DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

PART 2

ENGR. PETER BENJAMIN B. OBIANO

 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

• SUMMARY OF TOPICS:
• Tangents and Normal Lines
• Critical Points and Point of Inflection
• Optimization Problems
• Time-Rate Problems
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

RECALL:
• The derivative of a function at x = a is identical with the slope of
the graph of the function at x = a.
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

TANGENT AND NORMAL LINES

• The tangent to the curve y = f(x) at
P1(x1,y1) is the line through P1 with
slope y’ = f’(x) = m.
• The normal to the curve y = f(x) at
P1(x1,y1) is the line through P1 and
perpendicular to tangent at P1.
• The equation of the tangent and
normal line can be obtained by using
the point-slope form:
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

1. Find the slope of y = 1 / (x – 1) at (2,1)

 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

2. Find the slope of x^4 + y^2 = 3 at 𝟏, − 𝟐 .

 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

3. Find the vertex of the parabola y = 3x^2 + 12x

– 12.
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

4. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph 𝒇 𝒙 =

𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 at the point (-1,2).
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

5. Find a point on the curve y = x^2 – 2x – 3 at which the

tangent is parallel to the x – axis.
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

6.The equation of the tangent line to the graph of a function

at x = 1 is defined by the equation 2x + y – 4 = 0. Find the
equation of the normal line passing through this point.
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

MAXIMA AND MINIMA

 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

MAXIMA AND MINIMA

• At the point where y’=0, if y’ changes from positive to negative
as x increases, y is a maximum.
• At the point where y’=0, if y’ changes from negative to positive
as x increases, y is a minimum.
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

MAXIMA AND MINIMA

 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

MAXIMA AND MINIMA

• The point at which y’ = 0 are called critical points.
• The point where the curve is higher than some neighboring
point is called the maximum point or maxima.
• The point where the curve is lower than some neighboring point
is called the minimum point or minima.
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

MAXIMA AND MINIMA

 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST

 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST

 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

CONCAVITY
• When y’’ is positive while y’ is increasing as x increases and the
tangent turns in a counter clockwise direction, the curve is
concave upward. At the minimum point, the curve is concave
upward.
• When y’’ is negative while y’ is decreasing as x increases and the
tangent turns in a clockwise direction, the curve is concave
downward. At the maximum point, the curve is concave
downward.
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

CONCAVITY
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

CONCAVITY
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

CONCAVITY
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

CONCAVITY
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

7. Find the critical points of the function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟔.

 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

𝟏 𝟑 𝟓 𝟐
8. Find the critical points of the function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝒙 +
𝟑 𝟐
𝟒𝒙
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

9. Find the critical points of the function 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙 / 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐

 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

10. Find the point of inflection of 𝒇 𝒙 = −𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒

 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

𝟏 𝟑
11. Find the point of inflection of 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟑
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

OPTIMIZATION
PROBLEMS
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

12. A farmer has 800 ft of fencing. He wishes to form a

rectangular enclosure and then divide it into three sections
by running two lengths of fence parallel to one side. What
should the dimension of the enclosure be in order to
maximize the enclosed area?
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

13. The sum of two numbers is 100. Find the minimum value
of the sum of their cubes.
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

14. A box is to be made of a piece of cardboard 9 inches

square by cutting equal squares out of the corners and
turning up the sides. Find the volume of the largest box that
can be made in this way.
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

15. Two posts, one 8 feet high and the other 12 feet high,
stand 15 feet apart. They are to be supported by wires
attached to a single stake at ground level. The wires running
to the tops of the posts. How far from the shorter post
should the stake be placed, to use the least amount of wire?
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

16. A cylindrical can is to contain 2000 in^3 of liquid. What

base radius will minimize the amount of metal used in the
construction of the can?
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

TIME RATES
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

17. A ladder 20 ft long is placed against a wall. The foot of

the ladder begins to slide away from the wall at the rate of 2
ft/sec. How fast is the top of the ladder sliding down the wall
when the foot of the ladder is 16 feet from the wall?
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

18. A point is moving along the circle x^2 + y^2 = 25 in the

first quadrant in such a way that its abscissa changes at the
rate of 3 cm/sec. How fast is its ordinate changing as the
point passes through (4,3)?
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

19. The dimension of a rectangle are continuously changing.

The width increases at the rate of 3 in/sec while the length
decreases at the rate of 2 in/sec. At one instant the rectangle
is a 40-inch square. Describe how the area is changing 5
seconds later.
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

20. Two cars begin a trip from the same point P. If car A
travels north at the rate of 30 mi/h and car B travels west at
the rate of 40 mi/h, how fast is the distance between them
changing 2 hours later?
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

21. A rubber ball is being filled with air at the rate of

6 inch cube per sec. What is he rate in square inch
per sec at which the surface area is increasing when
the volume is 500𝛑/3 cubic inches?
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

22. A ladder 10 ft long is resting against the side of a

building. If the root of the ladder slips away from the
wall at the rate of 2 ft/min, how fast is the angle
between the ladder and the building changing when
the foot of the ladder is 6 ft away from the building?
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

CURVATURE AND RADIUS OF CURVATURE

• CURVATURE: 𝐲′′
𝐤= 𝟑
𝟏+ 𝐲′ 𝟐 𝟐
• RADIUS OF CURVATURE:
𝟑
𝟏 𝟏+ 𝐲′ 𝟐 𝟐
𝐑= =
𝐤 𝐲′′
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

23. Find the curvature of the curve y^2 + x^3 = 0 at

the point (-1, 1).
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

24. What is the largest possible area of a triangle, two

of show sides are 10 m and 20 m?
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

DERIVATIVES OF PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS

Given an equation defined in polar coordinates defined by: x = rcos θ and

y= rsin θ.

The derivative dy/dx is given by:

dr
dy dθ sinθ + rcosθ
=
dx dr cosθ − rsinθ
dθ
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

25. Determine the equation of the tangent line to r = 3 + 8sinθ

at θ = pi/6.
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 2

ENGR. PETER BENJAMIN B. OBIANO