorites or other halogenated compounds). Non-explosive in presence of open
flames and sparks, of shocks, of heat, of oxidizing materials, of combustible materials, of organic materials,
of metals, of acids, of alkalis, of moisture.
FIRE FIGHTING MEDIA AND INSTRUCTIONS Corrosive gas. Fire fighters should wear SELF-
CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS and full bunker gear. Cool containing vessels with water jet in
order to prevent pressure build-up, autoignition or explosion. Move containing vessels from fire if without
risk. If anhydrous ammonia catches fire, stop flow of gas or liquid if it may be done safely. Use water spray
or fog to extinguish flames and suppress vapors. Contain run-off water.

SPECIAL REMARKS ON FIRE HAZARDS When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes. Hazardous
Combustion Products:
Nitrogen oxides.
 3

SPECIAL REMARKS ON EXPLOSION HAZARDS Explosive when mixed with chlorinated materials such
as hypochlorites. Forms nitrogen trichloride which explodes spontaneously in air. Reacts similarly with
other halogenated materials.
Section VI. Accidental Release Measures
SMALL SPILL Warn personnel to move away. Keep unprotected personnel upwind of spill area. DO NOT
APPROACH LIQUID OR VAPOR CLOUD WITHOUT ENCAPSULATING SUIT AND SCBA. If possible to
do so without hazard, isolate leak by shutting off supply of ammonia from containing vessel. Use water fog
to suppress airborne vapors from leak or spill. DO NOT DIRECT WATER INTO SPILED LIQUID!
ANHYDROUS AMMONIA WILL AUTOREFRIGERATE REDUCING VAPOR RELEASE. ADDITION OF
WATER WILL WARM CRYOGENIC LIQUID RESULTING IN GREATER GASIFICATION. Contain run-off
water for later recovery and treatment. Call emergency number on this MSDS sheet for assistance.
LARGE SPILL Corrosive gas. Material will autorefrigerate under accidental release presenting a cold dense
heavier than air vapour cloud or fog. Warn personnel to move away. Keep unprotected personnel upwind of
spill area. Evacuate any unprotected personnel who are downwind of spills. Consider an exclusion zone of
1500 metres around incident area. Incident Commander may adjust size of exclusion zone based on the
circumstances of the emergency and analysis of the threat presented by the release. See Exposure Limits
Section for Evacuation Guidelines.

Community Emergency Response Instructions:

Stay indoors (unless evacuation has been called)

Close all windows and doors
Shut off furnace, exhaust fans, and air conditioners
Wait for and follow advice from local police or authorities
If smell is very strong, breath through a wet cloth
Eliminate all sources of ignition. DO NOT APPROACH LIQUID OR VAPOR CLOUD WITHOUT
ENCAPSULATING SUIT AND SCBA. If possible, and personnel are protected by appropriate personal
protective equipment, turn leaking container so that gas escapes rather than liquid, or isolate leak by
shutting off supply of ammonia from containing vessel. If possible, apply patch or otherwise restrict size of
leak. Use water fog to suppress airborne vapors from leak or spill. DO NOT DIRECT WATER INTO
SPILLED LIQUID! ANHYDROUS AMMONIA WILL AUTOREFRIGERATE REDUCING VAPOR RELEASE.
ADDITION OF WATER WILL WARM CRYOGENIC LIQUID RESULTING IN GREATER GASIFICATION.
Contain run-off water for later recovery and treatment. Call Emergency Number on this MSDS sheet for
assistance.

Section VII. Handling and Storage

PRECAUTIONS
Keep ammonia handling facilities locked. Keep storage vessels away from direct heat. Ground all
equipment. Keep away from incompatible materials such as oxidizing agents, reducing agents, metals, and
acids. Keep children away from ammonia storage and handling equipment.

STORAGE
Keep away from combustible materials, heat and incompatible materials, especially dry or liquid bleach.
Ensure facilities are well maintained and emergency response and first aid equipment is readily available.
Always ensure there is s a nearby source of water for first aid purposes and spill response. Facilities storing
or handling ammonia should be equipped with an eyewash and safety shower.
 4

Section VIII. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection

ENGINEERING CONTROLS
Workers must be trained in the safe handling and use of ammonia. Adequate, well engineered systems
must be provided for storage, transfer and use. Process block valves, equipment enclosures and other
isolation facilities may be necessary. Provide adequate general or local exhaust systems to maintain
concentrations within exposure guidelines.

PERSONAL PROTECTION
The selection of personal protective equipment varies, depending upon conditions of use.

Respiratory Protection:
Use a NIOSH approved chemical cartridge respirator with full facepiece for ammonia concentrations up to
300 PPM. Use a positive pressure (pressure demand) SCBA for concentrations above 300 PPM, for
emergency response, or for entry into unknown concentrations.

Eye Protection:
Contact lenses should not be worn when handling anhydrous ammonia. Use chemical goggles and a face
shield or full facepiece air purifying or air supplied respirator.

Skin Proection:
Where chemical contact is unlikely, wear butyl rubber, nitrile, or polyvinyl chloride boots, gloves, rain jacket
and pants.

PERSONAL PROTECTION IN CASE OF LARGE RELEASE

Under emergency conditions, where contact with liquid anhydrous ammonia or high concentration gas is
probable, chemically resistant, gastight totally encapsulating suits with 60 minute positive pressure SCBA
are required.

EXPOSURE LIMITS
TLV-TWA 25 ppm from ACGIH. Consult local authorities for acceptable exposure limits.

AIHA Emergency Response Planning Guidelines:

ERPG-1: <25 PPM for 1 hour. Objectionable odor.

ERPG-2: 25-200 PPM for 1 hour. Strong objectionable odor, some eye, nose and throat irritation.
ERPG-3: 200-1000 PPM for 1 hour. Severe eye and respiratory irritation, without development of life
threatening health effects.
National Academy of Sciences 1987 Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels:
Up to 24 hour continuous exposure: 100 PPM

Section IX. Physical and Chemical Properties

PHYSICAL STATE AND APPEARANCE

Colorless cryogenic liquid or gas.
 5

MOLECULAR WEIGHT
17.03
COLOR
Colorless.

pH (10%SOLN/WATER)
12
ODOR
Ammoniacal. (Strong.)

BOILING POINT
-33.35ºC (-28ºF)
ODOR

THRESHOLD

MELTING POINT
-77.7ºC (-107.9ºF)
TASTE
Burning. (Strong.)

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
Not applicable.
IONICITY (in
Water)
Not available.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY g/cc

0.63 (Water = 1)
SOLUBILITY
Easily soluble in cold water. Soluble in hot water. Partially soluble in methanol. Very slightly soluble in
diethyl ether, n-octanol, acetone.

BULK DENSITY kg/m3

DISPERSION
PROPERTIES
See solubility in water, methanol.

VAPOR PRESSURE
6610mm of Hg (@ 20ºC)
WATER/OIL DIST.
COEFF.
Between 50 and 5000.

VAPOR DENSITY
 6

0.6 (Air = 1)

VOLATILITY
100% (w/w).

Section X. Stability and Reactivity Data

STABILITY
The product is stable.

INSTABILITY
TEMPERATURE Not applicable.

CONDITION OF
INSTABILITY
No additional remark.

INCOMPATABILITY WITH VARIOUS SUBSTANCES

Extremely reactive or incompatible with acids. Highly reactive with oxidizing agents and reducing agents.
Do not use copper, brass, bronze, or galvanized steel in contact with ammonia. Do not use brazed joints in
ammonia service. Forms explosive compounds with many heavy metals such as mercury or silver. Reacts
explosively with chlorine, hypochlorites (such as bleach or dry chlorinating chemicals) and other halogens
(bromine, iodine, fluorine).

CORROSIVITY

Highly corrosive in presence of copper and its alloys. Slightly corrosive to corrosive in presence of
aluminum and zinc. Very slightly corrosive in presence of mild steel. Non- corrosive in presence of glass, or
stainless steel (304 or 316).

SPECIAL REMARKS ON REACTIVITY

Incompatible with halogens, aluminum, copper, brass and zinc. Incompatible with strong acids.

SPECIAL REMARKS ON CORROSIVITY Corrosive to brass. Incompatible with copper alloys (stress
cracking). Will corrode a wide variety of metals.

Section XI. Toxicological Information

ROUTES OF ENTRY
Inhalation. Eye contact. Skin contact.

TOXICITY TO ANIMALS
Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 350 mg/kg (Rat).
Acute toxicity of the gas (LC50): 2520 ppm (Mouse.).

SPECIAL REMARKS ON
 7

TOXICITY TO ANIMALS
Hazardous for humans or animal life. Corrosive to skin and eyes on contact. Severe over- exposure can
produce lung damage, choking, unconsciousness or death. May cause severe eye irritation.

OTHER EFFECTS ON
HUMANS
Slightly dangerous to very dangerous in case of skin contact, of eye contact, of inhalation. Material may be
irritating or corrosive.

SPECIAL REMARKS ON
CHRONIC EFECTS ON
HUMANS
Exposure can cause coughing, chest pains, difficulty in breathing. Repeated significant overexposure can
cause permanent lung function damage, edema and chemical pneumonitis. May cause serious damage to
the eyes.

SPECIAL REMARKS ON
OTHER EFFECTS ON
HUMANS
No additional remark.

Section XII. Ecological Information

ECOTOXICITY
Hazardous for humans or animal life. Ammonia is a toxic hazard to fish. In low concentrations in water and
soil, ammonia acts as a fertilizer to promote plant growth. Under aerobic conditions ammonia will oxidize to
nitrate and does not accumulate in the environment. Sub-lethal concentrations in water can have adverse
physiological effects on marine species. Free ammonia concentrations of 2.5 mg per litre at pH 7.4 to 8.5
are considered harmful to marine life. In water, free NH3 is considered to be the primary toxic form while
the much more prevalent NH4OH form is much less harmful.

BOD and COD

Not available.

PRODUCTS OF BIODEGRADATION
Nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2…), nitrates.

TOXICITY OF THE PRODUCTS OF BIODEGRADATION

The products of biodegradation are less toxic than the original product.

SPECIAL REMARKS ON
THE PRODUCTS OF BIODEGRADATION
Product may degrade water quality and taste. Notify downstream water users. Will dissolve and disperse in
water.

Section XIII. Disposal Considerations

 8

WASTE DISPOSAL OR
RECYCLING
Call for assistance on treatment and disposal.

Section XIV. Transport Information

TDG CLASSIFICATION
TDG CLASS 2.4: Corrosive gas.
TDG CLASS 9.2: Environmentally hazardous material.

PIN
PIN: UN1005 PG: X

SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR

TRANSPORT
Not acceptable for transport as a consumer commodity, or as a limited quantity. Not acceptable for
transport in public passenger rail vehicles or by passenger ship. Transport by passenger aircraft must
comply with ICAO Special Provision A1.

Transportation of anhydrous ammonia into the United States from Canada is regulated by 49CFR Part
171.12a which states:
(b): "…a hazardous material that is classed, marked, labelled, placarded, described on a shipping paper,
and packaged in accordance with the Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) Regulations issued by the
Government of Canada may be offered for transportation and transported to or through the United States
by motor vehicle or rail car."
(b)(5)(iii): Except for a package containing anhydrous ammonia, the package must be labelled and
placarded with "POISON" or "POISON GAS", as appropriate,… For shipments of anhydrous ammonia, the
shipping paper must contain an indication that the markings, labels, and placards have been applied in
conformance with the TDG regulations and this paragraph (b)(5).

TDG (Pictograms)

Section XV. Other Regulatory Information and Pictograms

OTHER REGULATIONS
OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200).
CANADIAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT (CEPA): This product is on the Domestic Substances
List (DSL) and is acceptable for use under the provisions of CEPA.

OTHER
CLASSIFICATIONS
HCS (U.S.A) HCS CLASS: Toxic.

DSCL (EEC) 37 — Irritating to respiratory system.

42 — May cause sensitization by inhalation.
 9

20/22 — Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed.

Section XVI. Other Information

REFERENCES -29 CFR Part 1910, Rev. July 1, 1993.
-40 CFR Parts 300-399 Rev, July 1, 1993.
-49 CFR Parts 1-199. Rev October 1, 1993.
-Domestic Substances List, Canadian Environmental Protection Act, Environment Canada.
-Canada Gazette Part II, Vol. 122, No. 2 Registration SOR/88-64 31 December, 1987
Hazardous Products Act "Ingredient Disclosure List".
-American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Threshold Limit Values for
Chemical Substances, 1994-1995.
-Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety CCInfo Disk.
-Corrosion Data Survey. Sixth Edition, 1985, National Association of Corrosion Engineers
-Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials, (NFPA49, 325M, 491M, and 704), National Fire
Protection Association, 10th Ed, 1991
-The Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act (1992) and Transportation of Dangerous Goods
Regulations, Transport Canada.
-TOMES Plus®, Vol 21, Micromedex Inc.
-AIHA Emergency Response Planning Guidelines
-Environment Canada, Environmental Protection Service, Ammonia: Environmental and
Technical Information for Problem Spills, July 1984, Beauregarde Press Limited, Ottawa
OTHER SPECIAL
CONSIDERATIONS OSHA: Hazardous by definition of Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR
1910.1200).
TSCA (Toxic Substance Control ct): This product is listed on the TSCA Inventory.
CANADIAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT (CEPA): This product is on the Domestic Substances
List (DSL) and acceptable for use under the provisions of CEPA.
CERCLA: If the reportable quantity of this product is accidentally spilled, the incident is subject to the
provisions of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA) and must be reported to the National Response Centre by calling (800) 424-8802.
The reportable spill quanity of this product is 100 lbs.
SARA HAZARD CATEGORY: This product ha been revised according to the EPA "Hazard Categories"
promulgated under Sections 311 and 312 of the Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act of 1986
(SARA Title III) and is considered, under applicable definitions, to meet the following category(ies):
Immediate Health, Delayed Health, Fire, Sudden Release of Pressure, Reactive
This product also contains the following Section 313 reportable ingredient:
Ammonia CAS # 7664-41-7 Maximum % 100.0
Validated by Environment, Health and Safety Department on 2/16/2001.

Printed 03/29/2001.
FOR FURTHER SAFETY, HEALTH,
OR ENVIRONMENTAL
INFORMATION ON THIS PRODUCT,
CONTACT
 10

SHERRITT INTERNATIONAL
CORP.
Environment, Health and
Safety Department
Telephone: (780) 992 7007 or

Fax: (780) 992 7514

The buyer assumes all risk in connection with the use of this material. The buyer assumes all responsibility
for ensuring this material is used in a safe manner in compliance with applicable environmental, health ad
safety laws, policies and guidelines. Sherritt International Corp. assumes no responsibility or liability for the
information supplied on this sheet, including any damages or injury caused thereby. Sherritt International
Corp. does not warrant the fitness of this material for any particular use and assumes no responsibility for
injury or damage caused directly or indirectly by or related to the use of the material. The information
contained in this sheet is developed from what Sherritt International Corp. believes to be accurate and
reliable sources, and is based on the opinions and facts available on the date of preparation.

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MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
DISTRIBUTORS:
TANNER INDUSTRIES, INC.
DIVISIONS:
NATIONAL AMMONIA NORTHEASTERN AMMONIA
HAMLER INDUSTRIES BOWER AMMONIA & CHEMICAL
735 Davisville Road, Third Floor, Southampton, PA 18966; 215-322-1238
CORPORATE EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBER: 800-643-6226; CHEMTREC
(CMA) 800-424-9300
DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL NAME: Ammonium Hydroxide Solutions (10% to 30%) CAS REGISTRY NO: 1336-21-6
SYNONYMS: Aqua Ammonia
CHEMICAL FAMILY: Ammonia FORMULA: NH4OH + H2O MOL. WT: 35.05 (NH4OH)
COMPOSITION: Solutions: Anhydrous Ammonia (10% to 30%); Water (90% to 70%); 16° Baume to 26° Baume
Ammonia, Anhydrous: CAS # 7664-41-7; Water: CAS# 7732-18-5
 11

STATEMENT OF HEALTH HAZARD

HAZARD DESCRIPTION:
Ammonia is an irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. May cause severe chemical
burns to the eyes, lungs and skin. Skin and respiratory related diseases could be aggravated by exposure.
Not recognized by OSHA as a carcinogen.
Not listed in the National Toxicology Program.
Not listed as a carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AMMONIA: Vapor
OSHA 50 ppm, 35 mg / m3 PEL 8 hour TWA
NIOSH 35 ppm, 27 mg / m3 STEL 15 minutes
25 ppm, 18 mg / m3 REL 10 hour TWA
300 ppm, IDLH
ACGIH 25 ppm, 18 mg / m3 TLV 8 hour TWA
35 ppm, 27 mg / m3 STEL 15 minutes
TOXICITY: LD 50 (Oral / Rat) 350 mg / kg
GENERAL PHYSICAL DATA
APPEARANCE AND ODOR: Colorless liquid with a pungent CRITICAL TEMPERATURE: 270.3°F
odor. PERCENT VOLATILE: 100% at 212°F
SURFACE TENSION: 62 Dynes / cm EVAPORATION RATE (water = 1): Similar
SOLUBILITY IN WATER: 100% PH: 13+
VAPOR DENSITY (air = 1): 0.596 See Solution-Specific Physical Data on Page 4
WEIGHT (per gallon): 7.46 pounds to 7.71 pounds
EMERGENCY TREATMENT
EFFECTS OF OVEREXPOSURE:
Eye: Tearing, edema or blindness may occur.
Skin: Irritation, corrosive burns, blister formation may result. Contact with liquid may produce caustic burns.
Inhalation: Acute exposure may result in severe irritation of the respiratory tract, bronchospasm, edema or respiratory arrest.
Ingestion: Lung irritation and pulmonary edema may occur. Extreme exposure may result in death from spasm, inflammation
or edema.
EMERGENCY AID:
Eye: Flush with copious amounts of water for a minimum of 20 minutes. Eyelids should be held apart and away from eyeball
for thorough rinsing.
Skin: Flush with copious amounts of water for a minimum of 20 minutes while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Do
not rub or apply ointment on affected area.
Inhalation: Remove to fresh air. Administer oxygen or artificial respiration, if necessary.
Ingestion: If conscious, give large amounts of water to drink. May drink orange juice, citrus juice or diluted vinegar (1:4) to
counteract ammonia.
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING! SEEK IMMEDIATE MEDICAL HELP FOR ALL EXPOSURES!
NOTE TO PHYSICIAN: Respiratory injury may appear as a delayed phenomenon. Pulmonary edema may follow chemical
bronchitis. Supportive treatment with necessary ventilation actions, including oxygen, may warrant consideration.
FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA
FLASHPOINT: None AUTO IGNITION TEMPERATURE: 1,204°F (If Catalyzed)
FLAMMABLE LIMITS IN AIR: LEL / UEL 16% to 25% 1,570°F (If Uncatalyzed)
LEL / UEL listed in the NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical EXTINGUISHING MEDIA: Non-Combustible
 12

Hazards as 15% to 28%

SPECIAL FIRE-FIGHTING PROCEDURES:
Must wear protective clothing and a positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Stop source if possible.
Fight fires using dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or alcohol-resistant foam. Cool fire exposed containers with water spray. Stay
upwind when containers are threatened. Use water spray to knock down vapor and dilute.
UNUSUAL FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS:
When heated, product will give off ammonia vapor, which is a strong irritant to the eye, skin and respiratory tract.
Outdoors, ammonia is not generally a fire hazard. Indoors, in confined areas, ammonia may be a fire hazard, especially if oil
and other combustible materials are present.
If relief valves are inoperative, heat exposed storage containers may become explosion hazards.
Combustion of released ammonia may form nitrogen oxides.
CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
STABILITY:
Stable at room temperature. Ammonium Hydroxide will react exothermically with acids. Ammonia vapors are released when
heated.
CONDITIONS TO AVOID:
Avoid Ammonium Hydroxide contact with chemicals such as mercury, chlorine, iodine, bromine, silver oxide or hypochlorites;
they can form explosive compounds.
Avoid Ammonium Hydroxide contact with chlorine, which forms a chloramine gas, which is a primary skin irritant and
sensitizer.
Ammonium Hydroxide has a corrosive reaction with galvanized surfaces, copper, brass, bronze, aluminum alloys, mercury,
gold and silver.
HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS:
Ammonium Hydroxide decomposes to hydrogen and nitrogen gases above 450ºC (842ºF)
SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES
STEPS TO BE TAKEN:
Wear respiratory protection and protective clothing; see PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT. Stop source if possible. Stay upwind
and use water spray downwind of container to absorb the evolved gas. Contain spill and runoff from entering drains, sewers,
and water systems by utilizing methods such as diking, containment, and absorption.
WASTE DISPOSAL:
Listed as hazardous substance under CWA (40 CFR 116.4 and 40 CFR 117.3). Reportable Quantity 1,000 pounds. Comply
with all regulations. Suitably diluted product may be disposed of on agricultural land as fertilizer. Keep spill from entering
streams, lakes, or any water systems.
SPECIAL PROTECTION AND PROCEDURES
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION:
MSHA / NIOSH approved respiratory protection that consists of a full-face gas mask and canisters effective for ammonia that
enable use for entry and escape in emergencies. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.134 and ANSI: Z88.2 for requirements and selection
A positive pressure SCBA is required for entry into ammonia atmospheres at or above 300 ppm (IDLH).
VENTILATION:
Local exhaust should be sufficient to keep ammonia vapor to 25 ppm or less.
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:
Splash proof, chemical safety goggles, rubber gloves and boots should be worn to prevent contact. Face shield can be worn
over the goggles as additional protection. Respiratory protection and cotton work clothes are recommended. Refer to 29 CFR
1910.132 through 1910.138 for requirements. A positive pressure SCBA is required for entry into ammonia atmospheres at o
above 300 ppm (IDLH).
 13

SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
STORAGE AND HANDLING:
Store in cool (26.7ºC / 80ºF) and well-ventilated area, with containers tightly closed. OSHA 29 CFR 1910.111 prescribes
handling and storage requirements for anhydrous ammonia as a hazardous material.
WORK-PLACE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:
Protective equipment should be stored near, but outside of ammonium hydroxide area. Water for first aid, such as an eyewas
station and safety shower should be kept available in the immediate vicinity.
DISPOSAL:
See WASTE DISPOSAL. Classified as RCRA Hazardous Waste due to corrosivity with designation D002, if disposed of in
original form.
LABELING AND SHIPPING
HAZARD CLASS: 8 [Corrosive Material]
PROPER SHIPPING DESCRIPTION: Ammonia Solutions, 8, UN2672, PG III, RQ
PLACARD: Corrosive IDENTIFICATION NO: UN 2672
National Fire Protection Assoc. Hazardous Rating and Hazardous Materials Identification System Labels:
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
HEALTH = 3
FLAMMABILITY = 1
REACTIVITY = 0
PERSONAL PROTECTION = H
SOLUTION-SPECIFIC PHYSICAL DATA
20.5° Baume 25° Baume 26° Baume
Ammonia Percentage: 18.5% to 19.5% 26.5% to 27.5% 29.0% to 29.9%
Water Percentage: 81.5% to 80.5% 73.5% to 72.5% 71.0% to 70.1%
Specific Gravity (water = 1): 0.9341 to 0.9276 at 60°F 0.9061 to 0.9032 at 60°F 0.8974 to 0.8960 at 60°F
Boiling POINT: 124°F at 14.7 psia 88°F at 14.7 psia 84.9°F at 14.7 psia
Vapor Pressure: 3.9 psia at 60°F 6.9 psia at 60°F 9.1 psia at 60°F
APPROXIMATE FREEZING POINT: -32°F -89°F -110°F
OTHER REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), Section 103, any
environmental release of this chemical equal to or over the reportable quantity of 1,000 pounds must be reported promptly to
the National Response Center, Washington, D.C. (1-800-424-8802).
The material is subject to the reporting requirements of Section 304, Section 312 and Section 313, Title III of the Superfund
Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 and 40 CFR 372. Under Section 313, as of June 30, 1995, this material is
reportable with the following qualifications: 10% of total aqueous ammonia is reportable as Ammonia (CAS #: 7664-41-7)
under this listing.
EPA Hazard Categories - Immediate: Yes; Delayed: No; Fire: No; Sudden Release: No; Reactive: No.
Clean Air Act – Section 112(r): Material is listed under 40 CFR 68.130 (EPA’s Risk Management Program) at concentrations
greater than 20% and amounts greater than 20,000 pounds of contained Ammonia (CAS #: 7664-41-7).
DISCLAIMER
The information, data, and recommendations in this material safety data sheet relate only to the specific material designated
herein and do not relate to use in combination with any other material or in any process. The information, data, and
recommendations set forth herein are believed by us to be accurate. We make no warranties, either expressed or implied, wi
respect thereto and assume no liability in connection with any use of such information, data, and recommendations.
 14

Revision: May 2001 Prepared By: JRW

********** ********* ***********

ClearTech Aqua Ammonia MSDS

PRODUCT INFORMATION:
Product Identifier: Aqua Ammonia
Household ammonia, Aqueous ammonia, Water of ammonia, Ammonium
Synonym(s):
Hydroxide, Ammonia solution
Chemical Name: Ammonia
Chemical Family: Inorganic base
Molecular Formula: NH4OH
Manufacture of rayon, rubber, fertilizers; refrigeration; photography;
Product Use:
pharmaceuticals; lubricants; various industrial processes.

Supplier/ Emergency
Address:
Manufacturer: Tel:
2302 Hanselman Ave., Saskatoon, SK S7L
5Z3 Canada (306)
ClearTech
See"Preparation Information" for a 664-2522
list of regional offices.
TDG/WHMIS INFORMATION:
Shipping Name: Ammonium hydroxide
PIN: Class: Group: WHMIS:
UN 2672 8(9.2) III E, D1B
MAIN/HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS:
Ingredients: Weight % CAS #
Ammonia 15-29 1336-21-6
Water 71-85 7732-18-5
PHYSICAL DATA:
State: Liquid
Odour and Appearance: Clear, colourless liquid with a highly irritating odour
Odour Threshold: Detectable at 5 ppm
17.03 (NH3)
Molecular Weight:
35.05 (NH4OH)
Boiling Point: 50°C (29%)
 15

-72.4°C (29%)
Freeze/Melting Point:
-30°C (16%)
0.897 (29%)
Specific Gravity (water=1):
0.937 (16%)
Bulk Density: Not applicable
Vapour Density (air=1): 0.618
Vapour Pressure: 475 mm Hg at 20°C (29%)
Evaporation Rate: Data not available
% Volatiles by Volume: 100%
pH: 13 for a 10% solution
Solubility in Water: Miscible (100%)
Water/Oil Distribution Coefficient: Data not available
FIRE AND EXPLOSION DATA:

Conditions of Flammability
Non-flammable
Explosion Hazards
None
Flash Point and its Method of Determination
Not applicable
Auto-ignition Temperature
651°C (ammonia gas)
Upper Flammable Limit (% by vol)
25
Lower Flammable Limit (% by vol)
15.5
Hazardous Combustion Products
Burning ammonia gas may form nitrogen oxides.
Means of Extinction
Product does not burn but at elevated temperatures, flammable ammonia gas is released.
Where fire is involved, use any fire fighting agent appropriate for surrounding material; use
water spray to cool fire-exposed surfaces.
 16

Special Fire Fighting Procedures

Due to evolution of ammonia gas, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and
protective clothing. Cool containers with water spray to avoid possible rupture.

REACTIVITY DATA:

Stability
Stable under normal conditions.
Incompatibility
Highly reactive with acids. Slightly reactive with oxidizing agents, reducing agents, metals,
and alkalis. (Copper, aluminum & zinc alloys, acrolein, mineral acids, dimethylsuphate,
mercury, chlorine, silver)
Reactions
Reacts exothermally with water. Reacts violently when mixed with acids. Copper, aluminum,
and zinc alloys corrode easily. Chlorine gas generated if mixed with hypochlorites. Burning
of ammonia gas may produce nitrogen oxides.
Polymerization
Will not occur

HEALTH HAZARD DATA:

Inhalation
Causes burns to upper respiratory tract and chemical bronchitis. Higher concentrations can
cause pulmonary edema and death. Even brief exposure to 5000 ppm can be fatal.
Skin Contact/Absorption
Causes immediate burning pain to the affected areas.
Eye Contact
Causes irritation, pain, watering, burns, and permanent blindness.
Ingestion
Causes corrosion to the esophagus and stomach with perforation and peritonitis. Symptoms
include pain, in the mouth, chest, and abdomen, cramps, vomiting, coughing, diarrhea, and
collapse. As little as 3-4 mL may be fatal.
Chronic/Acute Effects
 17

Repeated or prolonged exposure to spray mists or vapours may produce respiratory tract
irritation leading to frequent attacks of bronchial infection. People with pre-existing eye
disorders or impaired respiratory function may be more susceptible to the effects of this
material.
Exposure Limits
TLV-TWA = 25 ppm as NH3
TLV-STEL = 35 ppm
Irritancy
Corrosive
Carcinogenicity
Not considered carcinogenic by NTP, IARC, OSHA, ACGIH, or EPA.
Reproductive Toxicity
Data not available
Teratogenicity
Not considered a teratogen in "Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials" 7th edition.
Sensitization
Data not available
Mutagenicity
Data not available
Synergistic Materials
Data not available
Animal Toxicity Data
LD50(oral,rat) = 350 mg/kg
LC50(inhalation,rat) = 2000 ppm

PREVENTATIVE MEASURES:

Respiratory Protection
Use NIOSH-approved respirator - full facepiece with ammonia cartridges or a self-contained
breathing apparatus (SCBA).
 18

Skin Protection
Impervious gloves, body suits, boots, and other resistant protective clothing (neoprene,
rubber, or PVC). Use vapour-proof suit if concentration of NH3 exceeds 500 ppm.
Eye/Face Protection
Gas tight chemical googles or equivalent are to be worn at all times when product is handled.
Contact lenses should not be worn; they may contribute to severe eye injury.
Special Handling Procedures
Use sensible industrial hygiene and housekeeping practises. Wash thorougly after handling.
Avoid situations that could lead to harmful exposure.
Storage Requirements
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed. Store in containers
made of plastic, iron, or stainless steel.
Engineering Controls
Use general or local mechanical exhaust ventilation to control solution mist and ammonia
vapours and to meet TLV requirements.

FIRST AID MEASURES:

Inhalation
Remove victim to fresh air. Give artificial respiration only if breathing has stopped. Loosen
tight clothing around the victim's neck and waist. Seek immediate medical attention.
Skin Contact
Irrigate affected area with water for at least 20 minutes. Remove contaminated clothing and
wash thoroughly before reuse. Seek immediate medical attention.
Eye Contact
Flush immediately with water for at least 20 minutes. Forcibly hold eyelids apart to ensure
complete irrigation of eye tissue. Seek immediate medical attention.
Ingestion
Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean victim forward to prevent breathing in
vomitus. Give milk or water if possible. Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious or
convulsing person. Seek immediate medical attention. Stomach contents must be pumped out
by medical personnel.
Other Information
 19

None
******* *********** ************

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

ANHYDROUS AMMONIA
DISTRIBUTOR:
W.D. SERVICE COMPANY, INC.
780 CREEK ROAD, P.O. BOX 147
BELLMAWR, NJ 08099
CORPORATE EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBER: 856-931-6100, 24 HOUR: 800-827-9560
DESCRIPTION
CHEMICAL NAME: Ammonia, Anhydrous CAS REGISTRY NO.7664-41-7
SYNONYMS: Ammonia, Liquefied
CHEMICAL FAMILY: Ammonia FORMULA: NH3 MOL. WT.: 17.03(NH3)
COMPOSITION: 99+% Ammonia.
STATEMENT OF HEALTH HAZARD
HAZARD DESCRIPTION: Irritant and corrosive to skin, eye, respiratory tract and mucous membranes. May cause severe burns, eye and lung injuries. Skin
and respiratory related diseases aggravated by exposure. Not recognized by OSHA as a carcinogen. Not listed in the National Toxicology Program annual
report. Not listed as a carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
EXPOSURE LIMITS: 50 ppm PEL - Federal OSHA
25 ppm TWA - NIOSH
35 ppm STEL - NIOSH
300 ppm IDLH - NIOSH
EMERGENCY TREATMENT
EFFECTS OF OVEREXPOSURE: Eye: lachrymation, edema, blindness. Skin: irritation, corrosive burns, blister formation. Contact with liquid will freeze the
tissue, then produces a caustic burn. Inhalation: heavy, acute exposure may result in severe irritation of the respiratory tract, glottal edema, bronchialspasm,
pulmonary edema and respiratory arrest. Chronic effects: bronchitis. Extreme exposure (5000 ppm) can cause immediate death from spasm, inflammation or
edema of larynx.
EMERGENCY AID: Skin: flush with copious amounts of water while removing contaminated clothing and shoes. Do not rub, or apply ointment on affected
area. SEEK IMMEDIATE MEDICAL HELP. Ingestion: if conscious, give large amount of water to drink. Refer immediately to physician. Eye: flush with
copious amounts of water for 15 min. Eyelids should be held apart and away from eyeball for thorough rinsing. SPEED AND THOROUGHNESS IN RINSING
THE EYE IS MOST IMPORTANT IN PREVENTING LATENT PERMANENT INJURIES. Inhalation: remove to fresh air. Administer oxygen or artificial
respiration if necessary.
NOTE TO PHYSICIAN: Lung injury may appear as delayed phenomenon, pulmonary edema may follow chemical bronchitis. Supportive treatment with
necessary ventilation actions, including oxygen, may warrant consideration.
PHYSICAL DATA
BOILING PT: -33 C (-28 F) FREEZING PT: -78º C (-108 F)
VAPOR DENSITY (AIR=1): 0.596 @ 0 C (32 F) VAPOR DENSITY (Air=1): 0.6
VAPOR PRESSURE: 10 atm @ 25.7º C SOLUBILTY IN WATER: 89.9 g/100cc @ 0ºC, 7.4 g/100cc @100ºC
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (H2O=1): 0.682 @ 4 C (39 F) EVAPORATION RATE (Water=1) Faster than water
PERCENT VOLATILE: 100% SURFACE TENSION: 23.4 Dynes/cm @ 11.1ºC
APPEARANCE & ODOR: Colorless gas/liquid and pungent odor
FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA
FLASH POINT: None
AUTOIGNITION TEMP: 651 ºC (1204ºF) catalyzed by iron;
850 ºC (1562ºF) uncatalyzed
FLAMMABLE LIMITS IN AIR: LEL 15% UEL 28%
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA: Non-combustible
SPECIAL FIRE-FIGHTING PROCEDURES: Must wear protective
clothing and respiratory protection. See PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT.
Stop source if possible. Cool fire exposed containers with water spray.
Stay upwind and use water spray to knock down vapor and dilute.
UNUSUAL FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Not generally a fire
hazard. If relief valves are inoperative, heat-exposed storage containers
may become explosion hazards. Ammonia contact with chemicals such
as mercury, chlorine, iodine, bromine, silver oxide, or hypochlorites can
form explosive compounds. Special hazards with chlorine to form
chloramine gas, also a primary skin irritant and sensitizer. Combustion
 20

may form toxic nitrogen oxides.

CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
STABILITY: Stable at room temperature. Ammonia will react
exothermically with acids and water.
CONDITIONS TO AVOID: Avoid mixing with sulfuric acid or other
strong mineral acids. Avoid mixing with hypochlorites (chlorine bleach)
or other halogens and sodium hydroxide. Avoid contact with galvanized
surfaces, copper, brass, bronze, aluminum alloys, mercury, gold, silver,
and strong oxidizers. Avoid heating.

HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS: Hydrogen and nitrogen

gases above 450º C (842º F)
SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES
STEPS TO BE TAKEN: Wear respiratory protection and protective
clothing, see PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT. Stop source if possible. If
Exposure concerns are present, stay upwind and use water spray
downwind of leak source to absorb ammonia gas and dilute. CAUTION:
ADDING WATER DIRECTLY TO LIQUID SPILLS WILL INCREASE
VOLATILIZATION OF AMMONIA, THUS INCREASING POSSIBILITY
OF EXPOSURE.
WASTE DISPOSAL: Listed as hazardous substance under CWA (40
CFR 1164.40 CFR 117.3 Reportable Quantity 100 lbs. OR 45.4kg)
Classed as a hazardous waste under RCRA (40 CFR 261.32 Corrosive
# D002). Comply with all regulations. Suitably diluted product may be
disposed of on agricultural land as fertilizer. Keep spill from entering
streams or lakes.
SPECIAL PROTECTION AND PROCEDURES
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION: MSHA/NIOSH approved respiratory
protection with full face piece for gas and vapor contaminants effective
for anhydrous ammonia and able to be used for entry and escape in
emergencies. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.134 and ANSI: Z88.2 for
requirements and selection.
VENTILATION: Local exhaust sufficient to keep ammonia gas below
Permissible Exposure Limits. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.134 and ANSI:
Z9.2 for requirements and selection.
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: Splash-proof, chemical safety goggles,
rubber gloves and boots to prevent contact. Respiratory protection.
Cotton work clothes recommended. Refer to 29 CFR 1910.132 to
1910.136 for requirements.
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS
STORAGE AND HANDLING: Store in cool, well-ventilated area with
containers tightly closed. OSHA 29 CFR 1910.111 prescribes handling
and storage requirements for anhydrous ammonia as a hazardous
material.
WORK-PLACE PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: as discussed above
should be near, but outside of ammonia area. Eyewash and safety
shower in immediate vicinity. See 29 CFR 1910.141 for workplace
requirements.
DISPOSAL: Ammonia is listed as a hazardous substance under
FWPCA. See WASTE DISPOSAL. Classified as RCRA Hazardous
waste due to corrosivity.
PERSONAL: Avoid unnecessary exposure. Use protective equipment
as needed. Do not wear contact lenses.
LABELING AND SHIPPING
HAZARD CLASS: 2.2 (Nonflammable Gas) U.S. Domestic AND 2.3
(Poison Gas) International
PROPER SHIPPING DESCRIPTION: Ammonia, Anhydrous, 2.2,
UN1005, RQ, Inhalation Hazard (U.S. Domestic)
AND Ammonia, Anhydrous, 2.3, UN1005, RQ, Poison-Inhalation
Hazard Zone "D" (International)
PLACARD/LABEL: Nonflammable Gas (U.S. Domestic) AND Poison
Gas, Corrosive (Subsidiary) (International)
 21

IDENTIFICATION NO: UN 1005

National Fire Protection Assoc. Hazardous Rating:

Hazardous Materials Identification System Labels:

ANHYDROUS AMMONIA
HEALTH 3
FLAMMABILITY 1
REACTIVITY 0
PERSONAL PROTECTION H

OTHER REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS

Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), Section 103, any environmental
release of this chemical equal to or over the reportable quantity of 100
lbs. must be reported promptly to the National Response Center,
Washington, D.C. (1-800-424-8802). Any consumer product containing
5% or more ammonia requires a POISON label under FHSA (16 CFR
1500. 129(1)).
The material is subject to the reporting requirements of Section 313,
Section 304, Section 312, Title III of the Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act of 1986 and 40 CFR 372.
EPCRA extremely hazardous substance, 40 CFR 355, Title III, Section
302 – Ammonia, TPQ 500 lbs.
Regulated under Clean Air Act 40CFR112(r) , TQ 10,000 lbs.
EPA Hazard Categories - Immediate: Yes; Delayed: No; Fire: No;
Sudden Release: Yes; Reactive: No
The information, data, and recommendations in this material safety
data sheet relate only to the specific material designated herein and do
not relate to use in combination with any other material or in any
process. The information, data, and recommendations set forth herein
are believed by us to be accurate. We make no warranties, either
expressed or implied, with respect thereto and assume no liability in
connection with any use of such information, data, and
recommendations.
Revised: July, 1998
[ Reprographic Ammonia ] [ Micrographic Ammonia ]
[ Industry Ammonia ] [ Mission Statement ] [ Material
Safety Data Sheets ] [ Toner / Developer ]

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Last modified: November 22, 1999 Visitor#:
 22

Safety data for ammonia (anhydrous)

General
Note: This data sheet is for anhydrous ammonia, in other words, ammonia gas. If you want data for
ammonium hydroxide (commonly called "ammonia solution"), click on this link.
Synonyms: ammonia gas, nitro-sil, ammonia, R 717, spirit of hartshorn, STCC 4904210, OHS01050
Molecular formula: NH3
CAS No: 7664-41-7
EC No:

Physical data
Appearance: colourless gas with a penetrating, suffocating odour
Melting point: -77.7 C
Boiling point: -33.3 C
Vapour density:
Vapour pressure: 0.597
Specific gravity: 0.77
Flash point: 11
Explosion limits: 16% - 25%
Autoignition temperature:
Water solubility: High

Stability
Stable. Hygroscopic. Flammable. Incompatible with acids, strong oxidizing agents. May react violently
with acids, aldehydes, alkylene oxides, amides, boron, boron halides, calcium, chlorine azide, chloric
acid, chlorine monoxide, chlorites, halogens, heavy metals and many other materials - check the
complete data sheet before use!
 23

Toxicology
Toxic by inhalation or skin contact - may be fatal if inhaled. 500 ppm is immediately dangerous to life or
health. Corrosive - may cause serious burns. This material is extremely harmful to the eyes.
Respiratory irritant. Typical OEL 25 ppm. ATSDR Minimal risk levels: Inhalation acute 0.5 ppm, chronic
0.3 ppm, oral 0.3mg/kg/day.
Toxicity data
(The meaning of any toxicological abbreviations which appear in this section is given here.)
IHL-HMN TCLO 5000 ppm/5m
IHL-RAT LC50 1000 ppm/4h
IHL-MUS LC50 4230 ppm/1h
Risk phrases
(The meaning of any risk phrases which appear in this section is given here.)
R10 R23.

Personal protection
Safety glasses and gloves. Good ventilation.
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This information was last updated on August 5, 2002. We have tried to make it as accurate and useful as
possible, but can take no responsibility for its use, misuse, or accuracy. We have not verified this
information, and cannot guarantee that it is up-to-date.